Nuclear Physics Notes For A-Level By Hubbak


3/33

+

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 865

Crhm~jc

Objitf`c bhs h` h|imfo mdct ia 85 h`l h` h|imfo ucfeb| ia ?3.


4/33

Ubc` h ` ojc s cmf|s h` hj~bh7

F|s ` ojci` ` mdct lcotchscs dv <

F|s ~ti|i` ` mdct lcotchscs dv 4

Dc|h Lcohv |h ~ht|fojcs htc cjco|ti`s |thqcjjfè h| bfeb s~ccls. \bcv htc ~til ocl dv h obhèfè f`|i h ~ti|i`h`l "ja 8.cjco|ti`. \bc ~ti|i` fs tc|hf`cl dv |bc ` ojc s

h`l |bc cjco|ti` fs cmf||cl atim |bc ` ojc s hs h dc|h ~ht|fojc.

> > Dc|h ~ht|fojcs htc utf||c` f` cx h|fi`s hs g? it c.

-8 -8

862 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

Ubc` h ` ojc s cmf|s h dc|h ~htjfojc7 F|s

` ojci` ` mdct s|hvs |bc shmc F|s

~ti|i` ` mdct fòtchscs dv i`c

Ehmmh Lcohv

Ehmmh thvs htc cjco|timhe`c|fo thlfh|fi` cmf||cl atim `s|hdjc ojcf. \bcv c`hdjc`s|hdjc ` ojcf |i jisc crocss c`ctev.

Ubc` h ` ojc s efqcs i | ehmmh thvs |bctc fs ì obhèc f` cf|bct |bc ~ti|i` it` ojci` ` mdcts.

@ ojcht Cx h|fi`s

\ui fm~it|h`| ~if`|s7

\bc s m ia |bc ` ojci` ` mdcts i` di|b sflcs ia |bc cx h|fi` m s| dc cx hj.

\bc s m ia |bc ~ti|i` ` mdcts i` di|b sflcs m s| hjsi dc cx hj* c.e7

Crhm~jc

441

Th------- 22 %.

444 T`

21

Af`l |bc ~ti|i` h`l ` ojci` ` mdct f` (Ybc aijjiufè tcho|fi`s. Ssfè |bcsc mdcts*s eecs| ubh| chob ~ht|fojc mfeb| dc.

8< "h& @

5

< 85 f + Bc -------- > + R

4 *2 8.

"d& ? ?

B Bc + R 8 4


5/33

4< <

"o& @h + Bc 88 4

45

Me + R 84


8/33

.. . -7;77.

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 4>8

Mhss lca co | == 4?1.>3? - 4?3.2? = >.44? >.4?? R 8.11 R 8>-45 ke = ?.5> R 8>-42 ke

\bfs oittcs~i`ls |i h` c`ctev* C* efqc` dv7

C = mo4 ?.5> R 8>-42 R "? R 8> 2&7( ?.?? %R 8X-88 g

\bc hdiqc c`ctev fs |bc c`ctev tcjchscl ~c*t S h|im.

4?3.>4 r 8>4? h|ims %:

8 e ia S oi`|hf`s 1.>4 R 8>4?

4?3.>48 h|ims

Bcòc c`ctev tcjc scl dv 8 e = ?.?? r 8>- 88 r 4.31 r 8>48

= 2.3 R 8>8> G

{XSC_\FI@_ AIT ^THO\FOC 0 %

8. \bc fsi|i~c ia irvec` >-85* bhs h mhss ia 85.>>>262 h`l |bc mhss ia h ~ti|i` fs 8.>>28< * ohjo jh|c |bc df`lfè c`ctev ia|bc irvec` ojc s f` McQ. "8 = 6?8 McQ &

4. Ohjo fh|c |bc df`lfè c`ctev ~ct ` ojci` f` |bc bcjf m* Bc* ` ojc s efqc` |bcaijjiufè lh|h7

Mhss ia ~ti|i` = 8.>>28< Mhss ia `c |ti` = 8.>>262 Mhss ia bcjf m ` ojc s = >83

"8 = 6?8 McQ &

?. H |bitf m h|im ia mhss 4?4.>?2 lcohvs dv |bc cmfssfi` ia i`c hj~bh ~ht|fojc |ih thlf m h|im ia mhss 442.>?8 . Fa |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc bhs h mhss ia >? * bium ob c`ctev* f` G*fs tcjchscl l tfè |bfs ~tiocss9

"8 = 8.11 r 8>-45 ke h`l |bc s~ccl ia jfeb|= ? r 8>2m s-%-8&

Ssc |bc aijjiufè lh|h ait vi t ohjo jh|fi`7


10/33

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 4>70

@ mdct ia`c |ti`s

81> 8?- cmf||cts 8

@

84.>

8>>

2>

4.>

>--------- -------- ----------J--------- @ t`dctia > 1>

Afe tc 5.8

2> ~ti|i`s W

_|hdjc ojcf aijjiu h o tqc. H| afts|* jfeb| fsi|i~cs bhqfè jcss |bh` 4> ~ti|i`s aijjiu|bc s|thfeb| jf`c @ = W* si |bcv bhqc |bc shmc ` mdcts ia ~ti|i`s h`l `c |ti`s.

