NTDS computer facilities scheduling system : final report

r s-ctio*SCHO

NPS55-77-45

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

NTDS COMPUTER FACILITIES SCHEDULING SYSTEM

—FINAL REPORT

by

James K. Hartman

and

Gilbert T. Howard

December 1977

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

spared for:FEDDOCS 'COMDIRSYSSACTD 208.14/2:NPS-55-77-45 , Diego, California

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMonterey, California

Rear Admiral Isham Linder Jack R. BorstingSuperintendent Provost

This work was supported by FLTCOMDIRSYSSACT, San Diego.

Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized

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NTDS Computer Facilities Scheduling System

—

Final Report

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James Hartman and Gilbert Howard

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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

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NTDSSchedulingFCDSSAComputer Facilities

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side If necessary and identity by block number)

This report investigates the scheduling of Naval Tactical Data Systems (NTDS)mockups and the associated computer facilities at FCDSSA/FCDSTCP, San Diego.We provide a design for an automated, computer based, interactive system forassisting in the management of job and equipment scheduling, equipment statusrecording ana equipment hookup. The decision logic of the scheduling portionof this system has been developed in detail, and a prototype scheduling pro-gram has been written and tested. The results indicate that the computer

DOFORM

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20. Continuedprogram can do a good job of producing a job schedule and the associated

equipment assignments

.

A schedule for system implementation is also suggested.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfWhan Dmtm Enfrad

NTDS COMPUTER FACILITIES SCHEDULING SYSTEM

—FINAL REPORT

James K. Hartman

and

Gilbert T. Howard

Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California

December 1977

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I . INTRODUCTION

Page

A. Purpose 1

B

.

Report Organization 2

II . SYSTEM OPERATION 3

A. General Overview 3

B

.

Typical Interaction Sequences 4

C. Detailed Interaction Descriptions 101

.

Define Configuration 112

.

Display Configuration 123

.

Delete Configuration 124

.

Enter Schedule Request 135

.

Display Schedule Request 196

.

Modify or Delete Schedule Request 207

.

Construct Schedule 20

3 . Display Schedule 219 . Modify Schedule 22

10

.

Hookup Equipment . 2311

.

Unhook Equipment 2412

.

Change Equipment Status 24

13 . Display Equipment Status 2514 . Change Basic Data Files 25

D. Summary of System Interactions 26

III. FILE DESCRIPTIONS AND FILE MANAGEMENT 27

A. File Descriptions 27

1. Equipment File 272

.

Maintenance File 28

3

.

Pending Weekly Request File 284. Current Week Schedule and Request File.... 295. Next Week Schedule and Request File 30

6

.

Current Week Schedule Cross ReferenceFile 30

7. Next Week Schedule Cross Reference File.... 31

8 . Configuration File 31

9 . History Files 31B. File Management 32

TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued

Page

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SCHEDULING PROCESS 36

A. Overview of Scheduling Operation 36B. Initial Conditions for Scheduling 37

1

.

Time specification 372

.

Equipment Specification 383. Assumptions about Equipment Availability.. 394. Job request Processing Sequence 40

C. Decision Logic for Scheduling Subprograms 4 2

1. Determine Equipment Availability (EQAVAL)

.

432. Determine Equipment Requirements (GETEQ) .

.

463. Insert Job in Schedule (INSERT) 474

.

Remove Job from Schedule (REMOVE) 545. Replace Job in Schedule (REPLAC) 5 7

6. Compute Number of Time Periods (PERIOD)... 58D. Decision Logic for the Scheduling Program 60

1

.

Generation of Alternatives . 602

.

Flowchart 6 2

E. Interaction With Human Scheduler 561

.

Initial Schedule Preparation 662

.

Schedule Revision 71

V. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM AND RESULTS

A. Differences Between the Test Program andA Version for Implementation 7 3

B. Description of Test Program Data Arrays 75C. Description of Time Periods in Scheduling

Program 30D. Input Data Required for Scheduling Program.... 81E

.

Description of Test Problem 82F. Assignment of Specific Equipment 85G. Summary of Results from Test Problems 89

VI . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 91

A . Summary 913. Major Tasks Remaining Before Implementation... 92

APPENDIX AEquipment Scheduling Program 93

ABSTRACT

This report investigates the scheduling of Naval Tactical

Data Systems (NTDS) mockups and the associated computer facilities

at FCDSSA/FCDSTCP, San Diego. We provide a design for an automated,

computer based, interactive system for assisting in the management

of job and equipment scheduling, equipment status recording and

equipment hookup. The decision logic of the scheduling portion

of this system has been developed in detail, and a prototype

scheduling program has been written and tested. The results

indicate that the computer program can do a good job of producing

a job schedule and the associated equipment assignments.

A schedule for system implementation is also suggested.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose

This report investigates the scheduling of Naval Tactical

Data System (NTDS) mockups and the associated computer facilities

at the Fleet Combat Direction System Support Activity (FCDSSA)

and the Fleet Combat Direction System Training Center, Pacific

(FCDSTCP) , San Diego. NTDS mockups, digital computers, and

various items of computer peripheral equipment are combined into

many different configurations for use in training by FCDSTCP and

for use in program development and program test by FCDSSA. Equip-

ment must also be made available periodically for required

maintenance. The variety of different users, configurations,

and time restrictions creates a problem in job and equipment

scheduling which is quite complicated.

In this report we provide a design for an automated,

computer based, interactive system for assisting in the manage-

ment of job and equipment scheduling, equipment status recording,

and equipment hookup for the NTDS computer facilities. Instal-

lation of such a system could relieve the load on the current

manual scheduling system and provide continuity in the scheduling

system even though the individuals responsible for scheduling

may change. It could also make up to date schedule and equipment

status information readily available, provide increased flexibility

when schedule revisions are necessary, and interface with the

high speed digital switch (HSDS) equipment leading eventually to

automatic hookup of jobs.

1

B. Report Organization

Section II of this report provides an overview of

system operation from the user's viewpoint and indicates from

the system viewpoint how the automated functions are accomplished.

In particular, this requires definition of data files for the

scheduling system and program modules to operate upon these files

as the system performs its various functions . These files and

program modules are briefly described in Section II, and their

interrelationships are specified.

Section III concentrates on file descriptions in greater

detail

.

Section IV provides detailed decision logic and flow-

charts for the program modules which make up the system. In

particular, the complex module which actually performs the

scheduling operation is broken into several subroutines which

are described in detail. A preliminary, non-interactive version

of this scheduling module has been written and tested in order

to assess the effectiveness of the scheduling logic. This

program is described in Section V.

Finally, in Section VI we list what we feel are the

major remaining tasks leading to implementation of the system.

II. SYSTEM OPERATION

A. General Overview

An overall view of the system is provided in the flow-

chart of Figure 1. System USERS input equipment configuration

definitions and requests for scheduled time. MAINTENANCE

personnel input equipment status updates. Once a week these

inputs are integrated to form a schedule of time and equipment

assignments at the CONTROL DESK by a human scheduler interacting

with a scheduling program. When the time comes for jobs to be

run, the CONTROL DESK initates the HSDS control program which

references the configuration file and the schedule to determine

which equipment to hookup. When changes are required in the

schedule, the scheduling program is again called and the changes

are worked out interactively by the scheduler and the program.

In the above overview we have designated three categories

of people who will interact with the system.

1. USERS are people who submit job requests for scheduled time

on various configurations of NTDS equipment. Note that this

category includes job requests for training, program develop-

ment and test, and also for scheduled maintenance.

2. The system CONTROL DESK is a central location with overall

control of system operation. It includes the scheduling

function as well as initiation of equipment hookup and some

communications with users.

USER

INPUTJOB REQUEST

USER

DEFINECONFIGURATION

MAINTENANCE

(PENDINGREQUESTFILE

CONTROLDESK

SCHEDULER

INTERACTIVESCHEDULING

CONFIGURATIONFILE

&>

iINTERACTIVESCHEDULING

PROGRAM

SCHEDULEPRINTEDCOPY

INITIATEHOOKUP

UPDATEEQUIPMENT STATUS

IEQUIPMENTSTATUSFILE

HSDSHOOKUPPROGRAM

CINTDS

EQUIPMENT J

Figure 1. Overall System Operations

4

3. MAINTENANCE personnel interact with the system by updating

equipment status indicators as equipment fails and is

fixed.

B. Typical Interaction Sequences

Since the operations of this system are to some extent

interactive and occur in a time sequence, it is useful to describe

typical sequences of interactions within the context of a

scheduling cycle. The system will produce a new schedule once

a week. For convenience let us assume that this occurs on

Wednesday afternoon each week and that the schedule produced

starts at 0000 hours on the following Monday and runs for a week.

(Alternate assumptions about timing would change details, but

the overall pattern of interaction sequences would be similar.)

For convenience we number the days in a three consecutive week

period as follows

:

H T W H IP A S

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

On Wednesday the 3th, the system will be constructing a schedule

for the week 13-19.

1. Typical sequence for weekly scheduling . The following

flowchart (Figure 2) summarizes the typical sequence of

interactions for a user request to be included on next week's

schedule. Such a request would be submitted anytime on days

1-7, would be scheduled on days 8-9, and would run during the

week 13-19. The flowcharts in this section are based on a

preliminary chart developed by LT Amos Maples, FCDSSA.

2

.

Typical sequence for daily scheduling . Sometimes a user

will discover after the scheduling deadline (day 8) that he

would like to have a job scheduled during the week 13-19.

If there is available equipment to meet his late request,

then his job should be added to the schedule, but in general

the existing schedule will not be changed to accommodate

the late request. We call such a request a "daily" request.

The interaction sequence for a "daily" request is shown in the

following flowchart (Figure 3)

.

3 . Typical sequence for maintenance status change . iMaintenance

personnel will modify the equipment status file whenever a

piece of equipment fails or is repaired. The impact on the

scheduling system is shown in the accompanying flowchart

(Fiaure 4)

.

