Nuremberg Laws 1935 Barred Jews from many jobs. Lose their Civil rights. Required to register with authorities. Must wear the Star of David Prohibited.

Nuremberg Laws

1935

•Barred Jews from many jobs.

•Lose their Civil rights.

•Required to register with authorities.

•Must wear the Star of David

•Prohibited marriage between Jewish and non-Jewish Germans.

Two year old Emanuel Rosenthal and five year old brother Avram, of the Kovno Ghetto, who were both later deported to the death camp at Majdanek and murdered by Nazis.

Nazi gangs raided the Berlin Library and gathered "un-German" books including the works of world-class authors such as Jack London and H. G. Wells, as well as those of Jewish writers. In this photo, Germans crowd around a stall filled with confiscated books soon to be burned. Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

The burning of confiscated “un-German” books in Berlin.

Photos from the United States Holocaust Museum

A German civilian wearing a Nazi armband holds a sheaf of anti-Jewish Boycott signs, while Nazi soldiers paste them on a Jewish-owned business. Most of the signs read, "Germans defend yourselves against Jewish atrocity propaganda; buy only at German stores." Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Austrian Nazis and local residents watch as Jews are forced to get on their hands and knees and scrub the pavement.

The Hitler YouthOutlawed other youth clubs, the German children were educated physically, intellectually, and morally in the spirit of National Socialism, promising to be loyal and obedient to Hitler, They were taught Nationalism and Anti-Semitism.

A photo identification card, bearing the official stamps of the Krakow labor office and the General Government, Krakow district, that was issued to the

Polish Jew, Cyrla Rosenzweig. Cyrla survived as one of the Schindler Jews. Suesskind Rosenzweig was her husband.

In 1939, Oskar Schindler set up a business in an old enamel works factory in Poland, employing Jews from the Krakow Ghetto as cheap labor. As the Nazis intensified persecution of the Jews, Schindler increasingly feared for the safety of his workers. He managed to convince the Nazis his factory and thus his Jews were vital to the German war effort and prevented their deportation to the death camps of the East.

Arrival of arrested Jews at the Austerlitz train station. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #78893

Kristallnacht (Crystal Night)

1938•Nazi storm troopers and others smash and destroy Jewish owned shops, businesses, and synagogues.

View of the interior of the Essenweinstrasse synagogue in Nuremberg following its destruction during Kristallnacht.

From USHMM

The “Night of Broken Glass”

The St. Louis was a German ship carrying 930 Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to Cuba. When the ship set sail from Hamburg on May 13, 1939, all of its refugee passengers had legitimate landing certificates for Cuba. However, during the two week voyage to Havana, the landing certificates granted by the Cuban director general of immigration in lieu of regular visas were invalidated by the pro-fascist Cuban government. When the St. Louis arrived in Havana on May 27 only 22 Jewish refugees were allowed entry. Cuban President Federico Laredo Bru then insisted the ship and its remaining 900 Jews leave Havana. The refugees were also refused entry into the United States. Thus on June 6 the ship was forced to return to Europe. While en route to Antwerp, several European countries were cajoled into taking in the refugees (287 to Great Britain; 214 to Belgium; 224 to France; 181 to the Netherlands). Those that went to Belgium, France and the Netherlands were soon trapped as Hitler's armies invaded Western Europe and perished as victims of the Nazi Final Solution.

The journey of the St. Louis

In October of 1939 amid the turmoil of the outbreak of war Hitler ordered widespread "mercy killing" of the sick and disabled.

Polish laborers seal off the doors and windows of buildings on the outer periphery of the Krakow ghetto..

USHMM

Children scale a wall to smuggle food into the ghetto. Conditions were so extreme that they engaged in this activity .

German soldiers amuse themselves while they force Jews to dig ditches in anempty lot in Krakow.

A member of the German police kicks a Jew who is climbing ontothe back of a truck during a round-up for forced labor.

Three Jewish children in Topolcany, Slovakia.

The deportation of women and children to an unidentifiedconcentration camp.

One of the most famous photos taken during the Holocaust shows Jewish families arrested by Nazis during the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, and sent to be gassed at Treblinka extermination camp. This picture and over 50 others were taken by the Nazis to chronicle the successful destruction of the Ghetto.

1933 First Concentration Camp

Dachau

Prisoners' barracks in the Dachau concentration camp.

A prisoner in Dachau forced to stand without moving for hours as a punishment.

A watch tower in Dachau.

Prisoners from Buchenwald that have been taken into the nearby woods are shown shortly before their execution by the SS.

Two ovens inside the crematorium at the Dachau concentration camp.

The next slide may be upsetting to some of you.

You may wish to avoid seeing it by placing your head on your desk.

A mass grave in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

A warehouse full of shoes and clothing confiscated from the prisoners and deportees gassed upon their arrival. The Nazis shipped these goods to Germany.

Polish boys imprisoned in Auschwitz look out from behind the barbed wire fence. Approximately 40,000 Polish children were kidnapped and imprisoned in the camp before being transferred to Germany. The children were used as slave laborers in Germany.

A group of Soviet soldiers surveys a German warehouse containing thousands of shoes taken from prisoners before their deaths.

A stash of gold wedding rings taken from victims at Buchenwald.

Survivors in a crowded Dachau barrack after liberation. Date: Apr 29, 1945 - May 15, 1945

The entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). The gate bears the cynical Nazi motto "Arbeit Macht Frei" (Work makes one free).

The Danish resistance movement, assisted by many ordinary citizens, coordinated the flight of some 7,200 Jews to safety in nearby neutral Sweden. Thanks to this remarkable mass rescue effort, at war's end Denmark had one of the highest Jewish survival rates for any European country.

There were survivors.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including more than two-thirds of the Jewish displaced persons in Europe. Others emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities.