NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of Commercial Lighting Final Report Prepared for IPART February 2013
NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Review of Commercial Lighting
Final Report
Prepared for IPART
February 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................5
Chapter2. CompliancewithLightingDesignStandards...............................................................7 2.1. Background.....................................................................................................................................................7 2.2. IntroductiontoAS/NZS1680....................................................................................................................7 2.3. CurrentESSApproachtoCompliance.....................................................................................................8 2.4. DevelopmentofanImprovedApproach................................................................................................9 2.4.1. Multi‐TieredApproach.................................................................................................................................................9 2.4.2. RequirementsforMediumandLargeProjects...............................................................................................11 2.4.3. RequirementsforSmallProjects...........................................................................................................................13
2.5. ApplicationsnotCoveredAdequatelybyAS/NZS1680.................................................................14 2.5.1. SpecialisedApplicationswithDesignStandardotherthanAS/NZS1680.........................................14 2.5.2. InteriorApplicationsforwhichthereisnotaClearDesignStandard.................................................15 2.5.3. ApplicationsthatdonotFitanyofthePreviousCategories.....................................................................15
2.6. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................16
Chapter3. AppropriatelyQualifiedPersons..................................................................................17 3.1. LightingCourses.........................................................................................................................................17 3.2. LightingQualificationsandProfessionalEthics...............................................................................19 3.3. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................20
Chapter4. PerformanceofLightingTechnologies.......................................................................21 4.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................21 4.2. CurrentApproach.......................................................................................................................................21 4.3. Introductionto“SolutionElements”....................................................................................................23 4.4. SolutionElement–EliminatetheEmergingTechnologiesCategory.........................................23 4.5. SolutionElement–InstallationPermanence....................................................................................24 4.6. SolutionElement–TechnologySpecifications..................................................................................25 4.6.1. ConventionalTechnologies......................................................................................................................................26 4.6.2. Downlights.......................................................................................................................................................................27 4.6.3. EmergingTechnologies..............................................................................................................................................29 4.6.4. SummaryofRecommendations–TechnologySpecifications.................................................................32
4.7. SolutionElement–LaboratoryTestingtoProveClaimedPerformance..................................33 4.7.1. DiscussionandRecommendations.......................................................................................................................33 4.7.2. TestMethods...................................................................................................................................................................34 4.7.3. LaboratoryTestingofLampCircuitPower......................................................................................................35 4.7.4. SampleSizes....................................................................................................................................................................36 4.7.5. RecognisedLaboratories...........................................................................................................................................37 4.7.6. CredibilityofTestReports........................................................................................................................................37 4.7.7. CheckTesting..................................................................................................................................................................37 4.7.8. LeveragingfromExistingCertificationSchemes...........................................................................................37
4.8. SolutionElement‐ProofofMEPSRegistration................................................................................38 4.9. SolutionElement‐WarranteeandCompatibilityRequirements...............................................38 4.10. SolutionElement‐ApprovalperModelRatherthanperACP...................................................39 4.11. SolutionElement‐OutsourceDesignApprovalandProductApproval.................................40 4.12. SolutionElement‐ProveEmergingTechnologyPerformancePost‐Installation................41 4.13. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.......................................................................42
Chapter5. SafetyandEMCRequirements.......................................................................................43 5.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................43 5.2. BackgroundInformation.........................................................................................................................43 5.2.1. NSW‐ElectricalSafetyLegislation–AppliancesandEquipment.........................................................43 5.2.2. Victoria‐ElectricalSafetyLegislation–AppliancesandEquipment...................................................46 5.2.3. NSW‐ElectricalSafetyofInstallation.................................................................................................................46
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5.2.4. Victoria‐ElectricalSafetyofInstallation..........................................................................................................46 5.2.5. ERAC...................................................................................................................................................................................47 5.2.6. Report‐ReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologies................................................49 5.2.7. EMC......................................................................................................................................................................................50
5.3. Discussion.....................................................................................................................................................51 5.4. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................51