USER SUBMITSJOB REQUEST(DAY 1 - 7)

USER MODIFIES

JOB REQUEST(DAY 1-7)

Control diskinteraction

with algorithm

-e»-

(DAY 3-9)

NOT ACCEPTABLE

NOT ACCEPTABLE

IPOSSIBLESCHEDULE

MODIFICATIONBY CONTROL DESK

FILE OFPENDINGREQUESTSFOR WEEK

-B»- PRINTED COPY

OF ALL REQUESTS

CONTROL DESK(SCHEDULER)

REVIEW OF ALLy

REQUESTS

1

(DAY 8)

SCHEDULINGALGORITHM

(DAY 8-9)

7

EQUIPMENT

FILE

CONFIGURATIONFILE

CONTROL DESKREVIEW

OFSCHEDULE

(DAY 8)

ACCEPTABLE

USER/MAINTREVIEW

OFSCHEDULE/ (DAY 9)

ACCEPTABLE

V

ON LINESCHEDULEFOR WEEK13 - 19

7

(DAY 9)

PRINTED COPY

OF SCHEDULEFOR WEEK13 - 19

(DAY 9)

USDSHOOKUPPROGRAM

(DAY 13-19)

Figure 2. Flowchart for Typical Weekly Job Request

USER SUBMITS

JOB REQUEST

(Day 8-19)

SCHEDULERINITIATES SCAN

OF PENDING FILE

FILE OFPENDING

REQUESTSFOR WEEK13-19

SCHEDULINGALGORITHMTRIES TO FITREQUEST INTO

EXISTING SCHEDULE

FAILS

SUCCEEDS

e*

RETURN REQUESTTO PENDINGFILE, TRYAGAIN LATER

SCHEDULERNOTIFIEDOF NEWJOB

SCHEDULEROK's ADDITIONOF NEW JOBTO SCHEDULE

fMC

NO

YES

MODIFIEDV SCHEDULE

USERNOTIFIED

OFCHANGE,

Figure 3. Flowchart for Typical Daily Job Request

PROCESS AS

FOR DAILYJOB RECUEST

SCHEDULERNOTIFIED

OFPROBLEM AREA

SCHEDULERAND ALGORITHM

WORK OUTMODIFICATIONS

V

fy.tMODIFIEDV SCHEDULE

USER

V

SCHEDULERNOTIFIESAFFECTED

USERS

Figure 4 . Flowchart for Maintenance Status Change

9

C . Detailed Interaction Descriptions

The proposed computer facilities scheduling system will

maintain data files (as indicated in Figure 1) for equipment

configurations, job requests, equipment status, and the schedule

At various times people interact with the system by issuing

commands at remote terminals . These commands initiate execution

of computer program modules which read or write on the data

files and return output to the person initiating the request.

In this section we describe in some detail the types of inter-

actions planned for the system and indicate the effects they

have on the various data files

.

Some of these interactions are quite simple, so the

logic they use does not require elaborate description. For

example, a command "Display Configuration XXXX" will search the

configuration file for the name XXXX and display either the

configuration (if XXXX is found) or an error message (if XXXX

is not found) . These simple interactions will be completely

described in this section.

Other interactions are quite complex. The major example

is the construction of a weekly schedule. Complex interactions

will be briefly sketched in this section, but detailed specifi-

cation of the decision logic will be postponed to Section IV.

We now list and describe the interaction types.

10

1. Define Configuration . Each job request must specify the

equipment it requires and the manner in which the various

channels of the equipment are interconnected. Such a

specification is called a configuration. It is anticipated

that the system control structure for defining a configuration

will be similar to that of the BUILD commands in the exist-

ing HSDS program. The primary difference is that the new

system will have to be able to describe configurations in

terms of the logical equipment types (e.g. any 642B computer)

as well as specific equipment identifiers (e.g. CPU-2).

This added capability is required so that the scheduling

program will have maximum flexibility in equipment assign-

ment. The current BUILD routines work only with specific

equipment identifiers, so that any substitutions must be

made manually at hookup time.

Definition of the format and mnemonics for specifying

configurations in this more general fashion is a FCDSSA

responsibility (Action Harry Gold and Basil Brown)

.

When a user issues a "define configuration" command

the system will check to be sure the configuration name

input by the user does not duplicate one already in the

configuration file, and then will copy the user's specifi-

cation into the configuration file as a new entry. Possible

elaborations include a) checking to be sure that each con-

figuration is unique and b) defining new configurations

as minor modifications of existing configurations.

11

Summary of files affected:

read CONFIGURATION file.,

write CONFIGURATION file.

2. Display Configuration . Several different displays of the

information in the configuration file should be available

upon request. All of these displays are simple input-output

formatting exercises which will be routine to program once

the configuration format is determined by FCDSSA. The

displays available should include the following:

a) List the names of all configurations currently

in the file.

b) Display the configuration with name XXXX . (If XXXX is

not a previously defined configuration, return an error

message .

)

c) Display all configurations.

d) In b and c above, the user will have the option to list

only the equipment required or also the details of

channel interconnections

.

e) List all configurations which require equipment type z.

Summary of files affected: read CONFIGURATION file.

3

.

Delete Configuration . Obsolete configurations can be

removed from the configuration file. This interaction should

be reserved for control desk use to prevent accidental

erasures in the file. As a possible elaboration, the system

12

might check to be sure that no currently pending job request

uses the configuration before it is deleted, since otherwise

at scheduling or hookup time the job will request a con-

figuration whose description is no longer available in the

system.

Summary of files affected:

read CONFIGURATION file

erase CONFIGURATION file,

possibly read PENDING REQUEST file.

Enter Schedule Request . Users may input job requests for

inclusion in the schedule at any time. Job requests which

arrive before the weekly scheduling time ("weekly requests") are

accumulated in the PENDING REQUEST file until scheduling

time. Job requests which arrive after the scheduling dead-

line ("daily requests") are kept in the PENDING REQUEST file

and treated on a space-available basis. In either case,

entering a schedule request is a simple input-output

operation. At this time we will define formats for the input

and the PENDING REQUEST file and describe the editing checks

that the program should make on each new request.

Any job request must contain information in three basic

areas: job identification, equipment required, and time

required. The job identification is reasonably straight-

forward. The primary job identifier is a user assigned job

13

name. Users will have to be precise about using exactly the

same name when displaying information about their job request

or its place in the schedule. Other elements in the job

identification are the task number (primarily for accounting-

no real function in scheduling), the user's organization code

(in the current view, the scheduling algorithm will sort

requests by code, and each code may prioritize its requests

if desired), a priority sequence if the user's code wishes

to assign one, and the user's phone extension so the control

desk can call the user if necessary.

Specification of the equipment required for a given job

is straightforward. The user will merely specify the name of

the standard configuration which he requires. If there is

not an existing configuration for the required equipment or

if the user doesn't know its name, then the user will input

a special code (say 999) and the "define configuration"

program will be called to establish the new configuration

or to search the existing configuration file for the name of

the configuration matching the user's needs. Users will

be able to specify alternative configurations if several

different configurations will meet their needs.

Specification of the time required for a job request

has several aspects. Users will first specify the week for

which the request is intended, and the system will then check

the request submission deadline to see if this is a "weekly"

request or a "daily" request. Then the user must specify

14

how much time is required and when he would like the job

to be scheduled. Specification of the information is compli-

cated by the variety of different jobs which the system must

handle. For most users (see exceptions below) the number of

hours of time required is fairly firm and easy to specify.

However, different users vary widely in their desires about

when during the week their job should be run.

a. Certain users, notably maintenance and training, have

priority status during certain times of the day and try

to concentrate their jobs during these times.

b. Some users have preference for certain times of day,

others for certain days of the week, others for various

combinations of both day and time . Almost everyone

prefers day time shifts to night shifts, but there are

some exceptions

.

c. Because of other commitments, some users are unable to

run their jobs at certain times

.

d. Some job requests want several time blocks on different

days with at least a day between blocks for debugging.

e. Some user requests (e.g. ASIS05) are submitted as a

single large block of time with the understanding that

the scheduler will spread this time in smaller blocks

throughout the week at his convenience. These smaller

blocks are then allocated to different ASIS05 users by

the ASIS05 group without having the scheduler involved.

15

f. It is virtually certain that not all users will get their

first preference in time assignments. Thus the system

will allow a user to specify several alternative times

(perhaps many) and indicate his preferences among these

times

.

From the standpoint of the scheduling algorithm, each

separate block of time will be treated as a separate request.

For example, a job asking for four hours on Monday and four

hours on Wednesday will be split into two separate job

requests which are scheduled independently. The system will

assign a "segment number" to differentiate between the two

blocks. For each separately requested block of time the

scheduling program needs a list of acceptable start times,

arranged in preference order. All acceptable times should

be included in the list and any time which is impossible

should be left off the list. The scheduling program will

then step through the acceptable times in the given prefer-

ence order, until it finds a time where the job fits into

the schedule.

For submitting a schedule request, however, such a

format might be unwieldly since the list of possible start

times might be quite long. An alternative input format

which can easily be translated into the preference ordered

time list is suggested below.

16

Each job request can ask for as many blocks of time as

desired. For each block the user specifies

a) the number of hours in that block

b) day-time combinations which are desirable start times

d) day-time combinations which are not possible start times

Examples

1. (4 MO 8) indicates that four hours time is required, and

that Monday 0800 is the desired start time.

2. (6 H) indicates that six hours time is required and that

Thursday (H) is the desired day.

3. (5 M08, W12, H) indicates that five hours time is required,

and that Monday 0800, Wednesday 1200, or anytime Thursday

are desirable start times.

4. (4 M08, NOT T, W, H) indicates that four hours on Monday

at 0800 is desired, and that no time on Tuesday, Wednesday,

or Thursday is acceptable (perhaps the user will be out of

town) .

5. (8 T08, W, NOT F16) indicates eight hours is required,

Tuesday 0800 or anytime Wednesday are desirable, but Friday

1600 is impossible.

6. (4 M08) , (6 T08) , (4 W12, NOT F) requests three separate

blocks of time each of which is interpreted as above.

17

Input to such a time specification could be in the

compact form shown for users who understand the format and could

also easily be expanded into a prompt-and-respond mode on

terminals for users who are not so familiar with the format.

Translating this format into the preference ordered list

of start times is a straightforward process: desirable times

are placed at the top of the preference order, and impossible

times are omitted from the list. Times which are not mentioned

at all will appear on the list at the bottom of the preference

order, and, of course, the user will have no control over their

ordering.

For users who want to place a preference ordering on all

of their acceptable times, the option of just inputing the ordere

list of start times should also be available.

It should be noted that this time specification format,

while probably adequate for most jobs, does not allow for

specifying minimum intervals between blocks or for splitting

large request blocks into smaller pieces. One way of handling

special cases is to include a field in the request input for

"comments to the scheduler" so that the control desk's human

scheduler can force the interactive computer scheduling program

to satisfy side constraints that are hard to anticipate or

provide for in automatic scheduling.

Editing checks should be built into the program which

accepts job requests to ensure that the request makes sense.

For example:

18

a) The job name should be unique for each job request

submission. Thus the system should check each new

name against those already in the file.

b) Other identification information should be reasonable,

e.g. code numbers should be for codes that exist.

c) All configuration names should be checked against the

configuration file, and the user should be required to

define any missing configurations.

d) All times should be checked to be sure they are within

the proper ranges

.

e) The resulting file record in the PENDING REQUEST file

should be echoed to the user to allow validation at

entry time of the actual file record, and immediate

correction of any errors found.

Summary of files affected:

read PENDING REQUEST file

write PENDING REQUEST file

read CONFIGURATION file.

5. Display Schedule Request . The system should display any

job request (or all) on demand. The display is a routine

input/output exercise. For preliminary implementation,

simple display of all the information in the file record

is probably adequate. A more elaborate display routine

might selectively edit part of the data (e.g. list names

of all jobs from code 06 or all jobs using configuration XXXX)

19

Summary of files affected:

read PENDING REQUEST file.

