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Your task is to answer the following questions:

3b

Question 1aWhat are fibre optics and give a short description of how they work? A diagram may be useful.

Fiber-optic lines are strands of pure glass as thin as a human hair that carries digital information over long distances.

5d

Question 1bDescribe how an understanding of total internal reflection has helped scientists to develop endoscope and phones.It has helped since the endoscopes help light travel since light travels in straight lines so the bendy tube has special properties enabling the light to travel reflecting of the sides of the tube and through, as an example, someone’s body.

Question 2Two uses for fibre optics is communication and endoscopesFor each use answer these questions

4b

Question 2a USE: EndoscopeDescribe what it is replacing.Endoscopes are replacing invasive operations- operations when you break the skin.

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Question 2bShow how this new technique is an improvement over existing techniques.

b6d With fibre optics you can look inside people without cutting them

open. Patients benefit from fibre optic investigations more then invasive surgery because in invasive surgery you break the skin and patients prefer not to and it makes sure you don’t get infections in your cut.

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Question 2cDescribe the advantages and disadvantages of this use for fibre optics

There has been many improvements that there have been in medicine due to the use of fibre optics well as any draw backs e.g. investment of new technologies. The use of fibre optics has improved survival rate of operations, but sometimes the use of an endoscope can cause its own complications.

5a

Question 2dWhat might the people using this technique think about it? Give reasons to back up your ideas. Why good or bad?

Healthcare staff likes endoscopes, e.g. they are quick to use, but some patients may be worried, e.g. having to swallow an endoscope. We know this since patients have commented and made quotes before and after surgery but when you bring into consideration cutting open their bodies they quickly release that endoscope is the better option.

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Question 2eHas the technique made an impact on life in other countries?

It makes the operation a lot easier and quicker since it is not an invasive operation meaning not have to break the skin. This means less risk of getting the cuts infected. And in poorer countries this counts as it is easier to get infections since lack of hygiene and most people can not afford everything to be clean as some people are homeless and are surrounded by filth, dirt and disease 24/ 7. As in habitats like ‘shanti’ towns there is particularly closer living. Making infections and diseases spread at twice the rate. Endoscopes have enabled the percentage of infected cuts to lower by a huge amount.

Question 2Two uses for fibre optics is communication and endoscopesFor each use answer these questions

4b Question 2a USE: communicationDescribe what it is replacing

Copper wires.

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Question 2bShow how this new technique is an improvement over existing techniques.Using light to carry speech when we use a telephone has improved the quality of what we hear. Installation of fibre optic cables affects the people living in those countries, e.g. clearer phone calls, faster data transfer allowing faster trading; and the companies that make the cables, e.g. making more profit.

4a5c6d

Question 2cDescribe the advantages and disadvantages of this use for fibre optics

Fibre optics has made a significant impact in more developed countries since Low per-channel cost and Lower installation cost. Because of the relative newness of the technology, fibre optic components are expensive. Fibre optic transmitters and receivers are still expensive compared to electrical interfaces. The lack of standardization in the industry has also limited the acceptance of fibre optics. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fibre optics. However, industry researchers are eliminating these disadvantages.

5a Question 2dWhat might the people using this technique think about it? Give reasons to back up your ideas. Why good or bad?

Clearer phone calls, faster data transfer allowing faster trading; and the companies that make the cables, e.g. making more profit. These are good factors enabling us too higher standards of living in poorer and wealthier countries.

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Question 2eHas the technique made an impact on life in other countries?

Fibre optics have made a significant impact in more developed countries since:

It has Environmental Protection. It is resistant to radiation and corrosion It is resistant to temperature variations It has improved ruggedness and flexibility It has less restrictive in harsh environments It has low per-channel cost And it has lower installation cost.

And all these factors help poorer countries, it also installation of fibre optic cables affects the people living in those countries, e.g. clearer phone calls, faster data transfer allowing faster trading; and the

companies that make the cables, e.g. making more profit.

3 AF2

Understanding the applications and implications of science

To reach this level I could have:

a described some uses of fibre optics.

b stated that information can be carried from place to place using light reflections.

c explained that using light to carry speech when we use a telephone has improved the quality of what we hear.

4 AF2

Understanding the applications and implications of science

To reach this level I could have:

a described some of the improvements that there have been in medicine due to the development of fibre optics as well as any drawbacks, e.g. investment in new technologies.

b explained that fibre optics are replacing copper wires.

c described the use of fibre optics to look inside people without cutting them open.5 AF2

Understanding the applications and implications of science

To reach this level I could have:

a explained why healthcare staff like endoscopes, e.g. they are quick to use, but some patients may be worried, e.g. having to swallow an endoscope.

b described how the development of endoscopes has affected doctors, e.g. retraining, less surgical time needed; and patients, e.g. faster recovery, better to use in parts of the world where infection is difficult to control.

c explained why the use of fibre optics has improved survival rate of operations, but sometimes the use of an endoscope can cause its own complications.

d described how an understanding of total internal reflection helped scientists to develop endoscopes.

6 AF2

Understanding the applications and implications of science

To reach this level I could have:

a described how fibre optics have made a significant impact in more developed countries.

b explained how the installation of fibre optic cables affects the people living in those countries, e.g. clearer phone calls, faster data transfer allowing faster trading; and the companies that make the cables, e.g. making more profit.

c explained how the development of fibre optics has lead to developments in glass making.

d described the benefits to patients of fibre optic investigations compared to invasive surgery

Task 23 Bending light 2 – Level ladderTask 23 Bending light