Nuclear Power Plants – Design and Safe Operation - August 2018 - Dr.- Ing. L. Mohrbach
Nuclear Power Plants – Design and Safe Operation
- August 2018 -
Dr.- Ing. L. Mohrbach
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 2
Contents
Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 3
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016
Coal
HydroRenewablesNuclear
www.bp.com/.../energy...2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-re...
Breakdown of Primary Energy Sources Worldwide
%
30
20
10
4%
Gas
Oil
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45,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0 2014 2040
12%
18%
8%
2 K
Wind, Biomass, Solar
HydroNuclear EnergyFossil Energies
TWh / a
Power Generation Worldwide: Climate Agreement of Paris in 2017
12%
4 – 5 K Global
Warming
+ 2.3 % p. a.
+ 1.5 % p. a.
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• 450 nuclear power plants provide about 12% of the worldwide electricenergy supply.
• They save around 2 Gt CO2 emissions p. a.
• This corresponds to approx. 6% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Nuclear Energy Effectively Reduces CO2 Emissions
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Russia
4 +6 UAE4 Thailand
4 Poland2 Morocco
1 Libya1 Algeria
8 Egypt7 Indonesia
2 Kazakhstan4 Jordan
1 Cambodia1 North Korea
2 Bolivia1 Sri Lanka
2 Sudan3 Kenya
2 Belarus1 The Philippines
2+2 Bangladesh1 Croatia1 Mongolia2 Malaysia 4 Chile
4+8 Turkey16 Saudi Arabia4 Nigeria1 Ghana1 Thailand
98 - 6 + 2 + 1758 - 2 + 1 + 2
36 + 9 + 297 (+35) - 2 + 2
15 + 2 + 1219 + 7
7 - 724 + 524 + 8 + 63
15 + 2 + 68 - 2 + 3
776 - 2 + 22 + 14 + 2 + 25 - 1
6 + 44 + 2 + 1
39 + 40 + 2284 + 2
2 + 3
3 + 2 + 22 + 1 + 4
2 + 65 + 3 + 3
1 - 1 + 11 + 2
2 + 2 + 21 + 1
1 + 1 + 7 Iran
+ 1
USAFrance
CanadaGermany
Switzerland
South Korea KoreaIndia
SwedenSpain
Belgium
BulgariaSlovaki
a
Taiwan
Japan
Ukraine
Czech RepublicFinlandHungaryChinaArgentinaBrazilLithuaniauenMexico
IranSloveniaRumaniaThe NetherlandsArmeniaSouth Africa
Pakistan
Decommissioning Planned: 21 Under Construction: 89 (IAEA: 57) Projects: 414 + 90
450 Nuclear Power Plants in 31 Countries (4/2018)
United Kingdom
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35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
€ct/kWh
Source: Eurostat, EdP
EU 28
EU 19 (Euro)
Den
mark
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Spain
Belgium
Portugal UK
Austria
Swed
enCyprus
Nethe
rland
sGreece
Luxembo
urg
Fran
ceLatvia
Sloven
iaFinlan
dSlovakia
Poland
Roman
iaCroa
tiaCzech Re
p.Estonia
Malta
Lithua
nia
Hun
gary
Bulgaria
Liechten
stein
Norway
Icelan
dTurkey
Mon
tene
gro
Moldo
vaFYRO
MBo
snia‐Herzeg.
Alba
nia
Serbia
Kosovo
VATTaxes and Duties (VAT excl.)Generation and Distribution
Household Electricity Prices in Europe in 2015 (2nd Half)
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12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014
CO2 Emissions from Combustion plus Cement Production
China
China <2015
USA
EU 28
India
Russia
Japan
Gt CO2 /a
„Carbon Leakage?“
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Mio t/a„Wall Fall Profit“
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Financial Crisis
Kyoto Budget
CO2
CH4,N2O,
FCKW…
Source: Umweltbundesamt Emissionssituation 2016, Energie-Infodienst 2017
1990 2000 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 2020
Target:- 40%
17NPPs917
750?
