Nurse practitioners are at the forefront of a paradigm shift occurring in today’s healthcare industry. UNDERSTANDING NURSE PRACTITIONER LIABILITY: CNA HealthPro Nurse Practitioner Claims Analysis 1998-2008, Risk Management Strategies and Highlights of the 2009 NSO Survey
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Nurse practitioners are at the forefront of a paradigm shift occurring in today’s healthcare industry.
Understanding nUrse Practitioner LiabiLity:
CNA HealthPro Nurse Practitioner Claims Analysis 1998-2008, Risk Management Strategies and Highlights of the 2009 NSO Survey
execUtive sUmmaryThis publication presents CNA HealthPro nurse practitioner claims data for
events that occurred between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2008. The
following study findings are of special import for nurse practitioners:
-Ultimate average indemnity and expense payments have increased over the past 10 years. (Figures 1a and 1b)
-Adult/geriatric, family and pediatric/neonatal medicine specialties continue to have the most claims. (Figure 3a)
-The pediatric/neonatal specialty has the highest average severity. (Figure 3b)
-The medical care office is the location with the highest number of claims. (Figure 4a)
-Wrongful death is the most frequently alleged injury. (Figure 5a)
-Fetal/infant birth-related brain injury has the highest average severity; however, this average is based on a small number of closed claims. (Figure 5b)
-Diagnosis-related allegations account for 39 percent of open and closed claims. (Figure 7a)
-Scope of practice-related allegations are relatively rare, but they have the highest average severity. (Figure 7b)
-Failure to order/obtain appropriate consultation/referral has the highest severity among treatment-related allegations. (Figure 9b)
-More than 80 percent of medication errors are prescription-related. (Figure 10a)
-The injury that most frequently results in death is infection/abscess/sepsis. (Figure 11a)
-Although relatively rare, complication from surgery, treatment, procedure or medication has the highest severity among the injuries that resulted in death. (Figure 11b)
-Cardiac condition is associated with 22.1 percent of the closed claims that resulted in death and incurred an indemnity payment. The average paid indemnity for these closed claims was $250,756. (Figure 11b)
-Four closed claims that settled at the policy limit (i.e., $1 million) resulted from allegations of failure to diagnose or failure to properly assess. (Figure 12b)
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LegaL and regULatory environmentNurse practitioners are at the forefront of a paradigm shift occurring in today’s
healthcare industry. Ten years ago, nurse practitioners did not assume a
prominent role in patient care. However, as policymakers address the goal
of making healthcare accessible in all of our communities, they increasingly
focus upon the nurse practitioner. Today, physician groups, hospitals, aging
services organizations and other healthcare providers call upon the services
of nurse practitioners to maximize quality while maintaining affordability in
patient care.
As nurse practitioners assume a larger role in the healthcare industry, related
legal and regulatory issues also intensify. As a result, nurse practitioners now
occupy a central role in malpractice litigation. A threshold issue in such litiga-
tion often is the express regulatory authority of a nurse practitioner to render
certain types of patient care. With respect to scope of practice, however,
states differ dramatically in the professional activities that nurse practitioners
may perform. Some state statutory schemes expressly designate those prac-
tices in which a nurse practitioner may engage. Others define the scope of
practice through regulatory boards, which also may serve as disciplinary bod-
ies authorized to investigate alleged transgressions. A few states delegate, to
varying degrees, the task of defining the scope of nurse practitioner practice
to the discretion of the supervising physician.
The roles and responsibilities of nurse practitioners are further defined by
policies, procedures and/or protocols promulgated by their employers. Many
policies or standing orders may operate to define the discretionary authority,
activities and scope of a nurse practitioner’s practice pursuant to statutory
and/or regulatory grants of authority. At the present time, delineating the
appropriate scope of practice may present more challenging issues for nurse
practitioners than for other healthcare professionals. Moreover, the desire to
free nurse practitioners to work more independently may create tension with
the need to comply with this complex and evolving framework of regulations
and practice rules. Therefore, administrators, nurse practitioners, other health-
care professionals and legal counsel must remain abreast of state-specific
scope of practice guidelines.
From a claims perspective, nurse practitioner liability issues are not always
limited to single defendants. Physicians, healthcare practice groups and other
healthcare organizations often become involved directly as co-defendants in
nurse practitioner malpractice litigation. These professionals or institutions may
bear liability for granting nurse practitioners too much authority, or for failing
to appropriately supervise their practice. Thus, they should be conversant
with the issues surrounding the professional activities of nurse practitioners.
Nurse practitioners will continue to play a critical role in the healthcare industry.
As the legal and regulatory framework of advanced nursing practice changes,
mitigating the risk of professional liability claims for nurse practitioners and
defending claims of negligence when they occur will remain a challenge.
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cLaims anaLysis
Database and MethodologyThis study presents and analyzes professional liability claims brought against
CNA-insured nurse practitioners for events that occurred between January 1,
1998 and December 31, 2008. During this period, 1,799 claims were reported.
Of these, 1,092 claims were excluded from the study, leaving 707 open and
closed claims. Claims were excluded for one or more of the following reasons:
-The reported incident closed with no indemnity or expense payment.
