NTI_ Issue Brief_ Russia's Nuclear Doctrine

8/8/2019 NTI_ Issue Brief_ Russia's Nuclear Doctrine

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Issue Brief

Russias Nuclear Doctrine

Dr. Nikolai Sokov, Senior Research AssociateCenter for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)

Monterey Institute of International Studies

August 2004

Introduction

Russias 2000 ational Security Concept: The uclear Angle

Russias 2000 Military Doctrine

The uclear Debate of Summer 2000Russian Ministry of Defense 2003 Poli cy Paper:

The uclear Angle

Significant Mil itary Maneuvers

Issue Introduction

Statements about Russias increased reliance on nuclear weapons have become commonplace since 1993, when it formally dropped the Soviet no-first-use policy. In reality, nuclear doctrine changed more slowly,

and almost the entire 1990s was spent on debates, most of them behind closed doors. Only in 1999 did a new, post-Soviet nuclear doctrine take shape. Analysis of official documents, as well as official and

unofficial statements, suggest that the main innovation was a new mission assigned to nuclear weapons, that of deterrence of limited conventional wars.

NTI: Issue Brief: Russia's Nuclear Doctrine http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_55a.html

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Official Documents

U.S. Department of Energy,onproliferation and Arms Control Assessment of Weapons-Usable Fissile Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Disposition Alternatives , U.S. Department of Energy,

Washington, DC, 1997.

U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee,Attributes of Proliferation Resistance for Civilian uclear Power Systems, Washington, DC, October 2000,

http://www.ne.doe.gov/nerac/

FinalTOPSRptAnnex.pdf.

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Science, and Technology,Report to Congress on Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative: The Future Path for Advanced Spent Fuel Treatment and

Transmutation Research, Washington, DC, January 2003,

http://www.ne.doe.gov/reports/

AFCI_CongRpt2003.pdf.

ational Energy Policy, The White House, Washington, DC, May 2001,

http://www.whitehouse.gov/energy/

ational-Energy-Policy.pdf.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, Reactor Fuels Subcommittee, "MOX Fuel Fabrication Facility," Official Transcript of Proceedings, November 16,

2001,

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections

/acrs/tr/subcommittee/2001/rf011116.html.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Plutonium," Fact Sheet, October 2003, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm

/doc-collections/fact-sheets/plutonium.pdf.

Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy, Strategy of uclear Power Development in Russia in the First Half of the 21st

Century, 2000,

http://old.minatom.ru/engl ish/presscenter/

document/news/strat.pdf.

International Atomic Energy Agency, "Guidelines for the Management of Plutonium," INFCIRC/549 Documents, 1997 to present,

http://www.iaea.or.at/Publications/Documents

/Infcircs/umbers/nr501-550.shtml .

Articles and Brief Reports

Evgeny Adamov, "Nuclears Second Wind,"IAEA Bulletin , June 2004, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull461/article14.pdf.

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David Albright, "Separated Civil P lutonium Inventories: Current and Future Directions," ISIS Report, June 2000,

http://www.isis-online.org/publications/puwatch/

civilpu.html.

David Albright and Mark Gorwitz, "Tracking Civil Plutonium Inventories: End of 1999," ISIS Report, October 2000,http://www.isis-online.org/publications/puwatch/

puwatch2000.html .

Frans Berkhout, Anatoli Diakov, Harold Feiveson, Helen Hunt, Edwin Lyman, Marvin Miller, and Frank von Hippel, "Disposition of Separated Plutonium," Science & Global Security, Volume 3, 1993, pp.

161-213,

http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eglobsec/

publications/pdf/3-3-4Berkhout.pdf.

Council for Nuclear Fuel Cycle, "Can Reactor Grade Plutonium Produce Nuclear Fiss ion Weapons?" Institute for Energy Economics , Japan, May 2001, http://www.cnfc.or.jp/e/proposal/

reports/rep0105e.html.

