1 1 Reactor Institute Delft / Nuclear Energy Science&Technology NUCLEAR ENERGY 2.0 500 times more energy 1000 times less waste Dr Jan Leen Kloosterman Assoc. Prof Nuclear Reactor Physics Head of Section Physics of Nuclear Reactors Program Director of Sustainable Energy Technology 2 Reactor Institute Delft / Nuclear Energy Science&Technology Reactor Institute Delft Research on Energy and Health with Radiation
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NUCLEAR ENERGY 2 - Jan Leen Kloosterman · NUCLEAR ENERGY 2.0 500 times more energy 1000 times less waste Dr Jan Leen Kloosterman ... 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year TWh TWh=TeraWattHour=1012
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1Reactor Institute Delft / Nuclear Energy Science&Technology
NUCLEAR ENERGY 2.0
500 times more energy
1000 times less waste
Dr Jan Leen KloostermanAssoc. Prof Nuclear Reactor Physics
Head of Section Physics of Nuclear ReactorsProgram Director of Sustainable Energy Technology
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Reactor Institute DelftResearch on Energy and Health with Radiation
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Neutrons
Spin-Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS)
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Positrons
POSH-Strongest positron beam in the world
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Energy• solar cells• batteries• hydrogen storage• nuclear reactors
} Materials research
Current Research Themes (1)
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Health• radiation and radioactive nuclides for therapy• “ and “ for diagnostics• radiation detection systems for imaging• new production routes for radionuclides
Current Research Themes (2)
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Simeon de pilaarheilige, Simeon Stylites, Carel Willink, 1939
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010001800192719601974198719992030
= 1 million people
Source: www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova
World population
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World population
year
popu
lati
on /
mill
ion
9 billion
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Last 160,000 years (from ice cores)and the next 100 years
Time (thousands of years)160 120 80 40 Now
–10
0
10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
CO2 in 2100(with business as usual)
Double pre-industrial CO2
Lowest possible CO2stabilisation level by 2100
CO2 now
Temperature
difference
from now °C
CO2
conc
entr
atio
n (p
pm)
Source: IPCC
CO2 concentration
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Electricity consumption in the Netherlands
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
TWh800 Watt/capitaTWh=TeraWattHour=1012 Whr
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Renewable Energy, Sep 27, 2011
442 reactors (Jan 2011)
62 under construction
157 planned
322 proposed
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Physics of Nuclear Energy
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Elements, atoms and more…
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Atoms
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Uranium
• Uranium contains 92 protons• Uranium is the heaviest element on earth• Uranium is almost twice as heavy as lead (19 g/cm3)
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Atom: cloud of electrons around a nucleus• the nucleus consists of Z protons and N neutrons
• Z is the “atomic number”, determines the chemical element (always an integer)
• A = N+Z is the number of nucleons in the nucleus;also called the “atomic weight”
• the neutral atom has Z electrons surrounding apositively charged nucleus
10-10 m
10-14 mAtoms
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Uranium isotopes
Not fissile
Fissile Good fuel
99,3% 0,7%
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Exercise: Lifetime of the Earth
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8
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Nuclide a Yield %
U-234 2.446 10 0.005
U-235 7.038 10 0.720
U-238 4.468 10 99.275
Calculate the lifetime of the earth (or more precise:
the lifetime of the material the earth is made of )
T
½
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Solution: Lifetime of the earth
0 01/2
55 50
8 8 80
5 80 0
8 5
For both U-235 and U-238 holds:
ln 2exp exp
exp 0.7200.0072526
99.275exp
Assume (equal amounts of U-235 and U-238 formed)
ln 0.0072526
From this you
N t N t N tT
tN T N
N T N t
N N
T
9can calculate 6 10 a (6 billion years)T
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Decay of Uranium
40 MeV+
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How to extract energy from decay of Uranium?
Geothermal energy: 40 MeV per nuclide
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How to extract energy from fission of Uranium?
• Uranium is so heavy that the nucleii decay of fission in two products. Especially U-235 is instable.
• Fission is easier if uranium is hit by a bullet. Neutrons are very good bullets. Why?
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235 200 MeVX YU n n
Nuclear fission
Radio-active
24 2 2CH 2O 2 8C eVHO O
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Fission product yields
80 100 120 140 16010
-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
M as s num ber A
Yie
ld (
%)
LW R
U-235
P u-239P u-241 I-131
Cs-137Sr-90
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Distribution of energy
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Gasoline Coal
2500 liter 3000 kg
Fossils equivalent to 1 gram of U235
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Binding energy per nucleon
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aE
236U: Ea=5.3 MeV239U: Ea=5.5 MeV
Coulomb barrier for fission
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Adding a neutron (easily enters the nucleus) releases