Nucleic Acids – “Informational Polymers”: Code for all of the proteins in an organism – Polymer: Nucleic Acid • Monomers: Nucleotides – Each Nucleotide is made up of: 1) Phosphate Group 2) Pentose 5-C Sugar » Ribose or deoxyribose 3) Nitrogenous bases » Adenine (A), Cytosine(C), Thymine (T), Guanine(G), and Uracil (U)
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Nucleic Acids –“Informational Polymers”: Code for all of the proteins in an organism –Polymer: Nucleic Acid Monomers: Nucleotides –Each Nucleotide is made.
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Nucleic Acids– “Informational Polymers”: Code for all of the
proteins in an organism
– Polymer: Nucleic Acid• Monomers: Nucleotides
–Each Nucleotide is made up of:1) Phosphate Group2) Pentose 5-C Sugar
» Ribose or deoxyribose
3) Nitrogenous bases» Adenine (A), Cytosine(C), Thymine (T), Guanine(G), and
Uracil (U)
Nucleic Acids• Polymers– DNA – RNA (tRNA, mRNA,
rRNA)• The nitrogenous bases (A,
C, G, T) are what makes up the DNA “code”
• RNA codes are transcribed or made from DNA codes
• Proteins are then translated or made from RNA codes
DNADNA
RNARNA
ProteinProtein
Scientists call this the:
Central
Dogma of
Molecular
Biology!
How do we know that all of our genetic information
comes from DNA? (instead of protein)
• What type of experiment would you design to determine that DNA is the source of all genetic information?
Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation
• Frederick Griffiths was a bacteriologist studying pneumonia
• He discovered two types of bacteria:– Smooth colonies– Rough colonies
CONCLUSION:
The smooth colonies must carry
the disease!
Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation
• When heat was applied to the deadly smooth type…
• And injected into a mouse…
• The mouse lived!
• Griffith injected the heat-killed type and the non-deadly rough type of bacteria.
• The bacteria “transformed” itself from the heated non-deadly type to the deadly type.
Griffith’s Experiment with Pneumonia and the accidental discovery of Transformation
Griffith’s Experiment did not prove that DNA was responsible for
transformationHow would you design an
experiment to prove that DNA was responsible for
transformation?
Avery, McCarty, and MacLeodRepeated Griffith’s Experiment