6. Modify or Delete Schedule Request . Changes in user require-

ments or input errors may require changing or deleting

requests which have been previously entered. Such modificati

or deletions should be protected functions with only the user

who submitted the request or the control desk allowed to

change the request. For initial implementation, the easiest

way to handle a modification is to delete the old request

and re-enter the entire modified request. If modifications

are frequent it might be worthwhile to develop special modifi

cation routines later.

Summary of files affects:

read PENDING REQUEST file

write PENDING REQUEST file.

7. Construct Schedule . Once a week, at scheduling time, the

system produces a schedule of time and equipment assignments

for the following week. The schedule construction process

will be an interaction between a human scheduler (CONTROL

DESK function) and a computer program scheduler. The

program will be able to rapidly generate alternatives,

will perform the basic bookkeeping operations, and will

use simple heuristics to construct portions of the schedule.

20

—

.

—. e it 3^"zr3Tr^ri.3.»3 ~ — - .e s

;; _ — r = ^:. 31 3C il9CU — 2 *"2CT'"55 —*.s' ~ I_ C ~

:.:;.-. coula :.;: ce

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r.:u.; ce

b) Using the same format as in a) above, it would be

desirable to be able to list subsets of jobs such as all

training jobs, all jobs scheduled for the Monday afterno

shift or all jobs using computer CPU2 . This is a routin

sort or search problem.

c) In addition to the displays above, the control desk

scheduler will need to have available more global infor-

mation about the schedule if he is to interact effective

with the system during the schedule construction and

schedule modification processes. The types of display

available to the scheduler and their format will be cruc

to the success of the scheduling effort, and will be

discussed in more detail along with the scheduling proce

in Section IV.

Summary of files affected:

read SCHEDULE file.

Modify Schedule . After a schedule has been constructed,

changes in equipment availability, changes in user needs, or

in extreme cases, new and extremely important jobs which

must be scheduled will require modifications in the exist-

ing schedule. Sometimes the change may be simple (e.g.

substitute CPU H for CPU K in job XXX) , but other changes

may require rework of substantial portions of the schedule.

The schedule modification process will be interactive

and similar to the original schedule construction process

22

except that it starts with an existing partial schedule.

Further details are reserved for Section IV.

Summary of files affected: Schedule modification is

like schedule construction in that it can affect any of

the system files

.

10. Hookup Equipment . At the beginning of each shift, the jobs

scheduled to start in that shift must be hooked up. Detailed

discussion of the hookup system is beyond the scope of this

research project, but a brief sketch is in order. The

proposed system would use the schedule file to determine

the jobs and equipment to be processed, and then the con-

figuration file would provide details of the channel inter-

connections. Using this information, the system will create

a set of HSDS hookup commands for each of the jobs to be

run. These would then be sent to the HSDS control computer

which will actually perform the hookup. The major require-

ments, in addition to the existing HSDS programs, are for

a processor to develop the set of HSDS commands and for a

communication link from the system to the HSDS control

computer

.

Summary of files affected:

read SCHEDULE file

read CONFIGURATION file.

23

11. Unhook Equipment . When a job is done, the equipment is

unhooked. The discussion of equipment hookup above is

relevant. It is probably desirable to have human inter-

vention to prevent automatic disconnecting of jobs since

a brief extension of time might allow job completion.

12. Change Equipment Status . As a part of the equipment file,

the system will maintain an equipment status list. This

would incorporate or replace the HSDS status list and

Harry Gold's equipment status program. There will be three

possible status indicators for each piece of equipment.

UP, REDUCED CAPABILITY (REDCAP) , and DOWN. At HOOKUP time,

the system will refuse to hook up any equipment which is

DOWN and will give a warning message about REDCAP equipment

Since the schedule is made up as much as 10 days before run

time, the scheduler will assume that DOWN and REDCAP equip-

ment can be fixed in time and will schedule it if necessary

(with a warning message) . If equipment is known to be down

for an extended period (awaiting parts or shipped out for

repair) and will not be available next week, maintenance

may so indicate by preemptively scheduling that equipment

into a maintenance status for the entire week. Then the

system will not assign it to anyone else. Formats for

inputs and displays have been developed in previous status

programs, so we will not concentrate on them at this time.

24

Access to the "change equipment status" program is

restricted to maintenance personnel only

Summary of files affects

:

read EQUIPMENT file

write EQUIPMENT file.

13. Display Equipment Status . On demand the system will display

the current maintenance status of any piece of equipment

that it schedules. Summary displays such as "all CPU's"

or "all DOWN equipment" should be available. For equipment

in the DOWN or REDCAP categories, a maintenance file will

contain comments about the equipment to help users decide

whether, for example, their job can use a piece of REDCAP

equipment

.

Summary of files affected:

read EQUIPMENT file.

14. Change Basic Data Files . Changes to basic system data

files (such as the equipment list) will sometimes be re-

quired (for example, when a new piece of equipment is

acquired) . Routines should be available to make such

changes possible. Their use is, of course, restricted so

the typical user will never encounter them.

25

D . Summary of System Interactions

In the following table we summarize the above inter-

actions and indicate the people who will be initiating them.

Several of the interactions should clearly be reserved for

maintenance or for the control desk. Other interactions such

as Modify Schedule Request should be available to the user who

submitted that request, but not to other users. This can be

handled by appropriate code words in the control programs, or

by restricting these functions to a single central authority

such as the control desk.

ControlInteraction User Desk Maintenanc

] Define Configuration X X X

2. Display Configuration X X X

3. Delete Configuration X

4. Enter Schedule Request X X

5 . Display Schedule Request X X X

6. Modify or Delete Schedule Request X X

7. Construct Schedule X

3 . Display Schedule X X X

9. Modify Schedule X

10. Hookup Equipment X X

11. Unhook Equipment X X

12. Change Equipment Status X

13. Display Equipment Status X X X

14. Change Basic Data Files X

X means that the indicated person initiates the indicated

interaction

.

26

III. FILE DESCRIPTIONS AND FILE MANAGEMENT

A . File Descriptions

The proposed computer facilities scheduling system

requires a number of data files to be stored and accessed as

schedules are prepared and implemented. In this section we

provide descriptions of these files, their contents, and some

suggestions for file management in the system.

Throughout we will concentrate on the minimum files

necessary to perform the scheduling job recognizing that other

aspects of the system may require additional files or additional

entries in the files we define. For example, as part of the

equipment file it might be useful for someone to know the date

of acquisition of each piece of equipment. Since this informa-

tion does not impact on the scheduling function, we choose not

to incorporate it into our description of the equipment file.

A list of the files required by the scheduling system

and their contents follows

.

1. EQUIPMENT file

The equipment file contains information about each

piece of equipment that the system schedules. The information

required consists of:

a) a unique identifier for each piece of equipment

(The HSDS mnemonic is a logical identifier to use.)

b) an equipment status code to indicate the current maintenance

status of the equipment. The three possible status values

are UP, DOWN, and REDUCED CAPABILITY.

This file should have space for several hundred pieces

of eauipment.27

2. MAINTENANCE file

Verbal comments describing the nature of maintenance

required on DOWN and REDCAP equipment can be useful to users

in deciding whether they can use the malfunctioning equipment.

For example, if only one channel of a device is bad, and the

user's job doesn't access that channel, then he may be able to

continue even though the equipment is marked REDCAP. This

file will contain entries for DOWN and REDCAP equipment only

and will consist of

a) the equipment identifier (same as in the equipment file)

b) the status indicator DOWN or REDCAP

c) comments on the nature of the problem.

Other information such as time of failure are important for

maintenance recordkeeping, but do not directly affect the

scheduling function.

Review of recent maintenance activity should give an

indication of the required size for this file.

3. PENDING WEEKLY REQUEST File

As requests are received they are accumulated in this

file until scheduling time each week. The data which is input

in each job request will comprise one record of this file,

and should include the following data items:

a

)

j ob name

b) segment number (system assigned if a request includes severa

blocks of time)

c) task number

28

d) organization code

e) priority sequence within code (optional)

f) user name

g) phone extension

h) number, n, of acceptable configurations

i) configuration names for the n acceptable configurations

j) week for which the request is intended

k) number, t, of acceptable start times

I) preference ordered list of the t acceptable start times

m) comments to the scheduler, if any.

Space for 200 job request segments per week should be

adequate

.

4. CURRENT WEEK SCHEDULE and REQUEST file

This file contains information about all the job

requests which are either scheduled to be run during the current

week or awaiting scheduling as a daily request. For each of

these jobs it is necessary to retain all of the job request

information listed in file 3 above since changes during the

week may necessitate rescheduling of the job. In addition to data

items (a) through (m) of file 3, each record of the Current

Week file will contain the following information about the

schedule relevant to each job:

n) scheduled start time

(= 999 if the job has not yet been scheduled)

29

o) the configuration name under which the job was scheduled

(blank if not yet scheduled)

p) a list of the specific equipment identifiers which are

assigned to this job in the schedule.

Space for 200 records should be adequate.

5. NEXT WEEK SCHEDULE and REQUEST File

The format of the Next Week file is identical to that

of the Current Week file, except that it contains job request

and schedule information for the week following this week. Such

a file is required since next week's schedule is prepared before

this week's schedule has all been run, and hence there can be

two different schedules in existence at a given time. Section

III-B will discuss the transfer of data among the Request file,

the Current Week file and the Next Week file.

Each record of the Next Week file contains data items a

through p listed under files 3 and 4 above.

Space for 200 records should be adequate.

6 . CURRENT WEEK SCHEDULE CROSS REFERENCE File

The schedule cross reference file contains, for each

time during the week, a list of the job ID for all the jobs

which are scheduled to be running at that time. This includes

jobs starting at that time as well as jobs starting at earlier

times which overlap into that time period.

30

Space is required for one record for each time period

with each record containing, perhaps, up to twenty job ID ' s .

7. NEXT WEEK SCHEDULE CROSS REFERENCE File

This file is identical to the Current Week Schedule

Cross Reference file except that it covers a different period

of time.

3. CONFIGURATION File

The configuration file contains a list of the equipment

required for each job. Each configuration has a separate

record consisting of

a) unique configuration name

b) equipment required for the job

c) channel interconnection instructions.

An estimate of size for this file is difficult to give

at this time since details of the format for describing con-

figurations is not yet complete. We anticipate a fairly large

number of distinct configurations, perhaps several hundred.

9 . HISTORY File

It is likely that some information will be retained

in history files after it has become obsolete for current

scheduling purposes . For the moment we will ignore these files

as they do not influence the scheduling operation.

31

B. File Management

Since the proposed system implements a weekly schedule

in continuous real time, there will clearly have to be a time

(or times) during the week when files are cleared of last

week's data and loaded with this week's new information. In

this section we approach the problem by examining the necessary

retention of information over time in the system. In particular

we concentrate on the files which are changing completely

every week--the Request files, the Current Week file and the

Next Week file.