Hs |bc h|imfo mhss fòtchscs* ait |bc ` ojcf |i dc s|hdjc |bcv `ccl |i bhqc h etch|ct` mdct ia `c |ti`s |bh` ~ti|i`s. Hdiqc |bfs htch* ubc` |bc ` ojcf dcoimc jhtec*|bcft f`s|hdfjf|v fòtchscs h`l |bcv lcohv dv `ceh|fqc dc|h cmfssfi`. \bcsc ojcf bhqc h m ob etch|ct ` mdct ia `c |ti`s h`l si oi`qct| simc ia |bcsc f`|i ~ti|i`s uf|b |bc cmfssfi` ia h `ceh|fqc dc|h ~ht|fojc.

\bc ` ojcf bhqfè |ii mh`v ~ti|i`s oim~htcl |i `c |ti`s oh` ehf` s|hdfjf|v dv h~ti|i` obhèfè f`|i h `c |ti`* uf|b |bc cmfssfi` ia h ~isf|fqcjv-obhtecl dc|h ~ht|fojcohjjcl h ~isf|ti`.

`lfè C`ctev ~ct @sojci` Ostqc

_fòc h smhjj ojc s bhs i`jv h smhjj df`lfè c`ctev oim~htcl |i h jhtec ` ojc s* fìtlct |i oim~htc df`lfè c`ctefcs ait lfaactc`| ` ojflcs f| fs dcs| |i oim~htc |bcdf`lfè c`ctev ~ct ` ojci`. \i uitk |bfs qhj c i | uc lfqflc |bc |i|hj df`lfè c`ctevait |bc ` ojc s dv |bc ` mdct ia ` ojci`s.

Ait mis| ` ojflcs |bc df`lfè c`ctev fs dc|ucc` 5 h`l 6 McQ ~ct ` ojci` d | simc ia|bc jfeb|ct ` ojcf bhqc df`lfè c`ctefcs smhjjct |bh` |bcsc qhj cs. \bc s|hdjc ` ojcf htc`cht |bc |i~ Ia |bc eth~b sfòc |bc etch|ct |bc df`lfè c`ctev |bc etch|ct |bc c`ctevubfob bhs dcc` jis| f` aitmfè |bc ` ojc s* h`l |bc jiuct |bc c`ctev ia. |bc ` ojc s*ubfob f` | t mhkcs f| mitc s|hdjc. Afe tc 5.4 sbius |bc df`lfè c`ctev ~ct ` ojciò tqc7


11/33

4M @ ojcht ^bvsfos

fI

Df`lfè c`ctev ~ct ` ojci` 2

"McQ )` ojci`&

1

<

4

> ---- ---- ---- ---- -----J---- @ mdct ia > 2> 84> 81> 4>> 4 ` ojci`s

Afe tc 5.4

@ ojcht Afssfi`

@ ojcht afssfi` .f`qijqcs h bchqv ` ojc s s~jf||fè f`|i |ui jfeb|ct ` ojcf uf|b |bc tcjchsc ia h jhtec hmi `| ia c`ctev. Ubc` h S- 4?3 ` ojc s fs f`qijqcl f` afssfi`* hdi | 822 McQ ia c`ctev fs tcjchscl. Mis| ia |bfs c`ctev ~tiqflcs |bc kf`c|fo c`ctev ia |bc

afssfi` athemc`|s h`l |bc t s| ia f| fs efqc` i | hs |bctmhj c`ctev.

Afssfi` ia th`f m fs dti eb| hdi | dv sjiu |bctmhj `c |ti`s dcfè hdsitdcl dv |bc` ojc s |i aitm h` `s|hdjc S- 4?6 ` ojc s ubfob s~jf|s f` |ui* uf|b |bc tcjchsc ia |uiit |btcc ahs|-miqfè c |ti`s.

a ojcht A sfi`

A sfi` f`qijqcs |bc gif`fè |iec|bct ia |ui jfeb| ` ojcf |i aitm h `cu bchqfct ojc s.Ait crhm~jc* |bc fsi|i~cs ia bvltiec` "lc |ctf m h`l |tf|f m& oh` a sc |iec|bct |iaitm bcjf m hooitlfè |i |bc aijjiufè tcho|fi`7

4 ? B + B

< 8 Bc + `

8 8 4 >

I` |bc ~til o|fi` ia i`c bcjf m h|im f` |bfs uhv* hdi | 85.1 McQ ia c`ctev htctcjchscl. Qctv bfeb |cm~cth| tcs htc `cclcl |i ~til oc a sfi`.

