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Nutrition for Cancer Survivors Gretchen Gruender MS, RD, CSO Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
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Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Jun 12, 2018

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Page 1: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Nutrition for Cancer Survivors

Gretchen Gruender MS, RD, CSO

Seattle Cancer Care Alliance

Page 2: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

First we eat, then we do  everything else.

M.F.K. Fischer

Page 3: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

On the Menu

• Review of research– Newer studies

• Food as chemoprevention

• Making changes– The food‐brain connection– Mindful eating

Page 4: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Nutritional considerations after treatment:

• Changes to body composition / weight changes• Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis• Diabetes• Hyperlipidemia• Congestive heart failure• Changes in bowel function• Taste and smell changes• Hot flashes• Neuropathies• Metabolic syndrome 

Page 5: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Cancers of the Colon and Rectum ‐

AICR* update May 2011

Decrease Risk Increase Risk

Convincing ‐

Physical Activity ‐

Red / processed meat‐

Alcoholic drinks (men)‐

Body / abdominal fatness

Probable ‐

Dietary fiber‐

Garlic‐

Milk‐

Calcium

Alcoholic drinks (women)

Limiting / Suggestive ‐

Fruit and non‐starchy 

vegetables

Diet sources of selenium, 

vitamin D, and folate

Fish‐

Selenium

Foods containing iron, 

animal fats, and sugar

Cheese

*American Institute for Cancer Research

Page 6: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Colon Cancer

• Recent study with Folate– Indicates high levels of folate

from 

supplementation and fortification are not  associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer.

» Stevens, VL. Gastroenterology, 2011

• From the Latin word folium (foliage)

• Food sources rich in folate:– Legumes, nuts, broccoli, dark leafy green 

vegetables, asparagus and peanuts

Page 7: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Prostate Cancer

• Newer study on dietary zinc– Higher levels of dietary zinc after diagnosis was 

associated with a lower risk of death from  prostate cancer.

» Epstein, MM. Am J Clin

Nutr, 2011

• Food sources rich in Zinc:– Fresh oysters, ginger, lamb, nuts, legumes, and 

whole grains

Page 8: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Prostate Cancer

• Newer study around calcium

• Two‐fold increased risk associated with a higher intake of milk

• Decreased risk was seen with higher intake of legumes 

(dried beans, peas, lentils), nuts, shellfish/finfish and α‐

tocopherol

(vitamin E)

• Not conclusive evidence» Raimondi, S, The Prostate, 70;1054‐1065, 2010

Page 9: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Prostate Cancer

• Plant sources of calcium– Broccoli– Dark leafy greens– Almonds

– Tofu– Bok choy

• Supplement vs. Diet ??

Page 10: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Prostate Cancer

• New Calcium recommendations from IOM**Institute of Medicine

Estimated Avg. 

Requirement 

(mg/day)

RDA (mg/day) Upper Level Intake 

(mg/day)

19‐30 years 800 1,000 2,500

31‐50 years 800 1,000 2,500

51‐70 yrs (males) 800 1,000 2,000

51‐70 yrs (female) 1,000 1,200 2,000

>70 years 1,000 1,200 2,000

Page 11: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Prostate Cancer

• Prostate cancer intensive nutrition & lifestyle change study: – Almost vegan diet 

• Very low meat intake• High fruit and vegetable intake 

– Reduced fat – Lifestyle interventions: yoga, exercise, meditation and support 

groups

• After one year, participants had no need for conventional 

therapies– Lower PSA’s– Greater quality of life– Less in vitro prostate cancer cell growth

» Dean Ornish, 2005

Page 12: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Breast Cancer

• Newer study focusing on quality of diet and  physical activity

• Women with “better quality diets”

had: 

– 60% reduced risk of death from any cause

– 88% reduced risk of death from breast cancer

• Women with “better quality diets and physical activity 

had:

– 89% reduced risk of death from any cause

– 91% reduced risk of death from breast cancer» George, S, Cancer Causes Control, 2010

Page 13: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Breast Cancer

• Recent study focusing on weight– Breast cancer survivors with a BMI >/= 30 kg/m2

and > 10 years out from treatment:• 46% increased risk of developing distant metastases 

after 10 years

• 38% increased risk of dying as a result of breast cancer  after 30 years

» Ewertz, M. J. Clin

Onc; 2010

Page 14: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Additional Study

• RENEW (Reach out to Enhance Wellness in  Older Cancer Survivors)

– Reduced rate of functional decline with survivors  who ate more fruit and vegetables, ate less 

saturated fats and lost more weight» Morey, JAMA 301(18); 1883‐1891, 2009

Page 15: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Vitamin D

… the connection to cancer

Page 16: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Vitamin D

• HSCT survivors and vitamin D status» Robien, K., Bone Marrow Transplant, 2011

• A loss of more than 15% body weight boosts  vitamin D levels in overweight women.