For concreteness let us again denote the days in three

consecutive weeks (as in Section II-B) as follows:

M T W H F A S

1 : 3 4 5

6 7 S 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

and consider the timing of requests and schedules for the week

13-19.

Weekly requests for week 13-19 can be input on days 1-7,

and must be retained in some form until they are run (as late

as day 19) . Thus a weekly request may be in the system for as

long as 19 days.

32

Daily requests for week 13-19 can be input on days 8-19

and must be retained until they are run, or, if not scheduled,

until the week is over (as late as day 19) . Thus a daily request

may be in the system for as long as 12 days.

It should be noted that even after a request is scheduled

it is still necessary to retain the request since if schedule

modifications must occur, some jobs may have to be rescheduled.

Since requests may be in the system for nearly 3 weeks in a

weekly scheduling cycle, there will clearly have to be either

multiple files or overlap between several weeks in a single

file.

The schedule for week 13-19 will be developed on day 8

and reviewed and finalized on day 9 . It will be retained until

day 19, for a total of 12 days in the system.

Given these preliminary observations, we refer to

Figure 5 to illustrate the flow of information in the files.

As the weekly requests for week 13-19 are submitted (on days

1-7) they are accumulated into the Pending Weekly Request file.

On day 8 the entire Pending Weekly Request file is moved into

the Next Week file leaving the Request file empty to accept

requests for the week 20-26. The schedule is then constructed,

and, as each job is scheduled, its time and equipment assign-

ments are added to its record in the Next Week File. At the

end of the week (day 12) the jobs for the week just completed

33

Days

PENDINGWEEKLYREQUEST

FILE

NEXTWEEK '

S

SCHEDULE andREQUEST FILE

CURRENTWEEK '

s

SCHEDULE anREQUEST FIL

W

M

W

M

W

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IS

19

Accumulate

Requests

for

week

13-19

Accumulate

Requests

for

week

20-26

Accumulate

Requests

Build and

Store

schedule for

week 6-12

Build and

Store

schedule for

week 13-19

Build and

StO]re

Schedu.Le for

week 20-26

Run the

schedule

for

week

6-12

^s

Run the

schedule

for

week

13-19

run

Figure 5 . File Management

34

(6-12) are erased from the Current Week file and the schedule

for the week 13-19 is moved into the Current Week File. Equip-

ment hookups are then made from the Current Week file through-

out the week.

Any daily requests for week 13-19 that arrive on days

8-12 are added to the Next Week file and scheduled if possible

on a first-come-first-served basis. Daily requests for week

13-19 arriving on days 13-19 will be added to the Current Week

file in the same manner.

Although they are not included in Figure 5, the Current

and Next Week Schedule Cross Reference files are handled in

the same fashion as the Current and Next Week Schedule and

Request files.

35

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SCHEDULING PROCESS

A. Overview of Scheduling Operation .

At scheduling time each week the Pending Weekly Request

file has accumulated a number (perhaps 100-200) of distinct job

request segments for time blocks of varying length and equip-

ment configurations of varying complexity. The job of the

scheduler is to assign start times and equipment in such a way

that

a) each individual request is satisfied,

b) the equipment needs of all jobs scheduled to run at any

time during the week do not exceed the equipment available

to be used and

c) the pieces of equipment assigned to each job are physically

located in convenient spatial arrangements

.

During the week the prepared schedule may have to be

changed to reflect changes in job requirements or equipment

availability. When this occurs the scheduler's job is to make

required changes to still satisfy a, b, and c above with as

few modifications to the existing schedule as possible.

Both the schedule preparation activity and the schedule

modification activity are interactive processes with an on line

computer scheduling program trying many alternatives and

keeping track of equipment availability and scheduled times and

equipment throughout the process. When the computer's scheduling

36

attempts fail, or when additional comments to the scheduler

impose constraints the computer cannot handle, the human

scheduler will be notified. He will then attempt to resolve

the issue, or if that seems impossible, he will make the

decision to skip the troublesome job and move on to schedule

others

.

B. Initial Conditions for Schedulin 5

1 . Time Specification .

As discussed in Section II. C. 4 of this report, we assume

that each job request segment includes a preference ordered list

of start times that are considered acceptable for that job.

The most desirable time should be first on the list, and any

time which is not acceptable should not be included anywhere on

the list. The schedule program will attempt to schedule the

job at each listed time, in preference order, until a workable

time is found. Although we attempt to give each job a time as

high on its preference list as possible, we also consider it

more important: to get jobs scheduled than to give them their

most preferred time . Thus we would choose a schedule in which

two jobs each get their least preferred time over a schedule in

which one job gets its most preferred time and the other job

cannot be scheduled at any acceptable time. The program will

never attempt to schedule a job at a time not on its list of

preferred times, although the manual scheduler may, as a last

resort, propose such a time.

37

2 . Equipment Specification .

Each job request specifies a number (often only one) of

acceptable equipment configuration names . For purposes of the

scheduling algorithm only part of the configuration specification

is required. The scheduler needs to know the equipment require-

ments for the job, but has no use for the channel interconnection'

instructions. We will assume that each acceptable configuration

has been summarized and the equipment specification is presented

in the following form:

Equipmenttype

Number Specific equipment ID for all equipmemRequired which can be used for this requirement

CPU-1 1

Any type BComputer inC&S-2

2

Any MTU inC&S-2

1

NTDSmockup

1

CPU-1

CPU-M, CPU-L, CPU-K, CPU-H, CPU-P

,

CPU-Q, CPU-R

MTU-A, MTU-B, MTU-C

,

MTU-G, MTU-J, MTU-K

NTDS-1, NTDS-7, NTDS-8

In particular it is important that configurations be

specified in as much generality as possible to provide maximum

flexibility for the scheduler. If the user is able to use

any type B computer then a configuration which specifies CPU-M

is unnecessarily restrictive and will lessen the user's chances

of being scheduled.

38

Given equipment specifications in the above format,

the scheduling computer program will select the number required

of each equipment type from the specific candidates listed.

The selection process will check to be sure the equipment is

not already assigned at this time, and will attempt to select

spatially convenient configurations of computers, magnetic tape

units, and teletypes.

3 . Assumptions about Equipment Availablity

Since the schedule is initially prepared from 5 to 12 days

before the jobs are actually run, equipment availability at run time

is likely to differ from that at scheduling time. It does not

seem possible to get reliable down-time estimates for malfunction-

ing equipment, so it is difficult to predict equipment avail-

ability for the following week. The scheduling computer program

will, thus, assign equipment even though its current status is

not UP. This is equivalent to assuming that equipment which

is in DOWN or REDCAP status at scheduling time will be fixed

by the time it is needed during the next week. This perhaps

optimistic assumption is considered preferable to the alternative

assumption that any equipment not UP at scheduling time will

not be UP any time during the next week. When DOWN or REDCAP

equipment is assigned in the schedule it should be flagged so

the user will be warned to check the status again as his assigned

time approaches. Then if the equipment is still down (or if

other equipment has failed in the interim) he can initiate

corrective action with the scheduler.

2 9

4 . Job Request Processing Sequence .

The complexity of the scheduling task when users are allowec

to express multiple preferences for times and configurations, and

when other constraints are imposed by command organization (e.g.

Training jobs have priority in daytime shifts, but not at night),

precludes scheduling methods which attempt to consider all factor!

and all requests simultaneously. Thus the proposed computer

facilities scheduling program will operate sequentially, scheduli:

one job at a time, and occasionally backtracking to change earlie,

assignments when it is advantageous to do so.

This mode of scheduling requires determination of the

sequence in which the jobs are to be considered. Jobs which

appear early in the sequence will be more likely to be scheduled

than those late in the sequence, so, in some sense, the sequencin

should reflect job importance or priority where these ideas are

clearly defined and agreed upon. Thus, for example, it seems

reasonable to place the job requests for early morning scheduled

block maintenance in C&S1 and C&S2 at the top of the job sequence

since they do have priority over all other jobs at this time.

Similarly, training jobs which request time during the daytime

shift are acknowledged to have priority over other jobs during

that time and thus should appear earlier in the job request

sequence

.

There does not, however, seem to be universal agreement

on the relative importance of one training job versus another,

or of one program development and test job versus another, so

40

large portions of the job processing sequence are still not

determined. Several considerations are relevant to this question

a) It seems likely that if large jobs are scheduled first, then

it will not be too hard to fit small jobs into the "holes"

left in the schedule toward the end of the sequence. Con-

versely, if the large jobs are left until last, the chance

of finding large "holes" remaining to fit them into seems

much smaller. Thus placing large jobs earlier in the

sequence will probably yield better schedules. There are

several possible measures of "largeness" for a job (time

required and number of computers being obvious measures),

but it is not obvious which to use or how to combine them.

b) If a particular responsibility center within the command

(say a given code) feels that it can prioritize the jobs

within its area and desires to do so, then the sequential

processing of jobs gives a natural way to implement the

priorities

.

c) Across codes it is more difficult to establish and agree

on relative job importance, so the suggestion has been

made that after priority maintenance and training jobs are

scheduled, the job sequence should rotate among the other

codes. Each code could order its jobs as desired, and the

system would then take the first job from each code's

list in turn, then the second job and would continue

rotating among the codes until the job request file is empty.

41

d) A default sequence to all of the above possibilities is

the first-come-first-served-sequence . In the absence of a

decision to sequence in a more logical fashion, this

alternative might be implemented. We do not recommend it.

We will assume that the job processing sequence has

been determined as suggested above with priority maintenance

and training jobs scheduled first. The remaining jobs are

selected for scheduling on a rotating basis among the codes.

Each code (training included) may prioritize its own jobs if

it wishes to do so; otherwise the system will sort within each

code according to job size. The scheduling computer program

will follow the given job sequence in its attempts to generate

a schedule. Of course, if the human scheduler can work his

way around a problem by an adroit change in the sequence, he

should have some authority to do so

.

C . Decision Logic for Scheduling Subprograms

In performing the scheduling task there are some

basic operations that are repeated many times in differing

situations . In this section we isolate some of these basic

operations and describe how they are performed. In later sections

we will then refer back to these operations as subroutines or

"black boxes" which can be called at will. We also will begin

to define some terminology which will be used in the rest of

the report.