T |bctaitl%s Hj~bh-^ht|fojc Lcajco|fi` Cr~ctfmc`|

Cqflcòc ait |bc crfs|còc ia |bc ` ojc s uhs ~tiqflcl dv T |bctaitl%s cr~ctfmc`|ubfob f`qcs|feh|cl |bc soh||ctfè ia hj~bh ~ht|fojcs dv |bf` eijl aifj.


12/33

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 4is

Crhm~jc

"h& _|h|c |bc tcs j|s ia cr~ctfmc`|s i` |bc soh||ctfè ia hj~bh ~ht|fojcs dv h |bf` aifj. Cr~jhf` |bc fm~it|hòc ia |bcsc tcs j|s.

"d& F` s ob cr~ctfmc`|s cr~jhf`7

"f& Ubv |bc aifj sbi jl dc |bf` h`l ~if`| i | h`v lfaactcòcs f` |bc tcs j|s aitaifjs ia lfaactc`| mh|ctfhjs

"ff& Ubv |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojcs fòflc`| i` |bc aifj sbi jl dc f` h `httiu ~hthjjcjdchm

"fff& Biu |bc soh||ctcl hj~bh ~ht|fojcs mfeb| dc lc|co|cl

"o& H` hj~bh ~ht|fojc |thqcjs lftco|jv |iuhtls h ` ojc s ubfob mhv dc hss mcl |itcmhf` s|h|fi`htv. Lcsotfdc f` x hjf|h|fqc |ctms biu* l tfè |bc mi|fi`* |bckf`c|fo c`ctev h`l |bc ~i|c`|fhj c`ctev ia |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc mhv qhtv uf|b |bcsc~hth|fi` dc|.;qcc` |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc h`l |bc ` ojc s.

H`suct

Q$ "h& F` |bc cr~ctfmc`| h |bf` dchm ia hj~bh ~ht|fojcs uhs lftco|cl h| h |bf` ~fcoc ia eijl aifj. \bc h~~hth| s uhs cqho h|cl iufè |i |bc aho| |bh| hj~bh ~ht|fojcs i`jv bhqc h thèc ia 3 cm f` hft. \bc hj~bh ~ht|fojcs* ha|ct f`|ctho|fè uf|b |bc aifj* uctclc|co|cl hs ajhsbcs ia jfeb| i` h sof`|fjjh|fi` lc|co|it ubfob oi jl dc miqcl hti `l i` h | t`|hdjc. Afe tc 5.? sbius |bc htthècmc`|7

I";~ht|flcsi toc

eijl aifj *.-sof`|fjjh|fi`

lc|7co|it

Afe tc 5.?

\bc tcs j|s ia |bc cr~ctfmc`| uctc7

Mis| ia |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojcs uc`| s|thfeb| |bti eb |bc aifj uf|b jf||jc it ìlcqfh|fi`.

_imc ia |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojcs uctc soh||ctcl |bti eb hèjcs ia dc|ucc` 4> h`l 6>.

H acu "hdi | 8 f` 2>>>& uctc lcajco|cl dv mitc |bh` 6>. \bcv uctc|bctcaitc soh||ctcl dhok |iuhtls |bc fòflc`| dchm.

\bc fm~it|hòc ia |bcsc tcs j|s fs |bh| |bcv7

_biucl |bh| mis| ia |bc h|im uhs cm~|v s~hoc.


13/33

8

4>1 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

F`lfoh|cl |bh| |bctc uhs h oiòc`|th|fi` ia mhss h`l ~isf|fqc obhtec h| |bcoc`|tc ia |bc h|im. \bc jhtec hèjc soh||ctfè uhs l c Ji cjco|tis|h|fotc~ jsfi` dc|ucc` |bc ~isf|fqcjv-obhtecl hj~bh ~ht|fojc h`l ` ojc s.

\bc hj~bhs ubfob %di òc% dhok bhqc mc| |bc ` ojc s %bchl-i`%. \bc aho| |bh| |bfsbh~~c`s qctv thtcjv f`lfoh|cs biu smhjj |bc ` ojc s m s| dc.

"d& "f& Hj~bh~ht|fojcs htc hdsitdcl dv h |bf` sbcc| ia ~h~ct. F| fs `cocsshtv ait |bceijl |i dc |bf` si |bc hj~bhs oh` ~hss |bti eb. Lfaactc`| mh|ctfhjs mhv dc

scl d | |bcv sbi jl bhqc h bfeb h|imfo ` mdct "|i fòtchsc |bc obhtec i`|bc ` ojc s& h`l dc hdjc |i dc dch|c` f`|i |bf` sbcc|s.

"ff& @httiu dchms htc scl si |bc soh||ctfè hèjc oh` dc mchs tcl hoo th|cjv.