-Deposition assistance was the only service provided.
-Legal assistance for protection of the nurse practitioner’s license was the only service provided.
-The claim was a drug-related class action lawsuit.*
-The claim did not involve professional liability.
Throughout this section of the document, frequency refers to the number
of open and closed claims with the specified attribute, such as a particular
allegation, location or specialty. Indemnity payments are monies paid for the
settlement or judgment of a claim by CNA. Expenses are monies paid by
CNA for the investigation, management and/or defense of a claim. Severity
refers to the average paid indemnity for closed claims that included indemnity
payments.
When drawing conclusions from the data, the following inherent limitations
should be noted:
-the database includes only cna-insured nurse practitioners, which may not represent the entire population of nurse practitioners.
-indemnity and expense payments include only monies paid by cna on behalf of its insured nurse practitioners . Other possible sources of payment related to a claim – such as employer-based coverage – are not included in the data.
-coverage for indemnity payments is generally limited by the policy to $1 million, whereas judgments against a defendant may be higher.
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* Nurse practitioners continue to be named in drug-related class action lawsuits. During the study period, more than 20 such actions were initiated, with associated expenses exceeding $300,000.
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Ultimate Severity of Claims by Accident YearThis section is based on data extracted from our actuarial review and provides
best estimates of claim severity over time. Ultimate claim counts and severity
are projected using actuarial methods based on historical development pat-
terns. Optimally, ultimate values should not change over time. However, as
no model can predict claim settlement with precision, ultimate values may
increase or decrease at each evaluation.
Figure 1a shows that the average indemnity payment has increased over the
past 10 years. It was approximately $168,600 in 1999 and is projected to be
$189,300 in 2008. Despite some volatility, the average appears to be increas-
ing at a rate of 2.3 percent per year. As shown in Figure 1b, the average
expense payment has also increased over the past 10 years. It was approxi-
mately $28,500 in 1998 and is projected to be $42,900 in 2008. The average
appears to be increasing at a rate of 2.9 percent per year.
1b ULtimate average exPense by accident year* (with trend Line)
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
* Accident year is the year the event occurred.
1a ULtimate average indemnity by accident year* (with trend Line)
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
* Accident year is the year the event occurred.
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Analysis of Claims by Claim Category“Claim category” refers to whether the claim is open or closed, an important
distinction when determining patterns and trends related to claim frequency
and severity.
Figure 2 includes the percentages of open and closed claims, the indemnity
and/or expense payments, and the amount of case reserves for open claims
before the exclusion criteria were applied. A total of $89.7 million has been
paid or reserved for the 1,799 open and closed claims. More than $7.5 million
has been paid for investigation and management of claims closed with no
indemnity payment, and more than $5 million has been paid for investigation
and management of open claims. (An indemnity payment may be incurred
for open claims because a partial indemnity or a component of the indemnity,
such as medical costs, has been paid prior to closure. Alternatively, the full
indemnity has been paid, but administrative activities to close the claim have
not been completed.)
2cLaims by cLaim category
Claim Category
Percent of Reported
Claims*Total Paid Indemnity
Total Paid Expense
Total Case Reserve
Total Paid Indemnity,
Expense and
Reserves
Closed with expense only 35.4% $0 $7,567,044 $0 $7,567,044
Closed with indemnity payment 13.6% $39,067,185 $12,415,994 $0 $51,483,178
Closed without payment 34.6% $0 $0 $0 $0
Open 16.5% $667,003 $5,052,576 $24,919,323 $30,638,902
Total 100.1% $39,734,188 $25,035,614 $24,919,323 $89,689,124
* Total equals 100.1 due to rounding.
A total of $89.7 million has been paid or reserved for open and closed claims, including more than $7.5 million paid in expenses for claims closed with no indemnity payment.
1b ULtimate average exPense by accident year* (with trend Line)
1a ULtimate average indemnity by accident year* (with trend Line)
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C N A H E A LT H P R O N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R C L A I M S A N A LY S I S 19 9 8 - 2 0 0 8
Adult/geriatric 52.2%
Student 1.0%
Psychiatric 5.2%
Obstetrics/gynecology 9.5%
Family medicine and Pediatric/neonatal 32.1%
3adistribUtion by cLinicaL sPeciaLty (open and closed claims)
Clinical Specialty
Percent of Reported
Claims
Percent of Policies
1998-2008
Adult/geriatric 52.2% 27.1%
Family medicine and Pediatric/neonatal* 32.1% 39.8%
Obstetrics/gynecology 9.5% 2.9%
Psychiatric 5.2% 8.6%
Student 1.0% 21.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0%
* Policy information is not available individually for these two specialties.
3b
severity by cLinicaL sPeciaLty(closed claims with indemnity Payment)
Clinical Specialty
Percent of Closed
Claims with Indemnity Payment
Average Paid
Indemnity
Pediatric/neonatal 4.7% $318,150
Obstetrics/gynecology 7.0% $193,900
Family medicine 28.2% $169,227
Psychiatric 4.7% $168,392
Adult/geriatric 54.9% $146,586
Student* 0.5% $60,000
* Severity is based on three or fewer closed claims.