42

1 . Determine Equipment Availability (EQAVAL)

The basic fact which makes it necessary to schedule

equipment is that only a limited amount of that equipment is

available. Throughout the scheduling process we need to know

which pieces of equipment are available and which are already

scheduled to be used at various times during the week. Informa-

tion about equipment availability will be kept in an array

JEQAVA. We discuss several alternatives for handling and updating

this array.

a) The simplest alternative would keep the availability of every

piece of equipment for every time period during the week

constantly updated in JEQAVA. For (say) 400 pieces of equip-

ment, and if a scheduling period is one hour, then JEQAVA

must contain room for 400 x 168 = 67,200 bits of information

(0 = not available, 1 = available) . Every time any schedule

change occurs, the corresponding equipment availability

bits are turned off or on. The primary disadvantage of

this procedure is the space required for JEQAVA although

packing schemes could help. The advantage is speed and

simplicity

.

b) At the expense of more processing we can save substantial

space in the JEQAVA array. Whenever we need to know equip-

ment availability, a subroutine called EQAVAL will construct

the JEQAVA array for all equipment but only for the subset

of times that we are currently examining (thus a nine hour

job request would need 400 * 9 = 3600 bits if time periods

43

of one hour are used) . The procedure is detailed in the

flowchart of Figure 6 .

The subroutine is called by

CALL EQAVAL(JTIM, JPERS , JEQAVA)

where the input parameters are

JTIM = the first time period of interest

and JPERS = the number of time periods (starting

with JTIM)

.

The subroutine returns the two-dimensional array

JEQAVA (4 00 x JPERS)

of equipment availability indicators for all equipment and

for the JPERS time periods starting with JTIM. The routine

requires reference to the Schedule Cross Reference file to

find all jobs scheduled at a given time, and to the Next

Week Schedule file to find the equipment assigned for each

such job. (If we are working on the Current Week Schedule,

then reference the Current Week file instead)

.

c) A further savings in JEQAVA space could be obtained if only

a subset of equipment were considered. When trying to

schedule a given job, the only equipment of interest is

the equipment which could satisfy that job's configuration

needs. The processing would be increased by the logic

required to keep track of which equipment to ignore . We

have not examined this alternative in detail

.

44

cENTER EQAVAL

7

D

Initialize: work allequipment as availablein all JPERS periods

JEQAVA(I.J) - 1, V I,

J

END

Loop over time periods(JT) from JTIM

to JTIM + JPERS - 1

I

NEXT

c RETURN 3

END

Loop over all jobs (JBID)

scheduled to be runningduring period JT

(from Schedule Cross Ref. file)

nex:

END

Loop over all equipment(IDEQ) assigned to job JBID

(from Next Week. Schedule file)

V

NEXT

Mark, equipmentIDEQ unavailable(JEQAVA = 0) in

time period JT

Figure 6 . EQAVA SUBROUTINE

4^

In the system description that follows we will assume

that alternative b) has been chosen.

2 . Determine Equipment Requirements (GETEQ)

As each job is processed, its equipment requirements

must be obtained from the configuration file and converted to

a form which the scheduler can process. We perform this function

by a subroutine GETEQ.

The calling sequence for GETEQ is

CALL GETEQ (JCNFG, JEQREQ)

where JCNFG is the job configuration name or number (input to

the subroutine) and JEQREQ is an array summarizing the resulting

equipment requirements. As indicate previously in Section IV-B-2

the equipment requirement in JEQREQ contains, for each equipment

type required by the job,

a) an identifier for the equipment type

b) the number of pieces of equipment of that type required

c) a list of the specific equipment identifiers for all pieces

of equipment which could meet the requirement for this type.

We call the equipment on this list "eligible" equipment.

The processing logic for this subroutine cannot be

detailed until the format for configuration descriptions has been

specified

.

46

3 . Insert Job in Schedule (INSERT)

A crucial operation in the scheduling process is to

insert a given job into the schedule at a given time. The

primary tasks involved are the determination of whether the

equipment required by the job is available at the given time,

and if equipment is available the selection of the specific

pieces of equipment to assign to yield a physically convenient

equipment layout.

The INSERT subroutine has calling sequence

CALL INSERT (JOB, JTIM, JPERS , JCNFG , JEQREQ, JEQAVA , JACTN , JOK)

with input parameters

JOB = job identification

JTIM = start time to be tried

JPERS = length of job

JCNFG = configuration identifier—not used in INSERT, but

we want to write it onto the schedule file later

JEQREQ = equipment requirement for this job

(previously prepared by subroutine GETEO)

JEQAVA = equipment availability at the indicated times

(previously prepared by subroutine EQAVA)

47

if this is only a trial—return or

1 in JOK, but do not actually schedule

the job

11 if this is for scheduling— if the job can

be scheduled then do so

and a single output indicator

if the attempt to select equipment failed

1 if. the attempt succeeded.

In addition if the scheduling attempt succeeds and if

JACTN = 1, the subroutine will write output onto the appropriate

record of the Next or Current Week Schedule file giving the

scheduled time JTIM, the selected equipment, and the configuration

used JCNFG, and will also enter this job into the Schedule Cross

Reference file.

In accordance with FCDSSA guidance, the INSERT routine

will concentrate on physical location for computers (CPU's),

magnetic tape units (MTU's), and teletypes (TTY's) only. Other

equipment will be assigned without regard to location. CPU's

are divided into four classes corresponding to 642-A and 642-B

computers in each of the rooms C&S1 and C&S2. MTU's and TTY's

48

are selected to be in the same room as the CPU's chosen for the

job and to be as close to them as possible.

To illustrate the logic of equipment selection let us

suppose that the JEQREQ equipment requirement specifies

3 6 4 2B CPU's in C&S2, 2 MTU ' s , and 1 TTY . The three CPU's

will be selected first. To accomplish this, the INSERT routine

searches a stored list of all the possible CPU-B triples in

C&S2 in a preference order based on physical location of these

CPU's (since there are seven such computers, there are (_) = 35

possible tiples— the list is not very long) . Each possible

triple is checked for eligibility (against the JEQREQ list)

and availability (against the JEQAVA array) . The first accept-

able CPU triple found is assigned to this job (hence the best

available physical arrangement of CPU's is selected)

.

Next MTU ' s and TTY ' s are selected to be as close as

possible to the selected CPU's. This process references

another stored list of MTU ' s in location preference order for

each CPU and a similar list for TTY ' s

.

After the location sensitive equipment is assigned,

all other equipment is assigned checking only eligibility and

availability. If, at any stage of the equipment selection

process, not enough equipment is available to meet the require-

ment, then the INSERT routine terminates with a failure indicator

(JOK = 0) . The decision logic for the subroutine is indicated

in the flowcharts of Figures 7, 8 , 9 and 10 which follow.

49

c STAKT ")

Loop over CPU types

for chis job

-&> f>-

NCPUS - number of Chi:

type required(from JEQREQ)

jAll CPU types selected go)\<5n to MTU assignment J

6

Loop over NCPUS-tuples ofCPU ID's in physical

location preference order

Select this

NCPUS-tuple "*- END

rCan't find CPU's to

assign for this typeso job can't be

\^ scheduled at JTIM^,

Loop over specific CPU

ID's in Chis NCPUS-tuple

V YES

Loop over all time periodsfor this job

Figure 7. INSERT (CPU selection)

50

G:ext select MTU' ")

Choose one of (.lie selected CPUS--1DCPU

NMTU - number of MTU ' s required(from JEQREQ)

<D

Loop over all S|.ecific MTU ID ' s

in s.ime room as IDCPU in

preference order relative to

IDCPU location

Loop over ill time

periods tor this job

Can't find MTU ' s to

assign so JOB can'tbe scheduled at JTIM

'. ES

NO

-> O-

Select the MTU

NMTU = NMTU - 1

Cli'U .election complete A-to on to TTY J

Figure 3. INSERT (MTU selection)

51

Gext select TTY1)

NTTY = number of TTY's required(from JEQREQ)

YES •0

YES

Loop over all specific TTY ID ' s

in same room as IDCPU in

preference order relative to

IDCPU location

YES

Loop over all time periodsfor this job

END t> t>-Select this TTYNTTY = NTTY - 1

H

NO

YES

TTY selection completego on to other equipment

NO

©Figure 9. INSERT (TTY selection:

52

Select all other equipment

LND

Loop over all other equip-ment types in JEQREQ

NEXT

(All equipment now selecte

NO

>—«3

—

Gf

NEQ = number required for

this equipment type

(from JEQREQ)

7

NEXT

Loop over all specific ID's

on the JEQREQ eligible list

for this equpment type

END

Loop over all time periodsfor this job

NEXT]

END

WRITE selected equipmentand time into schedule files

(return J

-e^Can't find enough of this

equipment type—JOB can t

be scheduled at JTIM

JOK =

C RETURNJ

Select this piece of equipment

NEQ = NEQ-1

YES

Figure 10. INSERT (select other equipment

53

4 . Remove Job from Schedule (REMOVE)

Sometimes the only way to schedule a job J is to remove

a different job K from the schedule to make room for J and

then to reschedule K in a different place. Subroutine REMOVE

will remove a job from the schedule and will update a JEQAVA

equipment availability array to reflect the schedule change.

Usually most of the candidates K for removal will not result

in a successful rescheduling, so the removal will be temporary

with K being put back in its original place before trying

another job K to move. To make the replacement easier, sub-

routine REMOVE will save the job time and equipment assignment

for job K in a temporary array called KSAVE; then replacement

will not require searching for available equipment.

The calling sequence is

CALL REMOVE (JOBK, KSAVE, JEQAVA, JTIM, JPERS , JOK)

where the input parameters are

JOBK = the job K to be removed from the schedule

JEQAVA = an equipment availability array to be updated

JTIM = the first time period represented in the equip-

ment availability array JEQAVA

54

JPERS = the number of time periods represented in the

equipment availability array JEQAVA

(Note that JTIM, JPERS, and JEQAVA usually

relate to the time where we are trying to

schedule job J. This overlaps with the time

where job K is currently scheduled, but the

times need not be identical .

)

The subroutine output is

KSAVE = all scheduled time and equipment assignments

for job K are saved here just in case we

might have to replace job K later

and

if the job JOBK was not found on the

schedule—thus cannot remove itJOK

1 if removal completed as requestedV

In addition the subroutine will delete the scheduled time and

equipment for job JOBK from the Schedule files.

The subroutine decision logic is straightforward and

is displayed in the flowchart of Figure 11.

55

JOBTIM = start time

JOBPER number periods for

JOBK. Save these

in KSAVE array

Compute overlap between the time

periods for JOBK and the time

periods for JEQAVA as the

interval from Jl to J2

END

Loop over all equipmentassigned to JOBK

(from Schedule File)

NEXT

JOK = 1

Save this equipment assignmentin KSAVE array

END

Loop over time periodsfrom Jl to J2

NEXT

^-

IDelete time and

equipmentassignments in

Schedule files for JOBK

( RETURNJ

Increment availability in JEQAVAfor this equipment in this

time period

Figure 11. REMOVE subroutine

56

5 . Replace Job in Schedule (REPLAC)

Suppose that an attempt to schedule job J by removing

job K from the schedule has been made and has failed. Before

proceeding to other attempts at scheduling J we should replace

K in its previous place in the schedule. Since nothing else

has changed, the previous time and equipment assignments (in KSAVE)

are still valid, so we can bypass all the searching in sub-

routine INSERT and simply put job K back in its old place.