H. A. Feiveson, "Nuclear Power, Nuclear Proliferation, and Global Warming,"Physics & Society, January 2003, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/

2003/january/article3.cfm.

Steve Fetter and Frank von Hippel, "The Hazard from Plutonium Dispersal by Nuclear-Warhead Accidents," Science & Global Security, Volume 2, 1990, pp. 21-41,

http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/pdf/2_1Fetter.pdf.

Richard L. Garwin, "Reactor-Grade Plutonium can be used to Make Powerful and Reliable Nuclear Weapons: Separated plutonium in the fuel cycle must be protected as if it were nuclear weapons,"

Presentation, August 26, 1998,

http://www.fas.org/rlg/980826-pu.htm.

Eldon V. C. Greenberg, "The NPT and Plutonium: Application of NPT Prohibitions to Civilian Nuclear Equipment, Technology, and Materials Associated with Reprocessing and Plutonium Use," Nuclear

Control Institute Paper, 1993.

William H. Hannum, Gerald E. Marsh, and George S. Stanford, "PUREX and Pyro are not the same,"Physics & Society, July 2004,

http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2004/

july/index.cfm.

Martin B. Kalinowski, Wolfgang Liebert, and Silke Aumann, "The German Plutonium Balance, 1968-1999," The onproliferation Review, Spring 2002, pp. 146-160, http://www.cns.miis.edu

/pubs/npr/vol09/91/

91kali.pdf.

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Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr., "Plutonium Reprocessing: Twenty Years Experience (1977-1997)," PBS Frontline, 1998, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline

/shows/reaction/readings/keeny.html.

Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley, "A Japanese Strategic Uranium Reserve: A Safe and Economic Alternative to Plutonium,"Science & Global Security, Volume 5, 1994, pp. 1-31,

http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec

/publications/pdf/5_1leventhal.pdf.

Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley, "The Plutonium Fallacy: An Update,"The onproliferation Review, Spring-Summer 1999, pp. 75-88, http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol06/63/

leven63.pdf.

David Lochbaum, "Reactor Operation with MOX Fuel: Real Use Crying About Spoiled Milk," Presentation at "Peoples Forum on Plutonium Fuels," November 9, 2000, http://www.ucsusa.org

/clean_energy/

nuclear_safety/page.cfm?pageID=179.

Edwin S. Lyman and Harold A. Feiveson, "The Proliferation Risks of Plutonium Mines,"Science & Global Security, Volume 7, 1998, pp. 119-128,

http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eglobsec/publi cations/

pdf/7_1Lyman.pdf.

Edwin S. Lyman, "The Safety Risks of Using Mixed-Oxide Fuel in VVER-1000 Reactors: An Overview," NCI Report, May 20, 2000.

Edwin S. Lyman, "Public Health Risks of Substituting Mixed-Oxide for Uranium Fuel in Pressurized-Water Reactors ,"Science & Global Security, Volume 9, 2001, pp. 33-79,

http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/

publications/pdf/9_1lyman.pdf.

Edwin S. Lyman, "Can the Proliferation Risks of Nuclear Power be Made Acceptable?" Paper presented at the NCI 20th

Anniversary Conference, Washington, DC, April 9 , 2001.

J. Carson Mark, "Explosive Properties of Reactor-Grade Plutonium,"Science & Global Security, Volume 4, 1993, pp. 111-128.

http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eglobsec/publications/pdf/4_1Mark.pdf.

J. Carson Mark, "Reactor-Grade Plutoniums Explosive Properties," Report fo r the Nuclear Control Institute, August 1990, http://www.nci.org/EW/T/rgpu-mark-90.pdf.

Zia Mian, M. V. Ramana, and R. Rajaraman, "Risks and Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Accidents in South Asia," PU/CEES Report No. 326, September 2000, http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/

publications/pdf/report326.pdf.

Noboru Oi, "Plutonium Challenges: Changing Dimensions of Global Cooperation,"IAEA Bulletin , March 1998, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/

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Bulletin/Bull401/article3.html.