Analysis of Claims by Clinical SpecialtyAs indicated in Figure 3a, nurse practitioners specializing in adult/geriatric,
family and pediatric/neonatal medicine account for 84.3 percent of CNA open
and closed claims. This finding is consistent with the previous study.
Pediatric/neonatal closed claims have the highest average paid indemnity.
This level of severity may reflect the need for complex and prolonged med-
ical services following injury to a child or infant. While obstetrics/gynecology
closed claims are typically associated with the highest severity, that is not the
case for nurse practitioners included in this study. In general, nurse practi-
tioners work with patients in prenatal and postpartum care settings, rather
than in labor and delivery. This may explain why closed claims for nurse prac-
titioners in obstetrics/gynecology have a lower average paid indemnity than
pediatric/neonatal claims.
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All other locations 6.5%
Emergencydepartment 5.7%
Hospital - inpatientservices 7.2%
Prison health 8.2% Clinic - non-hospital-based 17.8%
Medical care office 42.4%
Nursing home 12.2%
4adistribUtion by Location(open and closed claims)*
Location
Percent of Open
and Closed Claims
Medical care office 42.4%
Clinic - non-hospital-based 17.8%
Nursing home 12.2%
Prison health 8.2%
Hospital - inpatient services 7.2%
Emergency department 5.7%
* Figure 4a excludes locations with less than 5 percent of open and closed claims.
4b
severity by Location (closed claims with indemnity Payment)
Location
Percent of Closed
Claims with Indemnity Payment
Average Paid
Indemnity
Freestanding urgent care* 0.9% $370,000
Hospital - inpatient services 6.1% $228,219
Clinic - non-hospital-based 26.3% $191,546
Medical care office 38.5% $182,263
Emergency department 5.2% $138,028
Hospital - outpatient services 1.9% $120,823
Patient's home 2.3% $119,894
Other* 0.9% $112,500
Nursing home 14.1% $89,510
Prison health 3.8% $30,969
* Severity is based on three or fewer closed claims.
3adistribUtion by cLinicaL sPeciaLty (open and closed claims)
Clinical Specialty
Percent of Reported
Claims
Percent of Policies
1998-2008
Adult/geriatric 52.2% 27.1%
Family medicine and Pediatric/neonatal* 32.1% 39.8%
Obstetrics/gynecology 9.5% 2.9%
Psychiatric 5.2% 8.6%
Student 1.0% 21.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0%
* Policy information is not available individually for these two specialties.
Analysis of Claims by LocationThe most frequent location where adverse events occured was the medical
care office, followed by non-hospital-based clinics. These findings are consist-
ent with the previous study. The third most frequent location for a claim was
nursing homes, a category that has been added to the current study and will
be closely monitored.
Although adverse events that occurred at freestanding urgent care centers
and within inpatient hospital services have the highest severity, the four claims
with a $1 million indemnity payment are associated with adverse events that
occurred either in an emergency department, non-hospital-based clinic or
medical care office.
The severity for some locations differed considerably between the previous
and current studies. It appears that this is due to a weak statistical relation-
ship between location and severity.
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All otherinjuries 38.6%
Cancer 6.8%
Wrongful death 40.5%
Infection/abscess/sepsis 5.5%
Emotional distress/psychological
harm 3.8%
Loss of organ ororgan function 4.8%
5adistribUtion by injUry (open and closed claims)*
Injury
Percent of Open
and Closed Claims
Wrongful death 40.5%
Cancer 6.8%
Infection/abscess/sepsis 5.5%
Loss of organ or organ function 4.8%
Emotional distress/psychological harm 3.8%
Fracture 3.1%
Neurological deficit/injury 3.0%
Pain and suffering 2.4%
Allergic reaction/anaphylaxis 2.0%
* Figure 5a excludes injuries that account for less than 2 percent of open and closed claims.
Analysis of Claims by InjuryWhen a claim involved multiple alleged injuries, the primary or most seri-
ous injury was identified as the dominant injury. The most frequent injury is
death, which occurred in 40.5 percent of open and closed claims. Cancer
claims are a distant second at 6.8 percent. The three most expensive inju-
ries among closed claims are fetal/infant brain injury related to birth, brain
injury not related to birth and paralysis. Paralysis and brain injury were also
among the most expensive injuries in the previous study. Wrongful death
claims resulted in an average paid indemnity of $189,956, an increase from
$176,550 in the prior study. Many types of injuries occurred infrequently.
These are included in the pie chart as “All other injuries.”
The three most expensive injuries among closed claims are fetal/infant brain injury related to birth,
brain injury not related to birth and paralysis.
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5adistribUtion by injUry (open and closed claims)*
Injury
Percent of Open
and Closed Claims
Wrongful death 40.5%
Cancer 6.8%
Infection/abscess/sepsis 5.5%
Loss of organ or organ function 4.8%
Emotional distress/psychological harm 3.8%
Fracture 3.1%
Neurological deficit/injury 3.0%
Pain and suffering 2.4%
Allergic reaction/anaphylaxis 2.0%
* Figure 5a excludes injuries that account for less than 2 percent of open and closed claims.