Subroutine REPLAC accomplishes this and updates the equipment

availability. It is assumed that no other changes have been

made since a previous REMOVE operation.

The calling sequence is

CALL REPLAC (JOBK, KSAVE, JEQAVA, JTIM, JPERS)

where the input parameters are

JOBK = the job to be replaced

KSAVE = temporary array where the schedule information

for JOBK is stored

JEQAVA = equipment availability array to be updated

JTIM = first time period represented in JEQAVA

JPERS = number of time periods represented in JEQAVA

57

The only subroutine output is that Schedule files will be updated

to reflect the scheduled time and equipment for JOBK. The

subroutine is essentially the reverse of REMOVE. Decision logic

is given in Figure 12.

6 . Compute Number of Time Periods (PERIOD)

The scheduling method described in this report assumes

that the week for which the schedule is constructed is divided

into a number of distinct, sequentially numbered time periods.

They need not be of equal length. Each scheduling request

includes a list of acceptable starting times and a job duration.

For different starting times, the number of periods affected

by a job may differ. Thus it is necessary to determine the

number of periods affected since the process of determining

whether a job will fit at a given starting time involves

examining each of the affected periods to determine if sufficient

equipment is available.

The program described in Chapter V uses a subroutine

called PERIOD to determine the number of periods involved for

a given start time and job duration. It assumes that the

result is less than or equal to four periods.

58

START

JOBTIM = start time

JOBPER = number periodsfor JOBK fromKSAVE

Compute overlap between the time periodsfor JOBK and the time periods for JEQAVA

as the interval from Jl to J2

END

Loop over all equipmentassigned to JOBK

(from KSAVE)

NEXT

Write time and equipmentassignments for JOBK into

Schedule files

END

Loop over time periodsfrom Jl to J2

NEXT

RETURN

Decrement availabilityin JEQAVA of this equipment

in this time period

Fiqure 12 REPLAC subroutine

59

D . Decision Logic for the Scheduling Program

The subroutines of the preceding section perform the

basic bookkeeping functions of scheduling. What remains is to

define a control program— the scheduling program—which generates

alternatives to try, schedules jobs when these alternatives

work, and interacts with a human scheduler at the control desk

at appropriate times

.

The basic principle of operation for the scheduling

program is to step through many alternative combinations of time

and equipment until it finds a feasible combination. The power

of the computer is that it can accurately and rapidly repeat

this rather simple minded alternative testing for far more

alternatives than a human could process. The weakness of the

computer is that it will test only the alternatives it is pro-

grammed to generate. It is quite likely that some schedule

combinations that seem almost intuitively best for humans will

be missed entirely by the machine. Thus we propose a system

in which the computer interacts with a human operator to try

to achieve the best features of each.

In this section we concentrate on the logic of the

computer program. The next section will discuss interaction

between the program and the human.

1 . Generation of Alternatives

In a schedule building operation which processes jobs

in a given job request sequence, the typical problem is to

60

find a place for the next job, J, in the sequence in an already

partly completed schedule. There are many alternative times

and equipment selections which should be tried, and generally

several of these alternatives may be feasible. Our program will

use the expressed preferences of the job request submitter

to generate alternatives in a preferred order, and will select

the first feasible alternative found.

The simplest step in generating alternatives is to

try all combinations of acceptable configurations, acceptable

times, and eligible equipment to see if the job, J, will fit

at any acceptable place in the existing schedule. This can be

done quickly and accurately by the computer by calling subroutine

INSERT for each acceptable combination of time and configuration.

Arranging the trials in preference order on configurations

and times will guarantee that the first feasible combination

found is the best possible.

A more complicated set of alternatives arises when

we consider modifying the existing schedule to make room for

the new job. One way of doing this is to (temporarily) remove

an already scheduled job K from the schedule. If this makes

enough room to schedule job J, then we hope to find room

elsewhere for job K. If job J still doesn't fit, then a

different K can be tried. If eventually a K is found such

that both jobs fit back into the schedule, then the modifica-

tion has been successful. If no such K is found, then since

J is lower in the processing sequence then any already scheduled

job K, J must be left unscheduled or we must try some other

alternatives

.

61

Other more complex schedule modifications can be imagined,

for example,

a) Move two adjacent jobs K and L to make room for job J

and then try to put K and L back into the schedule

elsewhere

b) Move job K to make room for job J. Then move job L

so K can be put back into the schedule. Finally try to

put L back into the schedule elsewhere.

2 . Flowchart

In Figures 13, 14 and 15, we specify the decision logic

for the direct scheduling (J only) and single job schedule

modification (J&K) discussed above. The logic could easily be

expanded to incorporate other alternatives

.

62

All jobs processed&"\ schedule complete

Returncontrol

to human

Get job request information for job J

from file. JPERS = // periods

GN

AEND

Loop over all possibleconfigurations JCN'FG for job

I EXT

Get equipment requirementsfor configuration JCNFG

CALL GETEQ (JCNFG, JEQREQ)

NEXT

Loop over all acceptabletimes JTRYTM for job J

in preference order

[END

Get equipment availability

CALL EQAVAL (JTRYTM, JPERS, JEQAUA)

Try job J at time JTRYTM

CALL INSERT(J, JTRYTM, JPERS, JCNFG.

JEQREQ, JEQAVA. 1, JOK)

NO YES

^ / Tried everything—can't get

job J into schedule—callfor human help, then

V

©

This configuration JCNFG

for job J won ' t fit into"&\ schedule without moving

something else— go try it

©

job J is scheduled,f^ I pause for human OK,

then do next job

'igure 13. SCHEDULER

63

Now try removingjob K to make room for J

Loop over all acceptabletimes JTRYTM for job J

in preference order

NEXT END

Can't find anywayto schedule J usingthis configuration-go try the next one

*Q

Get equipment availabilityCALL EQAVAL (JTRYTM, JPERS, JEQAVA)

END nextL^Loop over all jobs K

which are running at

time JTRYTM(Schedule cross reference file)

Replace job K back where

it was removed

CALL REPLAC(K, KSAVE, JEQAVi

JTRYTM, JPERS)

Remove job K from scheduleCALL REMOVE (K, KSAVE, JEC^5/A, JTRYTM, JPERS, JOK)

Try to insert job J

CALL INSERT (J, JTRYTM, JPERS, JCNFG,JEQREQ, JEQAVA, 1, JOK)

NO

Job J inserted, now

must find a newplace for job K ©

Figure 13. SCHEDULER (continued;

64

Try to find a newplace for job K

VGet job request information for job K

from file, KPERS = // periods

Loop over all configurationsKCNFG for job K

NEXTf END -^^-

Unable to get K

back into schedule

in any way -

Get equipment requirementfor this configuration

CALL GETEQ (KCNFG, KEQREQ)

END

ITake J back out and

try a different K

CALL REMOVEU, J SAVE, JEQAVA,

JTRYTM, JPERS, JOK)

Loop over all acceptabletimes KTRYTM for job K in

preference order

NEXT,

©

Get equipment availability

CALL EQAVA (KTRYTM, KPERS, KEQAVA)

ITry to put K into schedule

CALL INSERT (K, KTRYTM, KPERS, FCNFG,

KEQREQ, KEQAVA, 1, KOK)

.10 YESJ and K are now both

cheduled-pause for humanOK then do next job O

FIGURE 13. SCHEDULER (continued;

65

E. Interaction With Human Scheduler

In this section we discuss the ways in which the human

scheduler might interact with the scheduling program. His inter-

action with the system as a whole has been discussed already in

Section II-D and we will consider here only the followng two

topics

:

(a) The interaction of the human and the scheduling

program during the initial scheduling process,

(b) interaction after the schedule has been produced.

The general concept in the scheduling system is that the

human scheduler should be in control of the system and that the

scheduling program should serve as an aid in producing and

revising the schedules. We want the human scheduler to have

the option of suggesting possible changes that the computer can

evaluate and of modifying the computer produced schedule if he

wishes to do so.

1 . Initial Schedule Preparation

During the actual scheduling process the scheduler will

interact with the program in several ways . These include the

following preliminary steps just before running the scheduling

program:

a) scanning the data files to check for completeness, obvious

errors , ...

b) manually preordering jobs if desired

c) removing from the equipment availability list any equipment

known to be down for the next week

.

66

We envision the program running in an interactive mode whereby

the scheduler is notified when the program is unable to schedule

any job, say J. Upon such notification the scheduler would have

several options available, first to collect information, then to

take action if desired. In a computer based system such as this

we cannot expect that the scheduler will have too much insight

into subtle changes that might improve the schedule. The reason

for this is that the scheduler will no longer be working directly

with the job requests as he does now on the scheduling board

where he gains insight into possible schedule modifications

.

In the absence of this insight, the challenge in system design

is to make the system responsive to a variety of questions he

might wish to ask.

Listed below are several information requests to which the

system should be responsive when queried by the scheduler. We

envision that the scheduler would ask these questions before

suggesting any schedule modifications to the computer program,

and that asking these questions would cause no change in the

existing partial schedule.

(i) Requests for information

a) Display the existing schedule:

-jobs scheduled in each time period

-equipment assigned to each job.

This request can be fulfilled simply by reading and

displaying information contained in the existing

schedule files.

67

b) Display job request information for job J includin.

-identification

-sequence number

-configuration (s) requested

-times requested

-number of hours requested

This request can also be satisfied by displaying

information contained in existing files.

c) List all times when job J could be scheduled

without deleting jobs already scheduled. (Assumin

that an attempt has already been made to schedule

job J, these times must be currently designated

as unacceptable for J or else the job would

already have been scheduled.)

This request would be satisfied by calling on the

subroutine INSERT and simply noting whether the

variable JOK in that routine is (job cannot be

inserted) or 1 (job can be inserted) . A provision

would have to be made in INSERT to prevent its

changing variables when JOK = 1 since this is an

information request only. The variable JACTN =

serves this purpose

.

68

d) What equipment shortage prevents job j from

being scheduled beginning at time t, and what

other jobs are assigned equipment of that type

at the same time?

This information can be obtained from INSERT since if

INSERT fails it is because an equipment shortage has

been identified. A provision would be necessary to

record all shortages instead of simply exiting

from INSERT when the first shortage is identified.

The system's response to item (b) might indicate some

currently unacceptable times at which job J could be scheduled.

The scheduler could contact that programmer and determine if any

of those times could be used. If so, job J could be scheduled.

If not, more subtle changes will have to be made or else job J

will remain unscheduled.

The system's response to (c) will inform the scheduler

regarding conflicts which prevent job J from being inserted at

its requested times. If sufficient reason exists for doing so,

the scheduler might later force job J into the schedule and a

conflicting job, say K, out. Notice that if this is done, it

will be impossible to find an acceptable time for job K without

further schedule changes since all such interchanges between J

and K would already have been tried by the scheduling program.

What has not been tried is removing two jobs simultaneously,

say K and L and then trying to reinsert them elsewhere although

69

this option could easily be included in the scheduling program.