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 Equivalents)
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Contents
Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
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Generation I
Early Prototypes
(~100 MW)PWR,BWR,
Magnox
1965
Generation II
CommercialPower Reactors
(600 –1200 MW)CANDU,
AGR,RBMK
1995
Generation III
EvolutionaryPlants
(<1300 MW)
2010
Generation III+
FurtherIncrease ofEfficiency
(1150 –1650 MW)
2030Generation IV
Improvement ofefficiency,
safety,waste economics
Breeders,High-Temperature Reactors,
Liquid Fuel Reactors,Steam Superheating
Small Modular Reactors („SMR“)
Westinghouse4-Loop
Siemens-KWUPre- Convoy
FramatomeEPR
INVAP (Arg)CAREM
Classification of Advanced Developments
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Name MWel Developer In Oper. U. Con. Planned
PWR
EPR 1650 Framatome/ EdF - 6 10Atmea 1 1150 Framatome/ Mitsubishi - - 4AP-1000 1100 Brookfield (CAN)/ Westinghouse - 2 -
CAP-1000 1100 CNNC (China)/ Westinghouse - 8 18CAP-1400 1300 CNNC - - 2
ACPR-1000 1000 China GN/ CNPC 24 6 -Hualong- 1 1150 China GN/ CNNC - 6 4
WWER- 1000 1000 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 36 5 -
MIR- 1200 1200 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 2 13 13
TOI 1300 1300 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress - 2 -
APR 1400 Korea Electric 1 9 3
BWRABWR 1380 General Electric, Hitachi (Toshiba) 5 2 4
ESBWR 1600 General Electric - - 2
CANDUE-CANDU-6 600 SNC Lavalin/ China GN 2 - 1IPHWR-700 700 Nuclear Power India - 6 8
GEN IVHTR-PM200 200 China NEC - 2 2
CFR-600 600 TerraPower/ CNNC - - 2
SMR
CAREM 27-100 CNEA (Arg.)/ INVAP - 1 1KLT-40 35 Atomenergoprojekt - 1x2 4
Linglong 1 100 CNNC-CNEC New Energy/ NPIC - - 2
Reactors for the World Market in 2018 (Predecessor Types)
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8 Pressurised Water Reactors (5 Manufacturers)2 Boiled Water Reactors (1 Manufacturer)2 Heavy Water Reactors (2 Manufacturers)
GENERATION- IV- Programme GIF (US Ministry of Energy 2002)
Six advanced reactor types with improved- safety,- efficiency,- risk of proliferation
Small Modular Reactors:
About 20 pressurised water reactorsAbout 5 light water reactors with supercritical steam parametersAbout 10 high-temperature reactorsAbout 10 liquid metal cooled (fast) reactors (incl. breeders)About 10 molten salt reactors
Summary: World Market for Nuclear Power Plants
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Nuclear Power Plant Projects in Europe
„Nuclear“ Country „Newcomer“
CommissionedUnder ConstructionPlanned
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Nuclear Power Worldwide
1. AREVA EPR
DWR • 1.650 MW DWR • 950 MW
DWR • 1.117 MW
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2 x 1650 MWe AREVA- EPR (4th-of-a-Kind)
First privately financed nuclear project in UK2012: EPR Design Certification („GDA“)2012: „Contract for Difference“:
• Strike Price: 92.50 £/MWh (35a)(less expensive than gas, wind, coal...)
• ( -3 £/MWh if Sizewell C follows )• Inflation-indexed• Incl. fuel, disposal, demolition• Plant lifetime 60a +• Costs of construction 16 G£ (in 2016)• Calculated payback time (24 TWh/a): 7.2 a• Investors: EdF (66.5%) + CGN China General Nuclear (33.5%) • 900 permanent jobs, + 5,600 during construction (57% UK)
Oct. 2014: Approval by European Commission (today: Brexit?)Oct. 2015: Site licence28 July 2016: EdF decision for investment (delayed by French worker councils, start of construction)15 Sept. 2016: Re- evaluation by new government Theresa May („Brain Drain to China?“)2023 - 25: In Operation (7% of UK´s power generation)
10 in Planning: 2 APR Moorside, 2 EPR Sizewell, 4 ABWR Wylfa+Oldbury, 2 Hualong Bradwell
Hinkley Point C (EdF Energy)
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Evolutionary development of a German convoy and the French N4 construction line
Design philosophy:
Further improvement of failureavoidance
Incident rates for meltdowns<1·10-7/a
Designed for severe, extremelyimprobable incidents. Limitation of impacts on the plant itself
Economically competitive
Gen III+: EPR
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Core catcher concept
Transfer of corium into a safecondition
Multilayerspreading area
Long-term coolingfrom below and
flooding from abovefrom the IRWST.