» McTiernan, A., 2011

• Check your vitamin D level before  supplementing.  

– 25 hydroxy

vitamin D between 30‐50 ng/mL

Page 17: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Vitamin D

• New Vitamin D recommendations from IOM **Institute of Medicine

Estimated Avg. 

Requirement 

(IU/day)

RDA (IU/day) Upper Level Intake 

(IU/day)

19‐30 years 400 600 4,000

31‐50 years 400 600 4,000

51‐70 yrs (males) 400 600 4,000

51‐70 yrs (female) 400 600 4,000

>70 years 400 800 4,000

Page 18: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Summary of Studies

• Eat a majority of plant foods

• The nutrients we receive from our food are  essential to our health.  Try to get your 

nutrients primarily from whole food sources.

• Use supplementation sparingly ‐

more is not  always better.  Our needs for specific 

nutrients may be more individualized.

Page 19: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Studies Lacking

There are many cancer types that are not  covered in this review due to lack of available 

studies. Reasons include:• no “patent”

on diets, less financial benefit than for 

drugs

• diet intervention studies are difficult to execute and  are costly

• food practices are highly variable and are hard to  measure accurately in a study

Page 20: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Nutrition for Wellness: The Basics

• Plant‐based diet– Variety of colorful vegetables and fruit– Legumes (beans/lentils), nuts, seeds, whole grains – Include herbs and spices

• Limit processed and refined foods– Less than 5 ingredients on a label– Limit enriched or enhanced foods

• Lower fat diet– Focus on healthy fat sources

• nuts, avocados, seeds/seed oils (sesame oil, grapeseed

oil), olive 

oil, fish

Page 21: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers
Page 22: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Food as Chemoprevention

Curcumin

Green Tea

Page 23: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers
Page 24: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

2.7 million deaths are attributable to  low fruit and vegetable intake

World Health Organization

Page 25: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

• Percentage of US adults who consumed vegetables 3 or more times per day

• Percentage of US adults who consumed fruit 2 or more times a day

Page 26: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Cancer Survivors’

Adherence to Lifestyle Behavior  Recommendations and Associations With Health‐

Related Quality of Life– Abbreviation: 5‐A‐Day, consumed five servings of fruits 

and vegetables each day. Results From the American 

Cancer Society's SCS‐II» Blanchard, CM. J Clin

Onc, 26; 2198‐2204, 2008

Cancer Group Physical Activity (%) 5‐A‐Day (%) Smoking (%)

Breast 37.1 18.2 88.1

Prostate 43.2 15.6 91.6

Colorectal 35.0 15.9 91.3

Bladder 36.0 16.3 82.6

Uterine 29.6 19.1 91.1

Skin Melanoma 47.3 14.8 89.0

Page 27: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

“I know what to do, I just don’t do it!”

• What are some barriers ?– Too little time– Too little sleep– Too much effort– Too much food– Too much eating out– Too much stress– Too much anxiety

Page 28: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

What influences brain signals?

Page 29: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

The Food‐Brain Connection

Page 30: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Making Changes

• Changing your cues to food• Address stress in your life• Know your triggers• Find activities that make you happy!

Page 31: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

If you go on a diet, you’re likely  to go off a diet …

Page 32: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Mindfulness

Physical Hunger Emotional Hunger Sensory Hunger

Builds gradually Develops suddenly Eyes (sight of food)

Strikes below the neck Strikes above the neck  Nose (smell of food)

Occurs several hours after 

a meal

Unrelated to time Tongue (taste of food)

Goes away when full Persists despite fullnessTouch (mouth’s feel of 

food)

Eating leads to feeling of 

satisfaction

Eating leads to feeling of 

guilt and shame

Sound (noise of eating, 

noise present)

Page 33: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Mindful Eating

• You are in‐the‐moment• You are eating a food that is pleasing to your 

senses (taste, smell, flavor, touch, sound,  sight)

• You are aware of your physical hunger and  feeling of fullness (satiety) – these are cues  that guide your decision to begin eating and  to stop eating

• You are NOT being judgmental

Page 34: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

What is NOT

Mindful Eating

• when you eat because of feelings “above the  neck”

(emotions…sad, happy, frustrated, bored, 

anxious, excited…)

• if you eat when you are not hungry

• if you eat even though you feel full (satiated)

• when you judge your eating – this is often  associated with shame or guilt

Page 35: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Resources

• AICR expert report– www.dietandcancerreport.org

• www.whfoods.com• www.365daysofkale.com• www.cancerlifeline.org• The Cancer Fighting Kitchen

– Rebecca Katz

Page 36: Nutrition for Cancer Survivors - Fred Hutch€“ Mindful eating. ... • Loss of bone density / Osteoporosis • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia ... • Know your triggers

Let your food be medicine and  your medicine be food.

Hippocrates