5b
severity by injUry (closed claims with indemnity Payment)*
Failure to properly assess patient during prenatal care, resulting
in child born with cerebral palsy
Birth-related brain injury $850,000 Pediatric/
neonatal Medical
care office
Failure to properly discontinue prescription of medication, resulting
in permanent disabilityBrain injury $775,000 Adult/
geriatric
Hospital - inpatient services
Failure to diagnose bacterial endocarditis after several office visits
with recurrent complaintsParalysis $750,000 Adult/
geriatric Clinic
Incorrect diagnosis of bursitis, resulting in myocardial infarction and death
Wrongful death $650,000 Family
medicineFreestanding
urgent care
Failure to assess medical history, resulting in failure to diagnose Fournier's disease Loss of organ $625,000 Family
medicine Clinic
Failure to seek appropriate consultation following several office visits with recurrent
complaints of neurological deficits
Neurological deficit/injury $600,000 Family
medicineMedical
care office
Failure to obtain consultation following change in condition, resulting
in vegetative stateBrain injury $550,000 Pediatric/
neonatal
Hospital – inpatient services
Failure to discontinue medication, resulting in burns over 50 percent of the body
Scar(s)/ scarring $550,000 Psychiatric
Clinic – non-hospital-
based
Acted outside scope of practice by ordering angiogram without physician
consultation, resulting in death
Wrongful death $500,000 Adult/
geriatric
Hospital – inpatient services
Incorrectly prescribed dose of medication, resulting in infant death
Wrongful death $500,000 Pediatric/
neonatalMedical
care office
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risk management recommendationsThe following risk management recommendations, which reflect the preced-
ing claims analysis, are presented as a useful resource for nurse practitioners.
The list is not intended to be exhaustive. For additional strategies, see the
risk management offerings available at www .cna .com.
InsuranceEnsure that collaborating and supervising professionals, nurse partners, and
employing or contracting facilities maintain appropriate professional liability
insurance limits, as required by practice setting, state law and/or regulations.
Scope of PracticeAnnually review state nurse practice acts and other pertinent state and/or
federal regulations defining the scope of practice for nurse practitioners.
Revise collaborative practice agreements and other documents accordingly.
Health Information Records-ensure that patient health information records are in compliance
with established standards of documentation.
-retain patient health information records in accordance with relevant state and federal law. In addition, consult the state-specific recommendations promulgated by nurse practitioner professional associations.
-Perform periodic audits of patient health information records to identify departures from documentation standards and to determine opportunities for improvement.
-sequester the patient health information record if there is an incident of concern . Patient health information released for legal reasons also should be sequestered or maintained with limited access to avoid real or alleged tampering or inappropriate late entries.
-designate an individual within the practice who will manage legal demands such as a request for patient health information, a subpoena, or a summons and complaint.
DocumentationA complete health information record is the best legal defense. The follow-
ing information and communications should be documented:
-discussions with the patient and/or responsible party regarding diagnostic test results (both normal and abnormal), as well as recom- mendations for continued treatment and patient response to results
-informed consent or informed refusal of recommended treatment and preceding discussions
-patient telephone encounters, including after-hours calls, with the name of the person contacted, advice provided and actions taken reflected in the written summary
-dated and signed receipt of test results, procedures, referrals and consultations, along with a description of subsequent actions taken
-referrals for consultation or testing
-reviews and revisions of patient problem and medication lists during every visit and with every change in diagnosis
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-prescription refills authorized via telephone, including the name of the pharmacy and pharmacist, and read-back of the prescription
-missed appointments, including all efforts to follow up with the patient
-educational materials or references provided to the patient
-use of an interpreter and related contact information, recognizing that the use of family members, especially children, is discouraged
Diagnosis and Treatment-diligently screen for, monitor and/or treat diseases known to
have high morbidity and mortality, such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
-Utilize available clinical practice guidelines or protocols when establishing a diagnosis and providing treatment, documenting the justification for deviations from guidelines or protocols.
-seek timely consultation and advice regarding patients with recurring complaints and/or signs and symptoms that do notrespond to the prescribed treatment.
-document the decision-making process that led to the diagnosis and treatment plan.
-notify patients when screening is due and follow up if patients do not respond, documenting all communications.
Medication Management-include the purpose of the medication as part of the prescription
to mitigate the risk of drug error.
-avoid error-prone abbreviations and never abbreviate medication indications, name, dose, frequency or route.
-Limit telephone refills to one and require a patient evaluation in the office before providing additional refills.
-identify look-alike and sound-alike drugs used in the practice and place adequate warnings on packaging.
-avoid storing similar-looking drugs near one another to prevent possible confusion.
-remove drugs with similar-sounding names from the practice formulary, if possible.
-comply with established standards for educating patients and families about prescriptions, including the purpose of the medi-cation, potential side effects and indications for calling the nurse practitioner.
-maintain current drug reference materials and other resources that provide information on medications, including potential interactions.
-consult with physicians, pharmacists or evidence-based resources as needed, to mitigate the risk of prescribing the wrong medication or dosage, and to avoid drug interactions or contraindications.
