NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2010 Reviews 2010 NJ CCCS in Biology: 5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3 Nutley High School - Biology 1 st QUARTER REVIEW
Jan 02, 2016
NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2010Reviews 2010 NJ CCCS in Biology:
5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3
Nutley High School - Biology1st QUARTER REVIEW
Question #1
1. Frank flips the switch to turn on the light in his bedroom and nothing happens. He notices that the other lights in his home work and the radio in his room also works. Frank thinks the light bulb must be burned out. He gets a new bulb and replaces the old one. When he does the light works.
A. What is Frank's hypothesis?B. How does Frank test his hypothesis?C. What is the conclusion about Frank's
hypothesis?
Observations:A new artificial sweetener,
Suprasweet, is used in some foods and drinks to reduce calories.
Some food additives are known to cause cancer.Scientists from a research institution report that
another kind of artificial sweetener has been linked to bladder cancer in rats.
Hypothesis: Suprasweet may increase the risk of
getting bladder cancer.
Question # 2 - Suprasweet
Experiment:100 rats are used in a controlled experiment with Suprasweet.
Fifty rats are given Suprasweet and fifty rats are given regular sugar.At the end of the experiment all the rats are checked for bladder cancer.
Results of Experiment:One of the fifty rats who received regular sugar developed bladder cancer.Nine of the fifty rats who received Suprasweet developed bladder cancer.
Question # 2 - Suprasweet
Conclusion:Suprasweet appears to cause bladder cancer
in rats. It may also cause cancer in man. Further studies will need to be conducted to determine if Suprasweet is an agent for causing cancer in man.
Question # 2 - Suprasweet
A. What is suprasweet?
B. What is the concern about suprasweet?
Question # 2 - Suprasweet
Question #33. An experimental setup is shown in the diagram below.
Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using this setup?
A. Green water plants release a gas in the presence of light.
B. Roots of water plants absorb minerals in the absence of light.
C. Green plants need light for cell division. D. Plants grow best in the absence of light.
Why?
Question #4 4. Which of these experimental setups would be the
first step in determining whether earthworms choose a wet environment or a dry environment?
A. B.
C. D.
Question #55. The graph shows the results of a restocking
program in which shrimp raised on a shrimp farm are released into the wild. If this trend continues, about how many metric tons of shrimp will be released in 1999?
A. 12
B. 13
C. 14
D. 15
Why?
Question #6
6. The graph shows the growth of a Daphnia population in a 420
liter aquarium. According to these data, what was the approximate Daphnia population by the end of the
second day?
A. 40 B. 60 C. 80 D. 100
Why?
Question #7
7. According to these data, what is the average growth rate for this type of brown algae?
A. 6 cm/dayB. 7 cm/dayC. 8 cm/dayD. 9 cm/day
Why?
Question #8
8. Male collard lizards are larger than females. According to the pictures above, the difference in length between the male and the female collard lizard when measured from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail is approximately:
A.3 cmB. 8 cmC.12 cm D. 15 cm
Why?
A review of the basic chemistry of small molecules
On Earth, there are many different types of elements.
The four most abundant elements in living organisms are:Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Carbon (C)
Terms to knowAtom the smallest component of matter, consisting of
a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a charged cloud of electrons.
Element matter composed of atoms that all have the same atomic number.
Proton particle in the nucleus with a charge of +1. Neutron a non-charged particle in the nucleus of an
atom. Electron particle orbiting the nucleus with a charge of
-1, has an extremely small mass. Isotope atoms with the same number of protons and
electrons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Complete matching question #9
Polarity of Water
Water is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded
to the oxygen. Water is a "polar" molecule because the
electrons are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen.Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom
due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen bonds occur between the negatively charged oxygen of one water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen of another water molecule.
Many other unique properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds.
For example, ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules further apart in a solid than in a liquid.
Water has strong surface tension, high specific heat, and is considered the universal solvent.
Complete questions #10-11
Acids and Bases, Ionization of Water
Acids have more hydronium ions (H+)Bases have more hydroxide ions (OH-) The pH scale measures whether a solution is an
acid or a base and uses a numerical range of 0 – 14. at pH 7.0, a solution is neutral at lower pH (0 – 6), a solution is acidic
Examples: Lemon juice, Vinegar, Stomach acidat higher pH (8 – 14), a solution is basic
Examples: Dish detergent, Baking soda, Tums, Alka-seltzer
Complete question #12
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are better known to students as sugars and
starches. Monosaccharides are also known as simple sugars.