"fff& Ubc` hj~bh ~ht|fojcs bf| h sotcc` oih|cl uf|b wfò s j~bflc* h ajhsb ia jfeb|

ohjjcl h sof`|fjjh|fi` fs ~til ocl. \bc sof`|fjjh|.fi` lc|co|it fs mi `|cl i` h | t`|hdjc h`l |bc hj~bhs soh||ctcl h| qhtfi s hèjcs mhv dc lc|co|cl f` h afrclf`|ctqhj.

Hs |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc h~~tihobcs |bc ` ojc s* f| jiscs kf`c|fo c`ctev iufè |i f|bhqfè |i li uitk hehf`s| |bc tc~ jsfqc aitocs. Kf`c|fo c`ctev fs jis| h`l cjco|tfo~i|c`|fhj c`ctev fs ehf`cl. Fa |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc h~~tihobcs h eijl ` ojc s bchli`* |bc` |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc ufjj s|i~ h| |bc lfs|hòc ia ojiscs| h~~tihob ubctc f|bhs wcti kf`c|fo c`ctev h`l |bc` miqc dhok f` |bc lftco|fi` f| ohmc* `|fj hjj |bcs|itcl ~i|c`|fhj c`ctev fs obhècl f`|i kf`c|fo c`ctev.

D. THLFIHO\FQC LCOHV Cr~i`c`|fhj Lcohv

\bc ` mdct ia ` ojcf ia |bc itfef`hj cjcmc`| lcohv cr~i`c`|fhjjv uf|b |fmc hooitlfè|i |bc eth~b sbiu` f` Afe tc 5.


15/33

l@ >

v h

4>2 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

l@ -= -j@

ql|

F`|ceth|fè |bc hdiqc cx h|fi` efqcs7

Ubctc @ = ` mdct ia ` ojcf tcmhf`fè ha|ct |fmc | @ > = ` mdct ia ` ojcf itfef`hjjv ~tcsc`|

| = |fmc j = lcohv oi`s|h`|

H sfmfjht cx h|fi` |i |bc i`c hdiqc mhv dc utf||c` f` |ctms ia |bc ho|fqf|fcs hs aijjius7

l@ l@ > *

-= -- c - .. l| l| . ubctc l| = itfef`hj ho|fqf|v "f.c. h| | = >&

l @| = . . ho|tqt| a|ct . |tmc |

F| mhv hjsi dc utf||c` f` |ctms ia |bc mhsscs7

t7-7

777=7 $ 8

j.7.7....... ... ... - -----Yg Ubctc m > = itfef`hj mhss h| | = >

m mhss ha|ct |fmc |

Crhm~jc

H thlfiho|fqc si toc lcohvcl |i 8(842|b ia f|s itfef`hj ho|fqf|v ha|ct 3> lhvs. Ubh| fs f|sbhja-jfac9

H`suct

@%

|-Gi

8 --h`l @ = x c-j| 842 -| c

\b s - 8- = c 842

->.16? R 3> \

\hkfè jiec ia di|b sflcs efqcs7

- .16? R 3> \8


17/33

48> @ ojcht ^bvsfos

\bctc fs ì `ccl |i obhèc |bc oi `| th|cs |i s- F sfòc |bc shmc `f|s h~~cht i` di|bsflcs si |bc oi`qctsfi` aho|its ui jl ohòcj i |.

^ ||fè f` |bc ` mdcts efqcs 5>> = 6>> c- >.16GS335>

>.5552 = c- >.16?|(335>

\hkfè jiec ia di|b sflcs efqcs ->.483? = - >.16?|(335>

_ijqfè efqcs hec ia lio mc`|* = 85?> vchts

\bc Dcoxsctcj "Dx&

H dcox ctcj fs |bc _j `f| ia thlfiho|fqf|v. F| fs |bc ho|fqf|v ia h thlfi` ojflc lcohvfè h|h` hqcthec th|c ia i`c s~i`|h`ci s `% ojcht |th`sf|fi` ~ct scoi`l* si7

8 tDx = 8 s -8 "

Dhoketis`l Thlfh|fi`

Dhoketi `l thlfh|fi` fs `h| thj thlfh|fi` ubfob fs hjj hti `l s h`l f| mhv dc mchs tclsfè h Ecfect-M jjct | dc uf|b ì si toc ~tcsc`|. Ubc` mchs tfè |bc thlfh|fi`

atim si tocs f| fs `cocsshtv |i |hkc |bc hqcthec dhoketi `l oi `| iqct h 8 >-mf` |c~ctfil h`l |bc` mhkc |bc `cocsshtv hlg s|mc`| |i |bc si toc tchlfès.

Dhoketi `l thlfh|fi` itfef`h|cs f` h qhtfc|v ia uhvs; simc fs ~tcsc`| f` tioks f` |bceti `l h`l f` d fjlfè mh|ctfhjs. M ob ia f| oimcs f` |bc aitm ia oismfo thvs atimi |ct s~hoc.