Bruno Pellaud, "Proliferation Aspects o f Plutonium Recycling," Journal of Nuclear Materials Management, Fall 2002, pp. 30-38, http://www.inmm.org/topics/contents/fall02issue/

pellaud.pdf.

Judith Perera, "Fuelling Innovation: Countries Look to the Next Generation of Nuclear Power,"IAEA Bulletin , June 2004, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/

Bulletin/Bull461/article15.pdf.

Per F. Peterson, "Long-Term Safeguards for Plutonium in Geologic Repositories," Science & Global Security, Volume 6, 1996, pp. 1-29,

http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eglobsec/

publications/pdf/6_1peterson.pdf.

A. David Rossin, "U.S. Policy on Spent Fuel Reprocessing: The Issues," PBS Frontline, 1998, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/readings/rossin.html.

Douglas R. Stephens, "Source Terms for Plutonium Aeroso lization from Nuclear Weapon Accidents," UCRL-ID-119303, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, July 1995.

W. G. Sutcliffe , R. H. Condit, W. G. Mansfield, D. S. Myers, D. W. Layton, and P. W. Murphy, "A Perspective on the Dangers of P lutonium," UCRL-JC-118825, Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory, April 14, 1995, http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/.

Frank N. von Hippel, "Plutonium and Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel,"Science, Volume 293, Number 5539, September 28, 2001, pp. 2397-2398,

http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/

publi cations/pdf/Sciencev293n5539.pdf.

Richard L. Wagner, Jr., Edward D. Arthur, and Paul T. Cunningham, "Plutonium, Nuclear Power, and Nuclear Weapons,"Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 1999,

http://www.nap.edu/issues/15.3/p_wagner.htm .

Alvin M. Weinberg, "New Life for Nuclear Power," Issues in Science and Technology, Summer 2003, http://www.nap.edu/issues/19.4/weinberg.html .

World Nuclear Association, "Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX)," July 2003,

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf29.htm.

Books and Book-length Reports

David Albright, Frans Berkhout, and William Walker,Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities, and Policies, SIPRI, Oxford University Press, 1997.

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David Albright and Kevin ONeill, editors, The Challenges of Fissile Material Control, ISIS Reports, Washington, DC, 1999.

Matthew Bunn, Steve Fetter, John P. Holdren, and Bob van der Zwaan, "The Economics of Reprocessing vs. Direct Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel," Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for

Science and International Affairs, December 2003, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/

BCSIA_content/documents/repro-report.pdf.

Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences, Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994.

Arjun Makhijani,Plutonium End Game: Managing Global Stocks of Separated Weapons-Usable Commercial and Surplus uclear Weapons Plutonium, IEER Report, Takoma Park, Maryland,

January 2001,

http://www.ieer.org/reports/pu/index.html.

MIT Nuclear Energy Study Advisory Committee, The Future of uclear Power, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003, http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/ .

Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group,uclear Power Issues and Choices, Ballinger Publishing Co., 1977.

Websites

U.S. Department of Energy,

Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee,

http://www.ne.doe.gov/nerac/neracoverview1a.html .

U.S. Department of Energy,

Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems,

http://gen-iv.ne.doe.gov/ .

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

http://www.nrc.gov.

IAEA: Nuclear Energy in Focus,

http://www.iaea.org/ewsCenter/Focus/

uclearPower/index.shtml.

Nuclear Energy Institute,http://www.nei.org.

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Nuclear Control Institute,

http://www.nci.org.

Union of Concerned Scientists: Nuclear Safety Website,

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/.

PBS Frontline: "Nuclear Reaction: Why do Americans Fear Nuclear Power?"

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/

shows/reaction/.

Introduction

Russias 2000 ational Security Concept: The uclear Angle

Russias 2000 Military Doctrine

The uclear Debate of Summer 2000

Russian Ministry of Defense 2003 Poli cy Paper:

The uclear Angle

Significant Mil itary Maneuvers

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This material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily

reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents. Copyright 2007 by MIIS.

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