Examples: glucose and fructose (C6H12O6) Functions:
An energy source for cells during cellular respiration, Used to build cell structures and other organic molecules within the
cells.Disaccharides are also known as a double sugar and are
composed of two monosaccharides joined together. Examples: Sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides bond together. Examples:
Plants store glucose in the form of starch. Animals, like humans, store excess glucose in the form of glycogen
in the liver and muscles. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plants Chitin provides structure to fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.
Lipids
Function: Long-term energy storage. Lipids are also an important component of the cell
membrane.Structure:
Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids "tails". The fatty acid "tails" are long non-polar chains of carbon
and hydrogen . This means that lipids don't mix with (polar) water.
The fatty acid chains can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated lipids have a long carbon-hydrogen chain with no
double bonds. Unsaturated lipids have a long carbon-hydrogen chain with some
double bonds.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids2 types: DNA and RNA
FunctionDNA stores our genetic information. This information
is used as directions to make all molecules within the organism.
DNA’s genetic information is copied into RNA. RNA brings this information to the ribosome, where
proteins will be made from this information. Structure
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides. There are four different nucleotides that make up DNA.
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. There are four different nucleotides that make up RNA.
adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
ProteinsProteinsFunction:
Structural proteins such as collagen or elastin, provide support Enzymes control cell processesProteins are also a part of the immune system (antibodies), are used
for oxygen transport (hemoglobin), and movement (muscles) etc.Most proteins work best at a specific temperature and pH range.
Structure:The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.There are 20 different amino acids that combine to form proteins.
Complete the info chart for question #13
ENZYMES (a type of protein)Enzymes allow living organisms to maintain homeostasisEnzymes function as catalysts
A catalyst lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
This allows chemical reactions to occur much fasterEnzymes are not changed during the reaction and can
be used many timesEnzymes are specific for their substrate (reactant),
much like a “lock and key”Enzyme names typically end in –ase (helicase, DNA
polymerase, lactase) Complete question #14
Question #15Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules would be most beneficial to the lemurs’ journey?
A. Lipids B. Monosaccharides C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins
Question #16Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
A. Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.
B. Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions.
C. The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing.
D. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.
Question #17Some insects can stand on the surface of the
water because:
A. water has a high specific heatB. water has a high boiling pointC. water is a good evaporative coolantD. water’s molecules are cohesive and
adhesive
Question #18According to this graph, during a chemical
reaction enzymes: A. decrease the required time B. raise the energy produced C. lower the required activation energy D. increase the initial-state energy
Question #19Proteins are formed from monomers
(subunits) called :A. amino acidsB. fatty acids C. nucleic acidsD. ribonucleic acids
Question #20Which statement summarizes the information in
the graph?A. the cells survive best under acidic conditions B. the cells survive best under basic conditionsC. these cells would survive better in distilled
waterD. the survival of these cells does not affect pH
Question #21The human body uses carbohydrates as a:A. source of energy B. material for muscle production C. carrier of oxygen D. coenzyme of metabolism
CompleteQuestion #22
Animal/Plant Cell Comparison
Complete the diagram for question #23
ORGANELLE In bacteria? In plant? In animal? STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Cell membrane(Plasma membrane)
Yes Yes Yes Boundary between intracellular & extracellular environments. Regulates entry/exit of substances.
Cell wall Yes, usually Yes No Rigid structure providing support for cell.
Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes Jelly-like substance filling intracellular space contains dissolved substances.
Cyto-skeleton No Yes Yes Network of fine tubes and threads. Provides internal structural support.
Centrioles Rarely No, but aster is similar. Yes Paired rods, which help organize microtubules during mitosis.
Nucleus No Yes Yes Membrane-bound structure containing cells' genetic information (DNA) and support molecules.
Nucleolus No Yes Yes Small structure within nucleus. Site of production of ribosomal RNA.
Nuclear Membrane No Yes Yes Boundary between nucleus and cytoplasm. Regulates passage of materials between the two.