After asking any of these questions the scheduler

should have available the following alternatives.

(ii) Requests for action

a) do nothing and let the program continue,

b) extend the list of acceptable times for any job,

c) specify alternate configurations for any job,

d) reorder the job processing sequence

e) initiate a new run (after b, c, or d)

,

f) force job J into the schedule at time t and

remove other specified jobs . (The program

would determine which jobs to remove if job J

were moved to the top of the processing list

and a new run initiated.)

If the scheduler chooses not to intervene during the scheduling

process he would still have the above options available upon

completion of the computer run. Of course, in this case if all

the jobs were successfully scheduled as requested he would probab

make no changes, but if some jobs are not scheduled the

scheduler would probably want to try some alternatives to see if

the remaining jobs can somehow be inserted into the schedule.

70

2 . Schedule Revision

After the schedule is completed and published there are

several events that would necessitate a change in it. These

include

:

a) the unanticipated arrival of an urgent job whose priority

demands that it be scheduled at a certain time;

b) equipment breakdown;

c) a job withdrawal.

While the first of these events should be very rare, its

occurrence will cause concellation of some job or jobs. Such

jobs will normally be treated as new arrivals and placed in the

pending request file if no alternate time is found. However,

if the scheduler chooses to do so, he can insert the displaced

job in any new time period he desires . This action can cause

further displacements and such cascading should not be allowed

to propagate too far since it would be very disruptive.

The breakdown of any scheduled equipment near to run time

will cause the cancellation of some job unless a reassignment

of equipment is possible. If this is not possible and cancellation

occurs, the scheduler should be able to use the scheduling

program to search for alternative times in which the cancelled

job could be scheduled. The cancelled job would be treated as

a new request and would remain in the PENDING REQUEST file if

no time is found for it. In exceptional cases, it could be

rescheduled at the expense of other jobs.

71

Whenever a job is cancelled or voluntarily withdrawn

from the schedule there is a possibility that some job in the

PENDING REQUEST file can then be scheduled. The search through

the PENDING REQUEST file for such a job could be initiated

automatically or by a request from the scheduler.

72

V. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM AND RESULTS

In this chapter we discuss the FORTRAN program which was

written to test the scheduling method proposed in this report.

This program was designed only as a test mechanism and is not

intended for implementation in its current form although it

should serve as a useful model from which a final version can

be prepared.

The overall logic of the program has already been dis-

cussed in Chapter IV and in this chapter we will confine our

attention to a discussion of how this version differs from the

version intended for implementation, a description of the data

arrays used in this program, and the input required.

The scheduling method was tested by obtaining a typical

week's scheduling requests from FCDSSA (week of 1 Nov. 76) and

producing a schedule from them. In this chapter we also

describe how the FCDSSA data was translated into a suitable

input format for the program, and we will describe briefly

the results of that experiment.

A. Differences Between the Test Program and A Version

for Implementation

The test program described here differs from the version

envisioned for implementation in the following ways

:

a) the test program was written as a stand-alone program residing

entirely in core memory.

73

The program is not interactive, thus no provision has been

made for the scheduler to obtain information from it of the

type discussed in Chapter IV, Section E and no way is provide

for him to influence the schedule produced. The variable

JACTN is not included in the test program.

c) The data files described in Chapter III of this report

were replaced in this program by data arrays in core.

d) The test program assigns specific equipment only for MTU ' s

,

TTY's, and CPU's. The other types of equipment are not

assigned to specifically identify individual pieces of

equipment. Each type is simply allocated on the basis of

numerical availability without regard for its specific ID

or location.

74

B. Description of Test Program Data Arrays

Listed below are the data arrays used in the test program

and a description of their contents.

The arrays occurring in MAIN are:

1. IEQ4JB (200,40): This array called "equipment for job" allows

space for 200 jobs and twenty types of equipment. For each

job, the entries in that row are in pairs:

...[equip ID, number of pieces] 20 pairs.

The entry specifies the ID number for some equipment as well

as the number of pieces of that equipment assigned to this job.

The information here corresponds to item p of the Current Week

File in Chapter III.

2. ITM4JB (200,2): This array is called "time for job" and contains

for each job start time assigned to the job and the number of

periods occupied by the job. This information would be con-

tained in the Current Week File described in Chapter III.

3. JB4TM (42,20): The "job for time" array contains 42 rows, one

for each time period. In each row the 20 elements are job ID '

s

corresponding to jobs scheduled at that time. A job ID will

appear if the job is scheduled to begin at that time or if the

job began earlier but overlaps into that time. This corresponds

to the Schedule Cross Reference File of Chapter III.

7 5

4. NEQUIP (60): The "number of equipment" array contain the

total number of pieces of equipment available for each of

60 distinct types. This corresponds to the Equipment File

described in Chapter III.

5. IEQ4CG (60,40): This array "equipment for configuration"

contains the definition of the equipment configuration for as

many as 60 configurations. The data elements for each con-

figuration are in pairs

:

. . . [equip ID, number of pieces]

The dimension 40 allows for as many as twenty pairs or twenty

equipment types. This information corresponds to that in

the Configuration File of Chapter III.

ISP4JB (200,49): The "specific equipment for job" array

contains space for the ID's of the specific equipment assigned

to each of 200 jobs. The test program assigns only TTY, MTU

and CPU equipment by specific identifier. There are 49 such

pieces of equipment. The assignment of specific equipment

ID's was a feature added after the basic version of the

scheduling program was completed. In the basic version

equipment was allocated only the basis of numerical avail-

ability . This corresponds to item p of the Current Week

File of Chapter III.

76

7. JBINFO (200,10): This array contains job information for

each of 200 jobs. The information is:

1. JSEQ, job sequence number.

2. JNAME alpha job name.

3. NCNFG, number of acceptable configurations for this job.

4. JHRS, number of hours requested

5. JNTM1 , number of acceptable start times.

6

.

Not used

7.-10. Configuration numbers for this job listed

in preference order.

This information corresponds to that in the Pending Weekly

Request File of Chapter III.

8. JBTIME (200,42): The "job time" array gives the ordered list

of as many as 42 acceptable times listed in preference order

for each of 200 jobs. The number of entries is JNTM1

.

This information is the same as item I of the Pending

Weekly Request file of Chapter III.

9. NCFG (200): An array used only to store configuration numbers

thfor later printing. The j element is the configuration

number used when scheduling job J. Corresponds to the

information in g of the Pending Weekly Request File of

Chapter III.

10. JEQAVA (60,4): This array called "J equipment available"

records the number of pieces of equipment available for each

of the 60 types for the next four time periods beginning at

the time period currently under consideration for job J.

77

11. JEQREQ (40): For the job designated J the "J equipment

required" array stores up to 20 pairs of

...[equip ID, number required] ...

12. KEQAVA (60,4): Similar to JEQAUA.

13. KEQREQ (40): Similar to JEQREQ.

14. JSPAVA (60,4): This array records the specific equipment

available for each of 60 types and four time periods.

15. KSPAVA: Similar to JSPAVA

16. JSAVE (91) : This is a temporary array used to store

information about the scheduling arrangements for job J.

The array is used when job J is temporarily withdrawn from

the schedule. If replacement is required it can be done

quickly using JSAVE. The information is

1

.

The scheduled time

.

2. The number of periods affected.

3. 20 pairs of [equip ID, Number assigned]

.

4. 49 numbers requesting the ID ' s of the specific equip-

ment assigned to job J.

17. KSAVE (91): Similar to JSAVE.

15. JTIMS (42); The "J times" array holds the acceptable times

for the current job, job J, in preference order. The data

contained here duplicates the information contained in one

row of JBTIME. The original concept was that information

73

on all the jobs would be stored peripherally (JBTIME) and

the data for the current job would be brought into core as

needed (JTIM)

.

19. KTIM (42): Similar to JTIM.

The arrays occurring only in the subroutine SPECIF are:

1. LOOK (17) : This array is used as an address array. It stores

an address which tells where to begin looking in the ISPEC

array for the ID ' s of singles, pairs, triples and quadruples

of CPU's.

2. ISPEC (776): The locations of the CPU's available in

C&S 1 and CSS 2 were examined and groups of compatible

CPU's for type A and B computers were identified. The ID

memoers for groups of 1, 2, 3, 4 were listed in the array

ISPEC in decreasing order of desirability beginning with

C&S 2A. Following that were the lists for C&S 2B C&S 1A

and C&S IB computers. If more than four CPU's are needed,

their ID ' s are found by looking through the list of single

CPU's until the correct number of available units is found.

If the desired number is not available, the job is not

scheduled

.

3. ISPTTY (24,8) : This array holds the specific teletype ID'S

which are desirable for use with each CPU. For each of the

24 CPU's this array contains as many as eight ID ' s corres-

ponding to compatible TTY ' s listed in descending order of

desirability

.

79

ISPMTU (24, 8) : Similar to ISPTTY except this array holds

MTU ID ' s .

5. NCPU (2): This array holds the ID for a CPU specifically

assigned in C&S 1 or C&S 2 for the job currently under

consideration. It is used to reference the arrays ISPTTY

and ISPMTU.

C . Description of Time Periods in Scheduling Program

The test version of the scheduling program described

here assumes that the scheduling week is divided into 4 2 time

periods . Each day is divided into six periods whose boundaries

are the times: 0000, 0400, 0700, 1200, 1600, 2000, 0000 .

Period 1 is Monday from 0000 to 0400, and they are numbered con-

secutively thereafter.

The subroutine PERIOD is called for each scheduling

request to determine the number of periods which that job will

overlap if it begins at the time currently being requested and

continues for the number of hours required. The subroutine

assumes the number of periods affected is four or fewer.

80

D. Input Data Required for Scheduling Program

The input data required for the scheduling program is

described in general terms in this section. The exact data

formats can be determined by examining the program listing.

For each job the following information is required:

a) A unique ID number <_ 200. The program currently

processes the jobs in the order input, but provision

is made in the program (see comments) for other

orderings if desired.

b) A job name.

c) The number of acceptable configurations <_ 4 .

d) The number of hours requested.

e) The number of acceptable times 42.

f) A list of the acceptable configurative numbers.

g) An ordered list of acceptable times

.

In addition to the data for the individual jobs, the data describing

the configurations must be available. This includes:

a) The number of configurations

b) (equip ID, number) in pairs for each configuration.

Up to 20 pairs are allowed.

Date describing the equipment available must be available

including:

a) The number of equipment types.

b) The number of pieces available for each type.

81

The existing test program handles only three specific

types of equipment TTY ' s , MTU ' s and CPU's. Data is required (in

subroutine SPECIF) regarding the preference order in which these

pieces of equipment are assigned. This data is currently read

in as a BLOCK DATA subroutine

.

Section V-F describes the method of assigning specific

equipment

.

E . Description of Test Problem

Data for a typical week's scheduling requests (1 Nov 1976)

was obtained from FCDSSA and prepared as input to the test

program.