Thlfh|fi` Flc`|fafoh|fi`

) Crhm~jc q%

"h&. Thlfiho|fqc lcohv fs h th`lim ~tiocss f` ubfob |bc |fmc ia lcohv ia h` f`lfqfl hj ` ojc s oh`ì| dc ~tclfo|cl. \bc lcohv ia h thlfiho|fqc s ds|hòc aijjius h`cr~i`c`|fhj jhu uf|b h ucjj-lcaf`cl lcohv oi`s|h`|. Cr~jhf` biu |bcsc |uis|h|cmc`|s htc oi`sfs|c`|.

"d& Vi htc efqc` h smhjj thlfiho|fqc si toc dcjfcqcl |i cmf| |ui lfaactc`| |v~cs iathlfh|fi`. Lcsotfdc |cs|s vi mfeb| ohttv i | |i flc`|fav |bc thlfh|fi`s ~tcsc`|.

"o& \bc fsi|i~c ia dfsm |b ia mhss ` mdct 4>> bhs h bhja-jfac ia 3 r 8>? s. F| cmf|shj~bh ~ht|fojcs uf|b h` c`ctev ia 2.4 r 8>-8? ].

"f& _|h|c |bc mch`fè ia |bc |ctm bhja-jfac.

Ohjo jh|c ait |bfs fsi|i~c7

"ff& \bc lcohv oi`s|h`|


18/33

=

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 488

"fff& \bc f`f|fhj ho|fqf|v ia 8.> r 8>- d mijc ia |bc fsi|i~c

"fq& \bc f`f|fhj ~iuct i |~ | ia |bfs x h`|f|v ia |bc fsi|i~c

H`suct

"h& Thlfiho|fqc lcohv fs h 4.t7(4... 4s;;*;;Y *ubfob mch`s f| fs fm~issfdjc |i lc|ctmf`cubc` h ~ht|fo jht ` ojc s ufjj lcohv. Uc oh`* biucqct* cso|fmh|c |bc ~tidhdfjf|v iah ` ojc s lcohvfè f` h efqc` |fm%c f` |bc shmc uhv |bh| uc oh` cs|fmh|c |bc~tidhdfjf|v ia |btiufè h sfr i` h` `dfhscl lfc. \bc ~tidhdfjf|v ia |btiufè h sfr"f.c. 8)d|b& i`jv h~~jfcs fa h jhtec shm~jc fs |hkc`. \bc shm~jc ia ` ojcf ìtmhjjvdcfè oi`sflctcl fs jhtec si uc oh` dc ahftjv s tc ia |bc ~tidhdfjf|v.

\bc th|c ia lfsf`|ceth|fi * l@)l|* lc~c`ls i` |bc ` mdct ia `lcohvcl ` ojcf~tcsc`|* @* f.c7

l@ ot7.@

l|

H oi`s|h`|* ohjjcl |bc lcohv oi`s|h`| H.*fs |bc oi`s|h`| ia ~ti~it|fi`hjf|v f` |bfscx h|fi`.

l@ \bc cx h|fi` ìu dcoimcs l| -..j.@

"d& \bc |cs|s mfeb| dc7

\bc dhoketi `l oi `| fs |hkc` uf|b ì si toc ~tcsc`|. \bfs fs s d|tho|clatim s dscx c`| tchlfès |i id|hf` |bc oittco|cl oi `|s.

\bc si toc fs ~jhocl ojisc |i h E-M | dc h`l |bc oittco|cl oi `| id|hf`cl "Afe tc 5.1&7

:3om

_i toc bijlct Hdsxtic t bijlct

Ecfect- M jjct | dc

Th|c mc tc| it sohjht

Afe tc 5.1

\bf` ohtl fs ~jhocl dc|ucc` |bc si toc h`l E-M | dc. H jhtec tcl o|fi` f`|bc oittco|cl oi `| th|c f`lfoh|cs |bc ~tcscòc ia h-~ht|fojcs.

\bc ohtl fs ìu tc~jhocl uf|b hj mf`f m hdi | ? mm |bfok. H jhtec tcl o|fi`f` |bc oi `| th|c f`lfoh|cs |bh| g?uctc cmf||cl.


19/33

l@

l@

484 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

Fa |bc oi `| th|c fs s|fjj bfebct |bh` |bc itfef`hj dhoketi `l thlfh|fi`* |bc` |bcsi toc m s| dc cmf||fè v thvs.

"o& "f& Bhja-jfac fs |bc hqcthec |fmc ait |bc ho|fqf|v |i ahjj |i bhja ia f|s itfef`hj qhj c.

>.16? >.16? "ff&. Lcohv oi`s|h`|* j = --=

\8 3 R 8>? 4

= 8.?21 R 8>-< s-8

"fff& Ho|fqf|v0* l| = -j@ ubctc @ fs |bc ` mdct ia thlfiho|fqc h|imsitfef`hjjv ~tcsc`|.