Gen III+: EPR
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2
Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (below the reactor) in 2017
Finely fragmented corium (failure of the reactor pressure vessel under overpressure?)
Crashed floor grating
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Source: Asahi Shimbun
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Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (floor) in 2018
Undamaged fuel assembly head
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IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency Sources: IAEA, VGB
Cor
e M
elt F
requ
ency
per
Yea
r
KWB-A
DWR (Konvoi)
KCB
KCB
KCB
DRS-A
DRS-B
German Units
EPR
AP1000
KERENA
KWB-A
IAEA Recommendation for existing Units
“Residual Risk”
Probability for a Mega Tsunami(higher than 10 m) in Fukushima Daiichi
Insufficient Design against a known Site- specific Risk
IAEA Standard for new Units
Results of Probabilistic Safety Analyses
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Westinghouse, USA
Westinghouse: Manufacturer of about ¾ of all PWRs worldwide. Evolutionary Consequent simplification Expanded passive systems
- (e.g. no „nuclear“ diesel necessary) 1999: AP-600 certified by US-NRC
- Operators: Capacity too low 2005: AP-1000 certified (UK: 2011)
- Licence for China, 4 units 2012: 4 units in USA 2016: USA: Delays 2017: Insolvency of Westinghouse,
abandonment of VC Summer 2-3 2018: Commissioning of Sanmen-1 2023: Commissioning of Vogtle-3
Gen III+: Light Water- (PWR) Concepts: AP-600/ AP-1000
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Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
Contents
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Generation III („Evolutionary“):
PWR – Pressurized Water Reactor
BWR – Boiling Water Reactor
CANDU – Heavy Water Reactor
Generation IV (Revolutionary“):
VHTR
GFR
SFR
LFR
SCWR
MSR
Co-Chair im Steering Committee Roland Schenkel,EC, 23.11.2005, Berlin
VHTR – Very-High-Temperature ReactorGFR – Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorSFR – Sodium-Cooled Fast ReactorLFR – Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR – Supercritical Water-Cooled ReactorMSR – Molten Salt Reactor
Partly also for H2 and process heat generation
http://gen-iv.ne.doe.gov
USA 2001: Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
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Targets of the „Generation IV International Forum“ after 2030
Further development (after GEN III):
• Profitability (cost-effectivness/efficency)• Safety and reliability• Minimisation of residues (partitioning + transmutation)• Enlargement (expansion) of the fuel basis (U, Pu recycling, Th)• Safeguards (stability of proliferation)
Further applications:
• Production of electrolytic hydrogen• Seawater desalination• Process heat
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Gen IV (1): Supercritical- Water- Cooled Reactor = HPLWR
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Gen IV (2) : Gas- Cooled Fast Reactor
GFRGas-cooled fast reactor
• 600 MWth,
• efficiency of 48%• ceramic fuel,
U/ Pu (20%)
• Helium-cooled(Brayton Cycle)
• closedfuel cycle(combustion of actinides)
• 850 °C process heat (H2 production)
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Gen IV (3): Lead- Cooled Fast Reactor
LFR
50 - 1200 MWe,• Unpressurised
• Natural circulation• Metallic or nitrite
fuel, U/ Pu• Pb- or Pb/Bi-
cooling for 550 °C• Closed fuel cycle• Seawater desalination,
H2 production• Cycles of 15 – 20 years
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Gen IV (4): Very High- Temperature Reactor
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Gen IV (5): Sodium- Cooled Fast Reactor
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Gen IV (6): Molten Salt Reactor
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Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
Contents
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 34
Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)
International Reactor Innovative and Secure
Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse.
Review within NERI- Generation IV (US-DOE).
Modular system with 100-300 MWel.
PWR with integral pressure vessel:
core
control rods
coolant pumps (4)
steam generators (8 in pair design)
pressuriser
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International Reactor Innovative and Secure
Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse.