Flagella, pili or cilia Sometimes flagella or pili
Rarely, but some specialized cells may.
Only present in some specialized cells.
Structures used to enable movement of cells or sometimes to propel substances across outer surface of the cell. Predominantly protein in composition.
Mitochondria No Yes Yes Membrane bound organelles. Folded membranes within contain enzymes for aerobic respiration. (A little DNA in here too.)
Chloroplasts No Only in photosynthetic cells
No Membrane bound organelles. Folded membranes within contain chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis. (A little DNA in here too.)
Vacuole No Yes, often large Unusual, and small if present.
Membrane bound area filled with water and assorted solutes. Role in maintenance of water balance of the cell.
Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes Small organelles at which protein synthesis occurs. May be free floating or membrane-bound.
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) -smooth
No Yes Yes Network of flattened membranes forming tunnels. Enzymes assisting synthesis of some lipids and final processing of proteins found here.
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) -rough
No Yes Yes Similar to smooth ER, but with ribosomes embedded in membrane. Proteins to be exported from cell produced here.
Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi Body)
No Yes Yes Stacks of saucer shaped membranes where export proteins are modified and stored prior to entering secretory vesicles for exocytosis.
Lysosomes No Yes Yes Membrane bound structure-containing enzymes, which break down toxic or unwanted molecules.
Plastids No Yes No Membrane bound structures with varied functions. Leucoplasts - starch storage. Chromoplasts - colored pigments within (eg flower petals).
Question #24
Use the information in the chart on the previous slide.
Question #25Certain poisons are toxic to organisms because they interfere with the function of enzymes in mitochondria. This results directly in the inability of the cell to :
A build proteinsB store informationC dispose of metabolic wastesD release energy from nutrients
Components of Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Phospholipids Make up the majority of the cell
membrane Double layered structure, known
as a bilayer Hydrophilic “heads” orient
themselves towards the outside Hydrophobic “tails” orient
themselves towards the middle This basic structure makes the
membrane a semi-permeable barrier to hydrophilic molecules.
Proteins - Proteins of membranes are divided into two general classes: Integral proteins – span the
entire length of the membrane Peripheral proteins – associate
with one side of the memrane Membrane proteins play roles in
transporting materials through the membrane
Question #26The diagram below shows a cross section of a cell
membrane.
A. Describe the basic structure of the cell membrane.B. Describe two primary functions of the cell
membrane.
C. Explain how its structure relates to its function.
DIFFUSIONDiffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM
ONLY SMALL, NONPOLAR, UNCHARGED MOLECULES CAN DIFFUSE ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE
Concentration Gradient - a difference between concentrations
OSMOSIS
Osmosis - the diffusion of water (across a membrane)
Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (a lower concentration of water).
EFFECT OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS
Animal cells Plant cells
If the solution is isotonic relative to the cell, then the solute concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane and water moves equally in both directions
A hypertonic solution has increased solute, and a net movement of water outside causing the cell to shrink
A hypotonic solution has decreased solute concentration, and a net movement of water inside the cell, causing swelling or breakage.
ACTIVE TRANSPORTActive Transport - When cells must move materials towards an area of higher concentration- against the concentration gradient. This requires Energy (ATP).Proteins or Pumps are found in the cell membrane and transport molecules across the membrane.Active transport is used for: calcium, potassium, and sodium ions
BULK TRANSPORTEndocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing
themPhagocytosis - "cell eating" - extensions off cytoplasm
surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole and then the cell engulfs it. Ex. Amoebas use this process.
Pinocytosis - the process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment. Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off.
Exocytosis - cell gets rid of particles, opposite of endocytosis
Question #27
An animal cell surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes:
A. water to move into the cellB. solutes to move into the cell C. water to move out of the cellD. solutes to move out of the cell
Question #28Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Which statement describes what happens to restore the lettuce to its original condition?
A. water left the lettuce cells by diffusionB. osmosis caused salts to enter the
lettuce cellsC. salts in the leaf caused water to leave
the cellsD. water entered the cells of the lettuce
by osmosis
Question #29What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a 20.0% salt solution?
A. net movement of water out of the cell causes it to shrink
B. net movement of water into the cell causes it to burst C. there will not be any net movement of waterD. there will be a net movement of salt into the cell