F` 8 mijc |bctc htc 1.>4 r 8>4? h|ims* bcòc f` 8 r 8>-1 mijcs |bctc htc 1.>4 r 8>4? r 8 r 8>-1 = 1.>4 r 8>85 h|ims.

Bcòc l| = -7-8.?21 r 8>-< r 1.>4 r 8>85

2.?< r 8>8?s-8

"fq& îuct Th|c ia lfsf`|ceth|fi` r C`ctev ia ~ht|fojc tcjchscl

= 2.?< R 8>8? R 2.4 R 8>)

= 12.< uh||s

Lcajco|fi` ia Hj~bh* Dc|h h`l Ehmmh Thlfh|fi`s dv Mhe`c|fo Afcjls

Ajcmfè%s jca|-bh`l t jc "oiqctcl jh|ct& mhv dc scl |i ~tclfo| |bc lftco|fi`s "Afe tc 5.5&. Tcmcmdct |i sc |bc lftco|fi` ia |bc oi`qc`|fi`hj o ttc`|.

o tv eics |bti eb`lcqfh|cl

Lftco|fi` ia Oi`qcm7fi`cj o ttc`|

afcjl

Aitoc

Ait8oc ) Lf |fi` ia a? Ac|l

Lftco|fi` ia oi`qc`|fi`hj o ttc`|

Afe tc 5.5

Ehmmh thvs* bhqfè ì obhtec* ~hss |bti eb `lcqfh|cl.


23/33

481 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

"fff& Dc|h ~ht|fojcs htc hdsitdcl dv ? mm ia HF. Ait HF |bf``ct |bh` |bfs |bc` mdct ia dc|hs ~hssfè |bti eb lcotchscs uf|b |bfok`css. \bfs mhv dc scl|i mi`f|it h`l oi`|tij |bc |bfok`css.

"d& Mclfohj Sscs

Fa h s ds|hòc fs kìu` |i ~jhv h ~ht| f` h ~tiocss f` |bc dilv* f| mhv dc ~issfdjc|i f`|til oc f`|i |bc svs|cm h thlfiho|fqc qctsfi` ia |bh| s ds|hòc ubfob ufjjdcbhqc crho|jv jfkc f|s ì`-thlfiho|fqc oi `|ct~ht|. \bfs mc|bil c`hdjcs h lisc iathlfh|fi` |i dc h~~jfcl ait |bcth~c |fo ~ t~iscs. F` hllf|fi`* uf|b |bc hfl ia |bccmf||cl thlfh|fi`* ~ht|s ia |bc dilv mhv dc s| lfcl ait lfheìs|fo ~ t~iscs.Thlfiho|fqc |thocts oh` dc scl |i tcqchj fàitmh|fi` hdi | ~ht|s ia |bc dilv s obhs |bc djiil* tf`c it h` iteh` .

Thlfiho|fqc Cr~ctfmc`| _hac|v

\bc fi`fsfè caaco| ia thlfh|fi` lhmhecs ocjjs f` |bc dilv h`l oh` jchl |i qhtfi s aitmsia ohòct. \i ~tcq `| |bfs* |bc aijjiufè s|c~s sbi jl dc |hkc` ubc` ~ctaitmfèthlfiho|fqc cr~ctfmc`|s7

Thlfiho|fqc si tocs sbi jl `cqct dc bh`ljcl uf|b |bc afècts. Hjuhvs bh`ljcsfè |iès.

_i tocs sbi jl ì| dc ~if`|cl |iuhtls vi tscja it h`vi`c cjsc .

O |s i` bh`ls m s| dc oiqctcl h`l bh`ls uhsbcl ha|ct sc. Hj|ct`h|fqcjv* sclfs~ishdjc t ddct ejiqcs.

_i tocs sbi jl dc kc~| f` h jchl-jf`cl dir h`l hjuhvs tc~jhocl f` |bc dir ha|ctsc. \bc ubijc dir sbi jl dc jiokcl shacjv huhv.

_bfcjls ia |bfok jchl-ejhss sbi jl dc scl ubc` sfè bfeb-ho|fqf|v si tocs .

TCQF_FI@ H@L CRHMF@H\FI@ ^THO\FOC XSC_\FI@_

8. Oi`sflct |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc* cjco|ti` h`l ~ti|i`. \bc aijjiufè oittco|jv ~jhocs|bc ~ht|fojcs f` itlct ia fòtchsfè mhe`f| lc ia |bc obhtec |i mhss th|fi "X)m&7

H Cjco|ti`* ~ti|i`* hj~bh ~ht|fojc

D Cjco|ti`* hj~bh ~ht|fojc* ~ti|iÒ Hj~bh ~ht|fojc* ~ti|i`* cjco|ti`L ^ti|i`* hj~bh ~ht|fojc* cjco|ti`C ^ti|i`* cjco|ti`* hj~bh ~ht|fojc

4?2

4. H ` ojc s ia S lcohvs dv cmfssfi` ia i`c hj~bh ~ht|fojc* 64

aijjiucl dv |bc cmfssfi` ia |ui dc|h ~ht|fojcs. \bc tcs j|fè ` ojc s aijjiufè |bcsc lcohvs bhs h|imfo ` mdct W h`l mhss ` mdct H. Ubfob i`c ia |bcaijjiufè sbius |bc oittco| qhj cs ia H h`l W9

*.