Review within NERI-Generation IV (US-DOE).
Modular system with 100-300 MWel.
PWR with integral pressure vessel:
core
control rods
coolant pumps (4)
steam generator (8 in pair design)
pressuriser
Full- pressure containment.
Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)
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He- cooled, graphite- moderatedhigh- temperature reactor
Underground Development since 1985 by
- General Atomics,- Framatome,- Fuji Electric, - OKBM/ MINATOM (Russia)
Helium high- temperature turbine- Brayton Cycle
Meltdown- resistant:
Residual heat removalby thermal radiation
Framatome, Frankreich
General Atomics Gas Turbine/ Modular Helium Reactor GT-MHR
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• „Fast Breeder“• Radially Migrating Breeding Zone• Multiyear cycles• Depleted U-238 –> Pu-239• Metallic fuel• No reprocessing• Improved safeguards• Open fuel rods?• Efficient coolant purification• Xiapu- 2 (Fujian, China)• 600 MWe• Operational 2023
Terrapower Travelling Wave Reactor (Bill Gates)
Source: www.terrapower.com
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Terrapower Molten Chloride Fast Reactor MCFR (Bill Gates)
Fuel Dissolved in Molten SaltJanuary 2016: 40 M$ funding (5a)U.S. Department of EnergySouthern Company,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Electric Power Research InstituteVanderbilt UniversityUnder design: Component test rigs
Neutronreflectors
Vessel
Heatexchanger
Reactor
1966-73: Pilot project,stopped due to unmanageable corrosion
Source: www.terrapower.com
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Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
Contents
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SMR Project Flexblue (Sea Floor)
DCNS (Shipyard)/ Framatome/ CEA/ EdF(Direction des Constructions Navales)
PWR 160 MWel, Gd- based absorber
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Floating Nuclear Power Plant „Akademik Lomonossov“ KLT40S
1 Reactor2 Steam generator3 Reactor coolant pumps4 Control rod drives5 Emergency core cooling accumulator6 Pressuriser (1st vessel)7 Pressuriser (2nd vessel) 8 Steam lines9 Isolation valves10 Heat exchanger residual heat removal
system2x35 MWel, commissioning in 2019
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Nuclear Energy and Climate
Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)
Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)
Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)
High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)
Advanced Concepts
Small Modular Reactors (SMR)
Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India
Contents
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 43
1 € = 1.15 SFr
Costs of Generation (Example Switzerland 2017)
Hydro power*
Small hydro power
Wind power
Photovoltaics
Gas-combinedpower plants
*without pumped storage
Nuclear power
Comparison of Average Production Costs
Full Costs
ProductionCosts
ExternalCosts
SystemCosts on
GridLevel
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 44
Electricity Prices in Canada in 2017
Source: Canada's National Electricity Board (NEB)
Nunavut Manitoba
Quebec
Source: Canada‘s National Electricty Board 2018
AlbertaNorthwestTerritory
Yukon
Newf.+Labrador
OntarioPr. Ed-WardIsland
NewBrunswick
Saskatchawan
Brit.Col.