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concLUsionThe findings of this claims analysis confirm that nurse practitioners continue
to be vulnerable to professional liability claims. Despite tort reform meas-
ures and innovative legal defense strategies, nurse practitioner claim severity
remains high, with average indemnity and expense payments trending up-
ward since the publication of the previous study.
We hope that readers find this information useful, and that it inspires them
to examine their practices and develop effective strategies to protect them-
selves against the risks inherent in providing healthcare services. For more
information about liability issues, see the wide variety of CNA HealthPro risk
control publications available at www .cna .com.
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What is the relationship between nurse practitioner liability claims and- level of professional
independence?- prescriptive authority?- educational setting?- experience with mentors?
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H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
HigHLigHts from tHe nso 2009 nUrse Practitioner sUrvey
introdUctionIn 2005, CNA and NSO released the Nurse Practitioner Claim Study, 1994–
2004. The study analyzed 10 years of claims brought against nurse practition-
ers (NPs) in the CNA HealthPro-NSO program. The study of the nurse prac-
titioner profession was the first of its kind, and it raised awareness regarding
the type and number of professional liability claims brought against nurse
practitioners, as well as strategies to mitigate risk.
The 2005 study answered many questions, but it also generated others. NSO
was repeatedly asked about the relationship between claims experience and
such variables as
-independent versus collaborative versus supervised practice
-level of prescriptive authority
-traditional educational environments (i.e., “brick and mortar” institutions) versus on-line degree programs
-mentored versus non-mentored practice
NSO engaged Kretschman Research & Consulting to survey nurse practition-
ers on these and associated issues. The survey participants included nurse
practitioners who have participated in the NSO insurance program, compris-
ing those who have and who have not experienced claims. Key survey find-
ings are excerpted in the following pages. Because the charts are labeled as
they appear in the full survey, chart numbering is not always sequential. The
NSO survey is available at www .nso .com/nPclaimstudy2009.
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sUrvey metHodoLogyKretschman Research & Consulting created the questionnaire, conducted
the interviews, analyzed the results and presented the findings to NSO. The
survey compared the demographics, educational preparation, clinical experi-
ence and practice conditions of nurse practitioners who have and have not
been the subject of a claim. The survey was conducted during the months of
June and July 2009.
For the purposes of this survey, the definition of nurse practitioner includes
clinical nurse specialists, except where clinical nurse specialists are cited sepa-
rately. Please note that registered nurses, certified registered nurse anesthe-
tists and certified nurse midwives were not included.
All nurse practitioners actively insured by NSO were eligible to participate in
the survey. Of the approximately 25,000 nurse practitioners invited to partici-
pate, 1,380 were identified as having had a professional liability claim filed
with NSO/CNA in the past five years. In addition to actively insured nurse
practitioners, the sample included nurse practitioners with an incident in the
same timeframe who have since not renewed their CNA/NSO policies.
The findings are based upon self-reported information and thus may be
skewed due to respondents’ perceptions and recollections of the requested
information. The chart below delineates the response rates for the survey:
Description Total
Total responses 3,354
Disqualified because of duplication or incompleteness 317
Non-claim responses 2,750
Claim responses 287
Total claim and non-claim responses 3,037
Usable response rate 12.8%
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sUmmary of findings-Traditional on-site versus on-line educational environment: Regardless of
claim status, a university or college on-site program was the predominant
educational resource for obtaining nurse practitioner designation. (Q2)
-State regulations governing practices: Nurse practitioners with claims
were more likely than nurse practitioners without claims to respond that
their state regulations require direct physician supervision. (Q8)
-Mentored versus non-mentored during the first two years of advanced
practice: Working with a mentor did not decrease the likelihood of hav-
ing a claim. (Q14)
-Level of prescriptive authority: Nurse practitioners with claims have less
prescriptive authority than those without claims. (Q20)
Other findings include the following:
-Nurse practitioners with claims and nurse practitioners without claims recalled that nearly the same number of clinical hours were required in their nurse practitioner program. (Q6)
-Approximately 82 percent of the nurse practitioners with claims had practiced 10 years or less, compared with 63 percent of the nurse prac- titioners in the non-claim group. (Q13)
-At the time of the incident, over half of the nurse practitioners had been working in the specified position less than four years, while more than two-thirds had been working in this position six years or less. (Q19)
-Nurse practitioners as a whole typically see an average of 16 patients per day while nurse practitioners with claims report having seen more than 18 patients per day at the time of the incident. (Q22)
-Most nurse practitioners with claims reported using handwritten medical records at the time of the incident. (Q27)
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nso sUrvey excerPts
Demographics
Nursing Professional Type
Percent of Respondents
with Claims (Base = 287)
Percent of Respondents
with No Claims
(Base = 2,750)
Total Percent
(Base = 3,037)
Nurse Practitioner 90.6% 95.0% 94.6%
Clinical Nurse Specialist 8.0% 4.9% 5.2%
Other 1.4% 0.1% 0.2%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Gender
Percent of Respondents
with Claims (Base = 235)
Percent of Respondents
with No Claims
(Base = 2,742)
Total Percent
(Base = 2,977)
Male 14.5% 6.6% 7.2%
Female 85.5% 93.4% 92.8%
Total 100% 100% 100%
Age*
Percent of Respondents
with Claims (Base = 235)
Percent of Respondents
with No Claims
(Base = 2,742)
Total Percent
(Base = 2,977)
18 – 29 0.0% 4.3% 3.9%
30 – 49 36.2% 43.4% 42.8%
50 – 64 57.9% 49.3% 49.9%
65 or over 6.0% 3.1% 3.3%
* Due to rounding, totals are slightly over or under 100 percent.