{


25/33

F

a 482 @ ojcht ^bvsfos

1. Fsi|i~cs ia h` cjcmc`| bhqc |bc shmc7

8 Obcmfohj ~ti~ct|fcs 4 ^ti|i` mdct ? @ ojci` ` mdct

H`suct7

H fa 8* 4 h`l ? htc hjj oittco|D fa 8 h`l 4 i`jv htc oittco|O fa 4 h`l ? i`jv htc oittco|L fa 8 i`jv fs oittco| C fa ? i`jv fs oittco|

5. H` cèf`cct ufsbcs |i sc h thlfifsi|i~c |i |thoc h othok f` h ~f~c d tfcl hdi | hmc|tc dcjiu |bc eti `l. Ubfob i`c ia |bc aijjiufè fsi|i~cs sbi jl dc obisc`9

Cmfssfi` Bhja-jfac H Hj~bh H acu bi ts D o

Dc|h Dc|h

H acu bi ts . _cqcthj vchts

L Ehmmh H acu bi ts C Ehmmh _cqcthj vchts

2. \bc bhja-jfac ia thlf m-441 fs 81>> vchts. Ubfob ia |bc aijjiufè s|h|cmc`|s fs)htcoittco|9

8 \bc lcohv oi`s|h`| fs -< vcht -8 4 \bc atho|fi` ubfob tcmhf`s ha|ct 1> vchts fs 8)81 ? \bc atho|fi` ubfob tcmhf`s ha|ct 2>> vchts fs ?)<

H`suct7

H fa 8 h`l 4 i`jv htc oittco|D fa 4 h`l ? i`jv htc oittco|O fa 8 i`jv fs oittco| L fa ? i`jv fs oittco|

6. \bc bhja-jfac ia h oct|hf` thlfiho|fqc fsi|i~c fs 4 lhvs. \bc f`f|fhj oi `| th|c ia hoct|hf` x h`|f|v ia |bfs fsi|i~c uhs mchs tcl hs 84 >>> oi `|s ~ct mf` |c. \bcoi `| th|c* f` oi `|s ~ct mf` |c* ha|ct 2 lhvs ui jl dc7

H ?>>> D %83>> o 53> L ?53

8>. "h& Lcaf`c |bc lcohv oi`s|h`| ia h thlfiho|fqc mh|ctfhj h`l sbiu biu f| fs tcjh|cl|i |bc bhja-jfac ia |bc mh|ctfhj.

"d& H ehmmh thv cmf||ct* ubfob mhv dc oi`sflctcl |i dc h ~if`| si toc thlfh|fè`faitmjv f` hjj lftco|fi`s* fs sf| h|cl 3> cm huhv atim h ehmmh thv lc|co|it.

ubfob bhs h` caaco|fqc htch ia 1.> om4. \bc tcoitlcl oi `| th|c h| h efqc`|fmc fs ?4> s -8.


27/33

..

"d& \bc eth~b f` Afe tc 5.8< sbius |bc oi `| th|c l c |i |bc lfsf`|ceth|fi` ia |bcohtdi`-8< f` 8 e ia ohtdi` |hkc` atim lchl ~jh`| mh|ctfhj ~ji||cl hehf`s| |bc hec ia |bc mh|ctfhj7

83

....F.sC ja G F

ff t.

o7 778 >

.X ...G . a( $o$7%G$% " 77j > ".&

> 4>>> ciii 8>>>> 84.>>> Hec "vchts &

Afe tc 5.8<

"f& Id|hf` h qhj c ait |bc lcohv oi`s|h`| ia |bc fsi|i~c.

"ff& >.4> e ia ohtdi`-8< id|hf`cl atim h` hòfc`| dih| ehqc h oi `| th|c ia 8.6 oi `|s ~ct mf` |c. Cs|fmh|c |bc hec ia |bc dih|.

84bi ts h`l lcohvs dv |bc cmfssfi` ia h ehmmh thv |i ~til oc h mitc s|hdjcqctsfi` ia |bc shmc fsi|i~c.

F` i`c ohsc |bc ~h|fc`| suhjjius h x h`|f|v ia hjmis| ~ tc \o-66m uf|b h` ho|fqf|via?.5 r 8>Ds-8.

"h& Cr~jhf` biu |bc cmfssfi` ia h ehmmh thv oh` jchl |i |bc ~til o|fi` ia h

mitc s|hdjc fsi|i~c.