The first step was to assign a specific ID number to each

piece of equipment that is involved in the schedule. Table 1

shows the ID numbers assigned

.

The next task was to translate the individual job re-

quests into the required input format. The result of this can be

seen most easily by looking at the output section of the computer

program, but some explanation is needed. For example, job

number 1 was a maintenance job requesting one configuration,

seven hours at one acceptable time . It requested configurations

3 and time 1. Jobs 2-5 were also maintenance jobs.

Some guesswork was necessary in translating the job

requests since we are not familiar with the needs of the individu<

programmers. For example, the request from ASIS-05 was interpret*

82

TABLE 1. Equipment Numbers as Used in Test Program

EQUIP

It NAME AVAIL

1 Computer A CSS 2 (a 1 s) 7

2 Computer B CiS 2 (a's) 7

3 Computer A C&S 1 (#s) 5

4 Computer B C&S 1 Us) 6

5 Mag Tape RD-24 3 10

6 Mag Tape RD-294 2

7 Mag Tape RD-281 4

3 Mock-up NTDS 1 1

9 Mock-up NTDS 2 1

10 Mock-up NTDS 3 1

11 Mock-up NTDS 4 1

12 Mock-up NTDS 4a 1

13 Mock-up NTDS 5 1

14 Mock-up NTDS 6 1

15 Mock-up NTDS 7 1

16 Mock-up NTDS 7a 1

17 Mock-up NTDS 8 1

18 Mock-up PC E 1

19 CATCC1 1

20 ATDS 1,2 1

21 ASIS 1 1

22 DD963 1

23 Ref Mem Unit 6

24 Simulators EW1 1

25 Simulators LMS 1

26 Simulators SM 319 (1-5) 5

27 Simulators SM 319 (6-10) 5

28 Simulators SM 319 (11,12) 2

29 Simulators 441 (13-19) 7

Table 1. Continued.

NAME AVAIL

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

7

9

5

3

1

1

5

1

6

1

20

1

30 Comm. USQ - 59 (1)

31 Comm. USQ - 59 (2)

32 Comm. USQ - 36 (3)

33 Comm

.

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34 Comm. SSQ - 29 (5)

35 Comm. SSQ - 29 (6)

36 Comm

.

CP - 800

37 Comm. SSW - 1A, 1C

38 Comm. KG 22

39 Radar , Live

40 Perif : Vid Proc

41 MK 9/11

42 WCP

43 BUP

44 KCMX

45 PES( )

46 PES( )

47 KSC

48 RO-280

49 1532/1232

5 RP-161

51 ECMU

52 Additional UYK-7

53 UYK-20

54 UYA-5

55 TTY

56 DUMMY (ASIS-05)

34

as a request for seven blocks of four hours each at any of 10 times.

This was broken into seven separate requests (numbered 52-58)

and to prevent any two from occurring simultaneously we defined

a dummy piece of equipment (#56, one available), needed by each

job. Other requests were also broken into several separate

requests. Jobs 66 and 67 are both named SAIL and indicate that

four hours is requested Tuesday or Wednesday afternoon and four

hours on Thursday or Friday.

Associated with each of these job requests is a configuration

number. The configurations are defined in the data input and are

printed out for easy reference.

F . Assignment of Specific Equipment

The initial version of this test program assigned equip-

ment to jobs on the basis of numerical (and temporal) availability

only. The modified version, discussed in this chapter, goes

one step farther and deals with individual pieces of equipment

when assigning CPU's, TTY ' s and MTU ' s . This section discusses

the method used in assigning this specific equipment.

The reason for dealing with specific equipment in these

three categories is that not all possible configuration are

spatially convenient and it is necessary to select groups of

equipment which will be acceptable to the users. For the other

types of equipment, spatial location is not as critical and that

85

equipment is not dealt with in the same detail as CPU's, TTY '

s

and MTU ' s . When the schedule is published, or at least when the

equipment is hooked-up, it will be necessary to select specific

prices of equipment for assignment to the individual jobs. If

any of the other equipment is critical because of its compatibili

or incompatibility with other equipment, it can be assigned by

the scheduling program in the same way CPU's, TTY's and MTU '

s

are assigned. But if no constraints exist of the compatibility

of other equipment, any piece will do, and it is unnecessary to

go to additional effort to select it during the scheduling

process

.

When dealing with a job, say job J, the program first

gets the basic data for that job. This includes the times and

configuration (s) requested by the job and its duration. The firs

step is to call the subroutine GETEQ and examine the configuratio

file to determine the type and quantity of equipment requested.

Next the subroutine PERIOD is called to compute the number of

periods which would be affected by this job if it is assigned

to the starting time currently being considered. The subroutine

EOAVAL determines the total amount of equipment available in

each of the periods (up to 4) affected by the job and plans

in the results in the arrays JEQAVA and JSPAVA. When INSERT is

called a comparison is made to determine if enough equipment

is available to accommodate this job. This check is on the

basis of numerical availability only. If this test fails, the

program moves to the next time, configuration or job. If

86

successful, a check must still be made on the availability of

compatible CPU's, TTY ' s and MTU ' s . This is done in subroutine

SPECIFIC.

SPECIFIC first examines the CPU's (equipment ID numbers

1, 2, 3 and 4) . Suppose 3 C&S 2A computers are required. The

array LOOK is used to store an address in the array ISPEC where

a list of compatible triples of C&S 2A computers begins. The

array ISPEC is accessed at that point and if the first three

C&S 2A computers are available, they are assigned by changing

the array ISP4JB . If not, the next three on the list are examined.

Assuming the desired number of CPU's is available in an

acceptable group, the program goes on to examine TYY ' s and MTU ' s

.

If no acceptable group of CPU's is found the program returns to

INSERT then to MAIN to try the next time, configuration, or job.

No attempt is made to rearrange existing assignments of specific

equipment even though we know adequate numbers of CPU's are avail-

able or we would not have entered SPECIF.

All the CPU's in C&S 1 and C&S 2 were examined in preparing

the lists of single , doubles, triples, and quadruples appearing

in the array ISPEC. Personnel at FCDSSA should examine these

lists to determine if the preference ordering we assigned is

suitable from the user's point of view. This data appears in

the program listing as ELOCK DATA called ISPEC. The beginning

address in ISPEC for various groups can be found in LOOK as

shown below in Table 2.

87

Table 2. Correspondence between Addresses in

ISPEC and groups of computers.

[Address in ISPEC) -1 Type Number of Computers

L00K(1) _ CSS 2A 1 (singles

)

(2) = 7 ess 2A 2 (doubles)

(3) = 49 ess 2A 3 (triples)

(4) = 154 CSS 2A 4 (quadruples)

(5) = 294 CsS 2B 1 (singles)

(6) = 301 CSS 2B 2 (doubles)

(7) = 343 ess 2B 3 (triples)

(8) = 448 ess 2B 4 (quadruples)

(9) = 588 ess 1A 1 (singles)

(10) = 592 CSS 1A 2 (doubles)

(11) = 604 CsS 1A 3 (triples)

(12) = 616 CSS 1A 4 (quadruples)

(13) = 620 CsS IB 1 (singles

)

(14) = 626 c&s IB 2 (doubles)

(15) = 656 ess IB 3 (triples)

(16) = 716 CSS IB 4 (quadruples)

(17) = 776 dummy addr ess

88

If more than four computers are required, the subroutine

abandons the idea of selecting compatible groups and simply reads

down the list of singles until an adequate number of CPU's is found

When assigning specific TTY ' s and MTU ' s the program begins

by referencing a CPU already assigned (if any) and selects TTY '

s

or MTU ' s compatible with that CPU. This is done for TTY ' s by read-

ing in the array ISPTTY where for each CPU there is listed, in

decreasing order of desirability, the acceptable TTY units. For

MTU ' s the list is found in ISPMTU. In each case , assuming adequate

numbers of TTY ' s and MTU ' s are found, they are assigned to the

current job. If it is found that insufficient TTY ' s or MTU's are

available, the program deletes all previously assigned equipment

(e.g. CPU's) before returning to INSERT with a failure indication,

JOK = .

G. Summary of Results from Test Problems

The results of the test problem can be clearly seen by

examining the computer output in Appendix A.

Ninety-one jobs were examined, 173 individual attempts at

job insertion were made; 5 4 of these were attempts at replacing

a job (K) when temporarily displaced by another job (J) lower on

the processing list. In the course of the scheduling, 78 job

removals were attempted. Of the ninety-one jobs only four were

39

left unscheduled. Three of these had allowed only one acceptable

time which conflicted with another job requesting some of the same

equipment. No amount of shuffling would have found a feasible

solution. It is in this kind of situation that the human scheduler

could use his knowledge of the programmer's needs to extend the

list of acceptable job times, to modify the configuration, reduce

the duration requested, or make some other accommodation. The

other unscheduled job had specified three acceptable times and

the reasons it remained unscheduled are a little more subtle, but

again the human, if presented with the appropriate information,

might be able to resolve the problem.

90

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary

In this report we have presented the design for an inter-

active scheduling program as a part of an overall system, which

includes NTDS equipment status reporting, equipment scheduling,

and, eventually, automatic hookup via the High Speed Digital

Switch. This design includes file definitions, proposals for

file management, program modules, and detailed flowcharts for

the decision logic in the crucial scheduling module.

In addition, a prototype scheduling program has been

written using the proposed design and tested on the actual job

requests for a typical week. The results indicate that a stand-

alone computer program can do a good job of scheduling, and we

anticipate that the addition of an interactive capability would

allow the human scheduler to further improve these results

using the scheduling program.

B . Major Tasks Remaining Before Implementation

Several steps are required to implement the automatic

scheduling system described here. The steps presented are

arranged to minimize the impact on the users and will cause very

little change in their routines until a workable system can

be demonstrated.

91

The major steps required are:

1. Define and establish the configuration file.

2. Modify the job request format so that users specify their

requests in terms of

-configuration numbers

-preferred times

.

3. Concurrent with Steps 1 and 2, program and debug a useable

version of the scheduling program.

4. Upon the completion of Steps 1 and 2, the user's requests

are coming to the schedule with the appropriate information

for input to the scheduling program. The information must

be input into the SCHEDULE REQUEST FILE for use by the

scheduling program.

The actual scheduling process is of no importance to the

user and the transition from manual scheduling to the scheduli

program can be made at this point without affecting the user.

Any difficulties which arise are the concern of the schedule

not the users . In this sense any problems are confined and

will not cause widespread disruption in FCDSSA.

5. Make any necessary modifications to the scheduling program

based on the experience gained in Step 4

.

6. Expand the system to allow users to input directly to

SCHEDULE REQUEST file and to interrogate the system for

scheduling information.

7

.

Incorporate maintenance information via the EQUIPMENT file

into the scheduling system.

8. Interconnect the scheduling system with HSDS

.

92

APPENDIX A

EQUIPMENT SCHEDULING PROGRAM

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