Total 100.1% 100.1% 99.9%
Highest Education Level Completed*
Percent of Respondents
with Claims (Base = 235)
Percent of Respondents
with No Claims
(Base = 2,742)
Total Percent
(Base = 2,977)
Associate’s Degree (AA/AS/AND) 2.1% 1.3% 1.3%
Bachelor’s Degree (BA/BS/BSN) 3.8% 2.7% 2.8%
Master’s Degree (MA/MS/MSN) 84.7% 90.4% 90.0%
Doctoral Degree (PhD/DNS/DNP/JD) 9.4% 5.5% 5.8%
* Due to rounding, some totals are slightly under 100 percent.
Total 100% 99.9% 99.9%
Location of Practice
Percent of Respondents
with Claims (Base = 233)
Percent of Respondents
with No Claims
(Base = 2,728)
Total Percent
(Base = 2,961)
Rural 30.0% 21.6% 22.2%
Suburban 43.8% 40.9% 41.2%
Urban 26.2% 37.5% 36.6%
Total 100% 100% 100%
33
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Nurse Practitioner Education/PreparationEighty-eight percent of all nurse respondents and 89 percent of claim respond-
ents stated that they used an on-site university program to achieve their nurse
practitioner designation. Only 5 percent of all nurse practitioners and 6 per-
cent of claim respondents reached nurse practitioner status using on-line
programs alone.
Regardless of their claim history, survey respondents predominantly earned their nurse practitioner designation through an on-site university or college program.
Q2nUrse Practitioner edUcation/PreParation
How did you earn your NP designation?
Other (please specify)
None
On-line program
University/college on-site program
Hospital-based program
Community college program0%1%1%
1%2%
1%
89%88%88%
6%5%5%
0%0%0%
4%5%5%
■ Claim (Base=287)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,037)
34
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Clinical SpecialtyApproximately 50 percent of the nurse practitioners who completed the
survey are certified or licensed to work in family medicine. For most special-
ties, the proportion of nurse practitioners with and without claims is relatively
equal. Exceptions to this trend include family medicine and pediatrics. In
family medicine, there is a higher proportion of nurse practitioners with claims
(59 percent versus 49 percent) and in pediatrics, a significantly lower propor-
tion of nurse practitioners with claims (3 percent versus 7 percent).
Q3nUrse Practitioner sPeciaLty
In what specialty area(s) are you certified or licensed as an NP? (Check all that apply.)
Other (please specify)
Women’s health (excludes obstetrics)
Behavioral health
Pediatrics
Occupational health
Oncology
Obstetrics/perinatal
Neonatal
Gerontology
Family medicine
Adult care22%
24%24%
59%49%50%
5%6%6%
0%1%1%
3%2%2%
0%1%1%
0%1%1%
3%7%7%
10%11%
13%
5%5%5%
7%9%9%
■ Claim (Base=287)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,037)
35
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Clinical Hours Required in Nurse Practitioner ProgramsMore than half of the nurse practitioners were required to spend between
400 and 800 clinical hours in their nurse practitioner program. The group of
nurse practitioners who recalled needing less than 400 clinical hours was
slightly smaller than the group who recalled needing more than 800 hours
(20 percent and 23 percent, respectively).
Nurse practitioners with claims and nurse practitioners without claims recalled
spending nearly the same number of clinical hours in their nurse practitioner
program. On average, respondents spent 636 clinical hours in their nurse
practitioner program.
Q6nUrse Practitioner Program cLinicaL HoUrs reqUired
How many clinical hours were required in your NP program?
Other (please specify)
1,000 hours or more
800 to 999 hours
600 to 799 hours
400 to 599 hours
100 to 399 hours
Less than 100 hours
0 hours1%1%1%
3%3%3%
19%16%16%
26%26%26%
26%30%30%
4%8%
7%
16%13%13%
4%3%3%
■ Claim (Base=209)■ Non-claim (Base=2,265)■ Total (Base=2,474)
mean nUmber of cLinicaL HoUrs reqUired in nUrse Practitioner Program
Average clinical hours required in NP program
Mean695 hours
631 hours636 hours
■ Claim (Base=198)■ Non-claim (Base=2,175)■ Total (Base=2,373)
Note: the size of the base differs in the two Q6 charts because “Other specified” responses were not included in determining the average number of required clinical hours.
36
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Years as a Registered Nurse Prior to Becoming a Nurse PractitionerApproximately 5 percent of the nurse practitioners were registered nurses
for less than two years before becoming certified as nurse practitioners.
About one-quarter of the nurse practitioners were registered nurses for less
than six years before receiving the nurse practitioner certification. More than
half of the nurse practitioners practiced for more than 10 years as a registered
nurse before acquiring their nurse practitioner designation.
On average, the respondents spent 13 years practicing as registered nurses before
becoming certified as nurse practitioners.
