Nuclear Weapons: The Final Pandemic Preventing Proliferation and Achieving Abolition Dangers Associated with Use of Highly Enriched Uranium in Medical Isotope Production Martin B. Kalinowski Director, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Center for Science and Peace Research (ZNF), Germany
34
Embed
Nuclear Weapons: The Final Pandemic Preventing Proliferation and Achieving Abolition
Nuclear Weapons: The Final Pandemic Preventing Proliferation and Achieving Abolition. Dangers Associated with Use of Highly Enriched Uranium in Medical Isotope Production. Martin B. Kalinowski Director, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Center for Science and Peace Research (ZNF), Germany. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Nuclear Weapons: The Final PandemicPreventing Proliferation and Achieving Abolition
Dangers Associated with Useof Highly Enriched Uranium
in Medical Isotope Production
Martin B. KalinowskiDirector, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Center for Science
and Peace Research (ZNF), Germany
Nuclear Weapons: The Final Pandemic – Preventing Proliferation and Achieving AbolitionSession: HEU and Medical Research Reactors: A Hidden Source of Nuclear Terrorism
The dangers associated with the use of highly enriched uranium in medical isotope production
London, 3-4 October 2007
Martin B. Kalinowski, Britta Riechmann, Matthias TumaCarl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Centre for Science and Peace Research
University Hamburg
The dangers associated with the use of highly enriched uranium in medical isotope production
Abstract:
The use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) for medical isotope production is of concern for nuclear weapons proliferation, because it is a direct use material for nuclear weapons. The Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) program was initiated in 1978 with the goal to minimize the HEU accessibility. The goal is to convert all reactors to low enriched uranium (LEU), i.e. down below 20% enrichment in uranium-235. Even 30 years later, this program had only limited success in the area of isotope production for medical applications.
While the global demand of HEU for research reactors is declining from more than 2,000 kg per year in to projected 500 kg/y in a few years, the use of HEU for medical isotope production is increasing and likely hitting an annual consumption level of 100 kg soon. This is four times the significant quantity of 25 kg of HEU assumed to be sufficient for the construction of one nuclear bomb. Not only the driver fuel of isotope production reactors often uses HEU; it is typically used as target material as well at 90% enrichment and higher. The latter is of even higher proliferation concern since only about 2% of the HEU is consumed. Most radioactivity is removed by chemical separation and as a result the radiation barrier is low. The isotope production from uranium irradiation adversely affects the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The chemical separation releases radioactive xenon that is used as atmospheric indicator for nuclear explosions. First experiences with the international monitoring system show that most detections are caused by a few facilities known to produce medical isotopes. A global radioxenon emission inventory shows that these are by far the strongest sources. A single extraction plant can release in the order of 10E15 Bq of xenon-133 per year. This is as much as all nuclear reactors of the world taken together are emitting in the same time. In addition, due to the short irradiation time, the isotopic activity ratios of isotope production may be difficult to distinguish from the signature that is characteristic for nuclear explosions.
In order to study the HEU and xenon issues, detailed information would be required. Unfortunately, the companies and national authorities are very cautious in providing any data, in order to protect proprietary interests in light of a highly competitive isotope production market and due to the general sensitivity of the nuclear industry regarding public scrutiny.
Can doctors help? Information about national demand for molybdenum-99 would be pivotal. Since this is the most widely used medical isotope, the amount of irradiated HEU could be estimated from its cosumption rate. And the released activity of xenon-133 could be estimated as well.
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Global stocks of HEU
National stocks of highly enriched uranium as of mid-2007Source: Second Report of the International Panel of Fissile Material (IPFM); Global Fissile Materials Report 2007;
Significant Quantity: 1 SQ = 25 kg
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Civilian use of HEU
HEU consumption in civilan steady-state research reactors (Top 20) – 2007Source: IPFM-Report- Ole Reistad, Morten Bremer Mærli; Non-Explosive Nuclear Applications Using Highly Enriched
Uranium, Conversation and Minimization towards 2020, in publication progress 2007 (Reistad et.al., 2007)
Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) program
• to convert from HEU to LEU fuel
• started in 1978
30 years later?