€ct/kWh
CAN$ ct/kWh
30
20
10
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0Nova
Scotia
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Licence Extensions in USA in Feb. 2018
Lifetime extension to 60 years:
Lifetime extension to 80 years:
Authorised for approx. 90 reactors, remaining plants will follow
Decision for submission for the first four reactors(Calvert Cliffs + …)
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First final repository worldwide for heat generating waste from NPPs *
• 2000: Government decision for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel• 2001: Decision in principle by Finnish parliament• 2012: Application of construction licence by Posiva (TVO/FORTUM) for
Olkiluoto site• 2015: STUK** Confirmation that all safety criteria are met• 12 November 2015: Construcion licence for 6,500 t of spent fuel*• Next steps: Construction until 2020• Before commissioning: Application for operation licence
Finland: Final Repository ONKALO
*: Enough for morethan 50 a operation of 5 NPPs
** STUK: Finnish Radiation andNuclear Safety Authority
Sources: STUK, 02/2015, WNA 11/2015
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Anzahl KKW- Blöcke in Japan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
In Betrieb Vorhanden Beschädigt
Anträge für Weiterbetrieb: 25,davon genehmigt: 10
Fukushima Daiichi 1-4 Mihama 1-2Genkai-1Shimane-1
Tsuruga-1
Fukushima Daiichi 5-6
Monju Ikata-2Ohi 1-2
Sendai 1-2
Ikata-1
Ikata-3Takahama 3-4Ohi 3-4
Shimane-3
Ohi 3-4Genkai 3
Genkai 4
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India: 24 In Operation, 8 Under Construction, 63 in Planning (<2035)
Gorakhpur/Kumharia
Rawatbhata
Mahi Banswara
Kakrapar
Mithi Virdi
Jaitapur
Kudankulam
Kovvada
Narora
Tarapur
Madras/Kalpakkam
1: CANDU-1002: CANDU-2205: CANDU-4507: CANDU-700H: AHWR- 300
A: AP-1000B: BWR-180G: ESBWRW: WWER-1000E: EPR-1600F: Fast Breeder
7 7
7 7
7 7 7
7
5
7
7 7 7 7
2 2 2 22
22
2 22222
22
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5BA A A A A A
W W W W
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7 77
7 7
KaigaKudgi/ Bijapur
NizampatnamKavaliPulivendula
Bhimpur
FFFF F
BH
WW W W
Chutka
Rajouli/ Nawada
7
7 7
7 7
Markandi
W W
7
777777 W W WW
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 49
Fangjiashan
JiyangTianwanHaiyang
Wuhu Bamaoshan
SanmenPengzeNingde
Sanming
LufengLingao
TaishanChangjiang
Fuqing
Hongshiding
DonggangXudapu/ Xudabao
Hongyanhe
Nanyang, Luoyang, Xinyang
Lanzhou
Putian; Zhangzhou- Gulei
Xiaomoshan
Tongren
Changjiang
XiapuSichuan
Jiangxi
Guangdong
Fujian
Zhejiang
JiangsuAnhuiHenan
Hunan
Chongqing
Shandong
Shanghai
Hebei
Guangxi
Taiwan
Beijing
Ganshu
Xinjiang
Tibet
Qinghai
Yunnan
Guizhu
Shaanxi
Tianjin
ShanxiNingxia
Inner Mongolia
Heilongjiang
Fangchenggang (Bailong)Pingnan (Baishan)
Daya BayHuizu/Huangbu
Yangjiang
Changde
Xiantan
Xianning (Dafan)Zhingxian Guangshui
Yangxin
Liangjiashan
Songjiang
Shaoguan Zhanjiang Haifeng
Longyu, Cangnan
HengrenPulandian
FulingShizu
Haixing-CangzhuQiaofushan,
Heyuan (Jieyang) Hebaodao
Shangrao,Ganzhou,
Yibin/ PenganNanchong-Sanba,
Jingyu
Jiamusi
Wan‘an-Yanjiashan
Rongcheng/Shidaowan
HH
HH
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1 1 1
China: 46 Units ( 2018), 41 under Construction, 189 Planned (<2035)
Jiutai4: DHP-400th Yanlong1: ACP-100 Linglong-1G: HTR-200/6006: ACP-600F: C(D)FR-600U: CANDU-600C: (A)CPR-1000H: Hualong-1
: CAP-100014: CPR-1400
W: WWER-1000E : EPR-1600T: Travelling WaveS: Floating (+21)
W
W W4 4
11 1
Quinshan
Bohai Sea
W
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Concluding Remarks:
1. Highly developed technology, exportable
2. Operation-proven with more than 17,000 (reactor) years
3. Acceptance: 90 % of the Europeans live in countries with nuclear energy
4. Fukushima was not a residual risk incident, no radiation damages
5. Nuclear power plants do not age as other power plants,early shutdown means an enormous destruction of financial assets
6. Highly profitable if technical lifetime can be reached
7. Quasi-domestic
8. Carbon neutral
Résumé
9
VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 51
Thank you very much for your attention!
Dr- Ing. L. MohrbachVGB PowerTech e.V.
Deilbachtal 173D-45257 Essen
[email protected].: xx49 201 8128 221Fax: xx49 201 8128 345
www.vgb.org