Q7nUmber of years in Practice as a registered nUrse
How many years did you practice as a registered nurse before becoming certified to practice as an NP?
More than 15 years
11 to 15 years
6 to 10 years
2 to 5 years
Less than 2 years4%
5%5%
18%19%19%
18%24%24%
20%16%16%
41%35%
36%
■ Claim (Base=282)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,032)
mean nUmber of HoUrs in Practice as a registered nUrse
Average years as an RN before becoming an NP
Mean13.9 years
12.9 years13.0 years
■ Claim (Base=282)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,032)
37
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
State Regulations Governing PracticeNurse practitioners’ scope of practice requirements vary by state, with most
states permitting nurse practitioners to function collaboratively with physi-
cians, rather than under direct physician supervision. Seventy-nine percent
of non-claim respondents, compared with 70 percent of claim respondents,
maintain that regulations in their state require nurse practitioners to practice
under the auspices of a collaborative practice agreement.
Nurse practitioners with claims were more likely than nurse practitioners with-
out claims to say their state regulations require direct physician supervision
(9 percent versus 4 percent). For the respondents in the “Other” category,
the regulations governing their practice may have emanated from the military,
their school or another source.
Q7nUmber of years in Practice as a registered nUrse
How many years did you practice as a registered nurse before becoming certified to practice as an NP?
■ Claim (Base=282)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,032)
Q8state regULations governing Practice
(At the time of the incident), state regulations governing my practice require(d): (Check one)
Other (please specify)
Direct physician supervision
Collaborative practice agreements
No physician oversight11%
15%15%
70%79%
78%
9%4%4%
10%3%3%
■ Claim (Base=254)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=3,004)
38
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Years of Experience as a Nurse PractitionerSeventeen percent of those with claims had practiced less than two years at
the time of the incident. Half of the nurse practitioners with claims had been
practicing five years or less, compared with 36 percent in the non-claim group,
and 82 percent of the nurse practitioners with claims had practiced 10 years
or less, compared with 63 percent in the non-claim group. The experience
of nurse practitioners who have no claims more closely approximates a bell-
shaped curve.
On average, nurse practitioners with claims had 7.1 years of experience at
the time of the incident, while nurse practitioners without claims average 9.7
years of experience.
More years of experience as a nurse practitioner may minimize the risk of an incident.
Q13years Practicing as a nUrse Practitioner
(At the time of the incident), how many years have (had) you been an NP?
More than 15 years
11 to 15 years
6 to 10 years
2 to 5 years
Less than 2 years17%
12%12%
32%24%
25%
33%27%
28%
8%20%
19%
10%17%
16%
■ Claim (Base=249)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,999)
average nUmber of years as a nUrse Practitioner
Mean7.1 years
9.7 years9.5 years
■ Claim (Base=249)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,999)
39
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Significance of a MentorNurse practitioners with claims were more likely than nurse practitioners with-
out claims to have been mentored during their first two years of advanced
practice (52 percent versus 37 percent). For those who had a mentor, the men-
tor was most often a physician. Nurse practitioners with claims were more
likely to have had a physician mentor than those with no claims (87 percent
versus 77 percent). Nurse practitioners without claims were more likely to
have had a nurse practitioner for a mentor (51 percent versus 30 percent).
Q13years Practicing as a nUrse Practitioner
(At the time of the incident), how many years have (had) you been an NP?
■ Claim (Base=249)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,999)
Q14
mentored versUs non-mentored dUring tHe first two years of advanced Practice
Did you have a mentor during your first two years of advanced practice?
No
Yes52%
37%39%
48%63%
61%
■ Claim (Base=249)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,999)
Q15ProfessionaL backgroUnd of mentor or coLLaborator
Who was the mentor or collaborator? (Check all that apply)
Other (please specify)
Clinical nurse specialist
Nurse practitioner
Physician87%
77%78%
30%51%
49%
3%7%7%
5%5%5%
■ Claim (Base=129)■ Non-claim (Base=1,025)■ Total (Base=1,154)
40
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Practicing Outside of CertificationNinety percent of nurse practitioners who have claims say they do not prac-
tice outside of their area of certification. While 24 nurse practitioners with
claims admit to practicing outside of their specialty and working in a variety
of specialty areas, it is important to note that there is an even greater pro-
portion of nurse practitioners without claims who say they work outside of
their specialty area (16 percent versus 10 percent). Half of the respondents
work in areas other than those specified in Chart Q18. The list of these spe-
cialties is available on pages 63 and 64 of the complete study, which is avail-
able at www .nso .com/nPclaimstudy2009.
Q17Practicing oUtside of certification
(At the time of the incident), are (were) you practicing in a specialty area in which you were not certified?