Conversion of civilian use of HEU to LEU
Number of converted HEU-fuelled research reactors and associated HEU consumption (cumulative) 1978 - 2007 (Reistad et. al., 2007)
Shut-down of civilian HEU reactors
Number of shut-down HEU-fuelled civilian staedy-state research reactors (cumulative) and associated HEUconsumption (kg) 1978 - 2007 (Reistad et.al., 2007)
Civilian use of HEU
Number of operational HEU-fuelled civilian steady-state research reactors distributed by nominal power, amd associated HEU consumption (kg)
1978 - 2007 (Reistad et.al., 2007)
HEU consumption: 1600 → 900 kg/y
Military and civilian use of HEU
HEU consumption in research reactors, propulsion reactors (1978 – 2007) and Mo-99 production
(Reistad et.al., 2007)
HEU use: + 100 kg/y
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
99Mo production using HEU targets
99Mo production using HEU targets
• 95-99% of all 99Mo is produced by irradiation of highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets• less than 5 % of the global 99Mo production is derived from the irradiation of low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets
99Mo production facilities using HEU targets
8000Ci/week10 000Ci/week10 000Ci/week5000 – 6000Ci/batch(several batches per week)
Production [3]
10%[1]-15%[2]25%[1]20%[1]-30%[2]40 %[1]Production capacity (% of world demand)
1. Safari I (South Africa)
1. HFR (The Netherlands)1. BR-2 (Netherlands)2. Osiris (France)3. HFR (The Netherlands)(4. HFR (France))
[1] Henri Bonet and Berbard David; National Institute for Radioelements (IRE) - Fleurus - Belgium and Bernard Ponsard; Nuclear Research Centre (CEN-SCK) - Mol - Belgium; Production of Mo99 in Europe: Status and Perspectives, ENS RRFM 2005; Transaction Session 1, 9th International Topical Meeting; Research Reactor Fuel Management; April 2005[2] Charles D. Ferguson, Tahseen Kazi, Judith Perera: Commercial Radioactive Sources: Surveying the Security Risks; Occasional Paper No.11; Monterey Institute of Internatonal Studies, Center for Nonproliferation Studies; January 2003[3] IAEA-TECDOC 1051; Management of radioactive waste from 99Mo production; November 1998
Table 1: Major production facilities for molybdenum-99
Conversion from HEU to LEUin isotope production
IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRP) “Production of Mo-99 Using LEU Fission or Neutron Activation”
Provide interested countries with access to non-proprietary technologies and methods to produce Mo-99 using LEU foil or LEU mini-plate targets utilizing (n,gamma) neutron activation, e.g. through the use of gel generators
Conversion from HEU to LEUin isotope production
None/largeBWXT (USA)USA (initiated by ANL)Homogenous reactors
Small/mediumKazakhstan, RomaniaIndiaGel-technology (activation of Mo)
Potential producersOrigin of technologyLEU Technology
Table 2: Main non-HEU production technologies of Mo-99 (Reistad et. al., 2007)
HEU in Targets for medical isotope production
Projected Mo-99 production, target size and U-235 consumption in research reactors – based on 10% annual growth and market size figures for 1996 and 2005
(Reistad et.al., 2007)
Almost no information available→ crude estimate → need better data
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Radioxenon monitoring for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Facilities of the CTBT International Monitoring System
International Monitoring System 337 Einrichtungen des International Monitoring System darunter 80 Messstellen für atmosphärische Radioaktivität International Data Centre (IDC) zur Datenauswertung Global Communications Infrastructure (GCI) für Datenaustausch
Purpose
Facilities of the CTBT International Monitoring System
Radioxenon isotope characteristics
Separation line
Reactor domain Test domain
INGE data
Critical area: Signal caused by isotope production
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Global radioxenon emission inventory
A Mo-99 production plant can release in the order of 1.000.000 GBq/a
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Comparison of annual xenon-133 emisssions:
European reactors: 0.27 PBq
North American reactors:
0.26 PBq
A single Mo-99 production plant can release in the order of 1 PBq
Index – 7 steps
Global stocks of HEU
Civilian use of HEU
Conversion from HEU to LEU
HEU in Targets for medical isotope
production
Radioxenon monitoring for the CTBT
Global radioxenon emission inventory
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT
verification
Mo-99 key for HEU reduction and CTBT verification
In order to study the HEU and xenon issues, detailed information would be required. Unfortunately, the companies and national authorities are very cautious in providing any data, in order to protect proprietary interests in light of a highly competitive isotope production market and due to the general sensitivity of the nuclear industry regarding public scrutiny.
Can doctors help? Information about national demand for molybdenum-99 would be pivotal. Since this is the most widely used medical isotope, the amount of irradiated HEU could be estimated from its cosumption rate. And the released activity of xenon-133 could be estimated as well.
Conclusion
Mo-99 production has impact on nuclear arms control:
• Danger of nuclear proliferation through use of nuclear weapons material HEU (highly enriched uranium)
• Reactor fuel• Target material
• Interference with verification of the CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty)
• Isotopic signature in the nuclear test domain• Single sources as large as all regional reactors together