Nucleotide Metabolism in Plants - Plant physiology1 1 Author for contact: Claus-Peter Witte 1, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Department of 2 Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of
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1
Author for contact: Claus-Peter Witte 1, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Department of 1
Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, 2
Germany 3
Update: Nucleotide Metabolism in Plants 4
Claus-Peter Wittea,2,3 and Marco Herdea 5
a Leibniz Universität Hannover, Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of 6
Plants, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany 7
2 Author for contact 8 3 Senior author 9
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3617-7807 (C.-P.W.) 10
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2804-0613 (M.H.) 11
One-sentence summary: Nucleotide metabolism is an essential function in plants. 12
13
Author contributions: C.-P.W. conceived the study, C.-P.W. and M.H. wrote the article 14
Funding: The authors acknowledge funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 15
(WI3411/4-1 to C.-P.W. and HE 5949/3-1 to M.H.) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung 16
und Forschung (Nutzpflanzen der Zukunft - 031B0540). 17
• The pathways of plant nucleotide metabolism have been better defined through the detailed analyses of mutants and the discovery of many new genes / proteins involved, for example the plastid uracil transporter, the nucleoside hydrolases, the CTP synthases, and guanosine deaminase.
• It has become clear that purine nucleotide catabolism may not only be involved in recycling nitrogen, but also in producing catabolic intermediates which dampen stress responses.
• Extracellular ATP has emerged as a new signaling molecule.
• Cells contain many modified nucleotides. A first enzyme for the degradation of a modified nucleotide, N6-methyl-AMP, has been discovered.
• How is nucleotide metabolism regulated (i) on the enzymatic level (ii) by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms (iii) by compartmentalization or organization in protein complexes (iv) by transport (v) by tissue-specific gene expression?
• Which transporters mediate purine and pyrimidine metabolite movement, specifically (i) catabolic intermediates between different cellular compartments (ii) nucleotides into the organelles (iii) metabolites over long distances?
• How are the nucleotide and deoxynucleotide species in the distinct cellular compartments balanced? Is this adjusted upon developmental and environmental stimuli, and how is this achieved?
• Which nucleotide phosphatases mediate dephosphorylation in vivo, for example dephosphorylation of mononucleotides to nucleosides?
• How are modified and damaged nucleotides degraded, and how do they re-enter nucleotide metabolism?
Figure 1. Structural composi�on of nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleo�des.
For the nucleobases ‘R’ is simply a proton. For the nucleosides ‘R’ is a sugar moiety which can be ribose or deoxyribose (carrying a proton instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2’ carbon of the ribose). Nucleo�des have up to three phosphate groups esterified to the hydroxyl group of the 5’ carbon of the nucleoside sugar determining the prefix mono- di- and triphosphate in the name of the molecule. The terminal phosphate always carries two charges irrespec�ve of the number of phosphates present. The pyrimidine nucleobases (upper row) and the purine nucleobases (lower row) are shown with the groups a�ached to the heterocycles highlighted in red (oxo groups), blue (amino groups), and grey shading (methyl group).
Figure 2. Schema�c overview of plant nucleo�de metabolism.
Nucleo�des are synthesized ‘de novo’ from precursor molecules listed in the upper le� box. The phosphoryla�on of nucleoside monophosphates via nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) generates nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), which serve as building blocks for RNA synthesis and as precursors for the biosynthesis of the metabolites shown in the center (S-adenosyl methionine, UDP-glucose, and NADH are given as examples). However, the nucleoside triphosphates, in par�cular ATP and GTP, are not only precursors for other metabolites, but are also essen�al stores of chemical energy in the phosphoanhydride bonds used in a mul�tude of energe�c coupling reac�ons, as well as important donors of phosphate in kinase reac�ons (not shown). NDPs can be reduced to dNDPs (deoxynucleoside diphosphates), which a�er phosphoryla�on to dNTPs serve as precursors for DNA biosynthesis. RNA degrada�on in the cytosol releases nucleoside monophosphates, whereas nucleosides are produced during vacuolar RNA degrada�on. Adenosine and adenine are products of biochemical reac�ons involving S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Non-enzyma�c decay (depurina�on) and enzyma�c repair reac�ons result in nucleoside and nucleobase release from DNA. Nucleobases and nucleosides can be recycled to nucleo�des in so called ‘salvage’ reac�ons. Plants are also capable of full nucleo�de degrada�on via certain nucleosides and nucleobases releasing the nitrogen of the nucleobases as ammonia.
Figure 4. Synthesis of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. 1
Synthesis of (A) cy�dylates, (B) uridylates and thymidylates, (C) guanylates, and (D) 2 adenylates. RNR (10), ribonucleo�de reductase; dNK (11), deoxynucleoside kinase; UMK (12), 3 UMP kinase; NDPK (13), nucleoside diphosphate kinase; TK (14), thymidine kinase; DHFR-TS 4 (15), dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase; TMK (16), thymidylate kinase; GMK (17), 5 guanylate kinase; AMK (18), adenylate kinase. The subcellular loca�ons where enzymes with 6 these ac�vi�es are found are indicated. For TMK, a loca�on in the plas�ds is only assumed. 7 The mononucleo�des (AMP, GMP, UMP, and CMP) may also be derived from salvage 8 reac�ons (see Figures 5 and 6). 9
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