No
Yes10%
16%16%
90%84%84%
■ Claim (Base=240)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,990)
41
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Q18cLinicaL sPeciaLties at tHe time of tHe incident
(At the time of the incident), in what specialty area do (did) you practice? (Check one)(Base=NPs who practice outside of certified specialty)
Other (please specify)
Women’s health (excludes obstetrics)
Behavioral health
Pediatrics
Oncology
Obstetrics/perinatal
Neonatal
Gerontology
Family medicine
Adult care13%
8%9%
13%9%9%
17%7%
8%
4%0%0%
4%1%1%
8%3%
4%
0%5%5%
13%10%10%
6%6%
0%
29%50%
49%
■ Claim (Base=24)■ Non-claim (Base=430)■ Total (Base=454)
42
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Years Working in Specified Position at Time of IncidentAt the time of the incident, 53 percent of the nurse practitioners with claims
had worked in the particular position for less than four years, and 69 percent
had worked in the position for less than six years.
On average, nurse practitioners have worked in their current specialty area
position for 5.1 years. Nurse practitioners with claims had been working nearly
the same amount of time.
At the time of the incident, more than half of the nurse practitioners had been working in the position
less than four years, and more than two-thirds had been working in the position less than six years.
Q19years working in tHis ParticULar Position
(At the time of the incident), how many years have (had) you worked in this particular position?
More than 15 years
11 to 15 years
6 to 10.9 years
4 to 5.9 years
2 to 3.9 years
Less than 2 years25%
30%30%
28%24%24%
16%13%13%
22%20%
21%
6%8%8%
3%4%4%
■ Claim (Base=240)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,990)
average years in Position Average years working in this particular position
Mean4.7 years
5.1 years5.1 years
■ Claim (Base=240)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,990)
43
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Prescriptive AuthorityNurse practitioners with claims are twice as likely as those without claims to
say they have no prescriptive authority. The nurse practitioners with claims
were also less likely than those without claims to say they had authority to pre-
scribe Schedule II–v drugs (49 percent versus 60 percent) or Schedule III–v
drugs (21 percent versus 27 percent).
Q19years working in tHis ParticULar Position
(At the time of the incident), how many years have (had) you worked in this particular position?
■ Claim (Base=240)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,990)
Q20LeveL of PrescriPtive aUtHority
(At the time of the incident), what level of prescriptive authority do (did) you have? (Check all that apply)
None of the above
Schedule II-V
Schedule III-V
Schedule V
Non-scheduled prescription or legend drugs(e.g., prescription medications such as antibiotics)
32%36%36%
9%13%13%
21%27%
26%
49%60%
59%
13%6%6%
■ Claim (Base=237)■ Non-claim (Base=2,726)■ Total (Base=2,963)
44
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Daily Patient WorkloadPatient workload may contribute to malpractice exposure. Nurse practition-
ers with claims report greater daily patient workloads than those without
claims. While 45 percent of nurse practitioners without claims saw less than
15 patients per day, only 30 percent of those with claims tended to less than
15 patients daily at the time of the incident.
The nurse practitioners surveyed say they typically see an average of 16
patients per day, while those with claims reportedly saw an average of more
than 18 patients daily at the time of the incident. If we exclude nurse prac-
titioners who do not see any patients at all, the nurse practitioners who had
claims were seeing an average of 19 patients per day.
Nurse practitioners typically see an average of 16 patients per day, while nurse practitioners with claims report seeing
more than 18 patients per day at the time of the incident.
Q22daiLy Patient workLoad
(At the time of the incident), what is (was) your average patient workload per day?
40 or more
30 to 39
25 to 29
20 to 24
15 to 19
10 to 14
Less than 10
0 (none)3%
2%2%
11%19%19%
16%24%24%
26%20%20%
23%19%19%
8%7%
8%
8%6%6%
4%2%2%
■ Claim (Base=239)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,989)
45
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
OvertimeThe large majority of nurse practitioners report that they were not required
to work overtime.
Q22daiLy Patient workLoad
(At the time of the incident), what is (was) your average patient workload per day?
■ Claim (Base=239)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,989)
average daiLy Patient workLoad(excluding nPs who do not see any patients)
Mean18.5 patients
16.2 patients 16.4 patients
■ Claim (Base=232)■ Non-claim (Base=2,696)■ Total (Base=2,928)
average daiLy Patient workLoad
Mean19.0 patients
16.5 patients 16.7 patients
■ Claim (Base=239)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,989)
Q24overtime
(At the time of the incident, did) does your facility require you to work overtime?
No
Yes13%
17%17%
87%83%83%
■ Claim (Base=237)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,987)
46
H I G H L I G H T S F R O M T H E N S O 2 0 0 9 N U R S E P R A C T I T I O N E R S U R v E Y
Electronic Medical RecordsNurse practitioners who had claims were twice as likely to have utilized hand-
written medical records at the time of the incident than were nurse practi-
tioners without claims (72 percent versus 36 percent). They were also less
likely to have been using a combination of electronic and handwritten med-
ical records (16 percent versus 32 percent) at the time of the incident.
Seventy-two percent of nurse practitioners with claims reported using handwritten medical records
at their facility when the incident occurred.
Q27eLectronic medicaL records
(At the time of the incident, did) does your facility (Check one)
Other (please specify)
Utilize a combination of electronic andhandwritten medical records
Utilize handwritten medical records
Utilize electronic medical records8%
29%27%
72%36%
38%
16%32%
31%
4%4%4%
■ Claim (Base=237)■ Non-claim (Base=2,750)■ Total (Base=2,987)
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