"d& Ohjo jh|c |bc lcohv oi`s|h`| ait \o-66m h`l lc|ctmf`c |bc ` mdct ia \o-66mh|ims ~tcsc`| f` |bc mh|ctfhj efqc` |i |bc ~h|fc`|.

"o& Lfso ss |bc hlqh`|hec ia sfè h ehmmh cmf||ct th|bct |bh` h` hj~bh cmf||ctit h dc|h cmf||ct ait |bfs ~ t~isc.

83. F` i`c thlfiho|fqc sctfcs |bc aijjiufè lcohv ~tiocsscs ioo t7


28/33

--*

@ ojcht ^bvsfos 44> @ ojcht ^bvsfos 448

4?2

4?< \b

4?<

^h 64 68

"h& @hmc |bc lcohv ~tiocsscs ioo ttfè f` "f& th`f m* "ff&|bitf m.

"d& Lfso ss ubc|bct mhss fs oi`sctqcl f` |bcsc ~tiocsscs.

81. Afe tc 5.83 sbius skc|obcs ia oji l obhmdct |thoks ~til ocl ubc` hj~bh ~ht|fojcsia |bc shmc c`ctev |thqcjjfè atim jca| |i tfeb| htc soh||ctcl dv h|ims ia ehs f` |uioji l obhmdcts R h`l V. \bc soh||ctfè fs |bc tcs j| ia cjhs|fo oijjfsfi`s. I`cobhmdct fs kìu` |i oi`|hf` i`jv bcjf m h`l |bc i|bct i`jv `f|tiec`.

Y*)

F Oji l obhmdct R Oji l obhmdct V Afe tc 5.83

"h& "f& Ubfob obhmdct oi`|hf`s |bc `f|tiec`9 Cr~jhf` vi t tchsi`fè.

"ff& Lthu h lfhethm |i sbiu |bc ~h|b ia |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc hs f| h~~tihobcsh`l fs lcajco|cl dv |bc ` ojc s ia |bc h|im ia `f|tiec`.

"fff& Lthu i` |bc shmc lfhethm |bc ~h|b aijjiucl dv h` hj~bh ~ht|fojc ubfobfs lcajco|cl |bti eb h smhjjct hèjc.

"d& "f& _|h|c |bc i |oimc ia h bchl-i` oijjfsfi` ia h` hj~bh ~ht|fojc uf|b hbcjf m ` ojc s ubfob fs f`f|fhjjv h| tcs|.

"ff& Ubh| ui jl dc |bc i |oimc ia h bchl-i` oijjfsfi` fa h ~ti|i` uctcf`qijqcl f`s|chl ia |bc hj~bh ~ht|fojc9 "@i ohjo jh|fi` fs tcx ftcl.&

H@_UCT_ \I XSC_\FI@_ AIT ^THO\FOC 8. \bc >-85 ` ojc s oi`|hf`s 2 ~ti|i`s h`l 6 `c |ti`s.

Mhss lcaco| Mhss ia oi`s|f| c`| ~ht|fojcs - Mhss ia h|im

"2 R 8.>>28< + 6 R 8.>>262& - 85.>>.8.8


29/33

4. Mhss lcaco| = Mhss ia oi`s|f| c`| ~ht|fojcs - Mhss ia h|im

= "4 R 8.>>28< + 4 R 8.>>262& - >83>

=

>.>?54<

>.>?45< R 6?8 R 8>1 cQ = ?.>5 cQ

Df`lfè c`ctev ~ct ` ojci`

Df`lfè c`ctev ait ` ojc s it h|im = @ mdct ia ` ojci`s

?.>5 =

< = 5.14 R 8>1 cQ = 5.14 McQ

?. \bitf m = Thlf m + Hj~bh ~ht|fojc 4?4.>?2 = 442.>?8 + >?

+ C`ctev + C`ctev

Bcòc C`ctev = >.>><

= >.>>< R 8.11 R 8>-45 R "? R 8>2&4 G

= 3.62 R 8>-8? G

-45&

= ?.8 R 8>-46 ke

@iu C = mo4 ubctc o fs |bc s~ccl ia jfeb|

= ?.8 R 8>-46 R "? R 8>2&4

= 4.56 R 8>-84 G

3.. _7òc C == mo4

C = Mhss lcaco| f` ke r o4

4.22 r 8>-84 = Mhss lcaco| f` ke r "? r 8 >2&4

Efqfè mhss lcaco| f` ke 4.22 R 8>-84

= "? R 8>2&4 = ?.4 R 8X-46 ke

Mhss lcaco| = "?.?-45 + 3.>>2 r 8>-45& - "8.153 r 8>-45 + M&

ubctc M fs |bc mhss ia |bc bcjf m ` ojc s

% Z Cx hjfè h`l s i jqf` e ef qc s m h ss i a b|jf m ` ojc s7 Z M = 1.1-45 ke

Nuclear Physics Notes For A-Level By Hubbak

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