Chapter6. OtherIssues.........................................................................................................................52 6.1. ExtendedOperatingHours......................................................................................................................52 6.2. ApplicationoftheBCAinNSW...............................................................................................................52 6.3. CalculationofEnergySavings.................................................................................................................53 6.4. SummaryofRecommendationsfromthisChapter.........................................................................53
AppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware...............................................................54 A.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................54 A.2. ExampleofSoftware:Relux....................................................................................................................59 A.2.1. RoomCharacteristics..................................................................................................................................................59 A.2.2. LuminaireCharacteristics........................................................................................................................................60 A.2.3. LightCalculation...........................................................................................................................................................61 A.2.4. SoftwareOutputandFirstApproximationofCompliance........................................................................62
LIST OF FIGURES Figure1–lightingdesignandverificationformediumandlargeprojects(optionalforsmallprojects)..........................12 Figure2–typicalefficaciesofconventionallamptechnologies(source:testingcommissionedbyBeletichAssociates).....................................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Figure3–Roomcharacteristics...........................................................................................................................................................................59 Figure4‐Surfacecharacteristics........................................................................................................................................................................60 Figure5‐Thornluminairesplacedontheofficeplan...............................................................................................................................60 Figure6‐Lightcalculationsettings...................................................................................................................................................................61 Figure7‐Manualsettingofmaintenancefactor..........................................................................................................................................61 Figure8‐Isoluxassessment.................................................................................................................................................................................62 Figure9–Technicalreport....................................................................................................................................................................................62 Figure10‐PositioningofanobserverforUGRcontrol............................................................................................................................63 Figure11‐UGRintheobserver’sfieldofview.............................................................................................................................................64
LIST OF TABLES Table1–projecttiersandrequirementsforlightingdesign/verification.......................................................................................10 Table2–IESANZaccreditedcourses.................................................................................................................................................................17 Table3–otherIESANZcourses(Enlightenment).......................................................................................................................................17 Table4–Otherlightingcourses..........................................................................................................................................................................18 Table5–downlightspecifications......................................................................................................................................................................28 Table6–linearLEDlampspecifications(4‐footlamps)..........................................................................................................................29 Table7–linearpaneltrofferspecifications...................................................................................................................................................30 Table8–LEDhighbayspecifications................................................................................................................................................................30 Table9–numbersofregisteredDesignlightsmodels...............................................................................................................................32 Table10–recommendedsamplesizesandcompliancecriteria..........................................................................................................36 Table11–analysisofrecommendations.........................................................................................................................................................42 Table12–Summaryofsoftwarepackages.....................................................................................................................................................56 BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallybelievethattheinformationcontainedinthisdocumentiscorrectandthatanyestimates,opinions,conclusionsorrecommendationscontainedinthisdocumentarereasonablyheldormadeasatthetimeofcompilation.However,nowarrantyismadeastotheaccuracyorreliabilityofanyestimates,opinions,conclusions,recommendationsorotherinformationcontainedinthisdocumentand,tothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw,BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallydisclaimallliabilityandresponsibilityforanydirectorindirectlossordamagewhichmaybesufferedbyanyrecipientthroughrelyingonanythingcontainedinoromittedfromthisdocument.Furthermore,noendorsementofanyproduct,technologyorserviceismadeinthisreport,whetherimpliedorotherwise.
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GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ACMA: AustralianCommunicationsandMediaAuthorityACP: AccreditedcertificateproviderAEMO: AustralianEnergyMarketOperatorBallast: Deviceconnectedbetweenthepowersupplyandoneormoredischargelamps
primarilytolimitthecurrentofthelamp(s)BaU: Business‐as‐usualBCA: BuildingCodeofAustraliacd Candela=luminousintensity=poweremittedbyalightsourceinaparticular
directionCFL: CompactfluorescentlampCFLi: CompactfluorescentlampwithintegratedballastCFLn: Compactfluorescentlampwithnon‐integratedballastCLF: Commerciallightingformula‐lightingupgradesfromwhichESCsaregeneratedusing
theESScommerciallightingformulaControlgear: LightingballastortransformerConventionaltechnology: LightingtechnologythatappearsinTable9oftheESSRuleCPD: ContinuingprofessionaldevelopmentCRI: ColourrenderingindexDSF: Defaultsavingsfactor(clause9.3oftheESSRule)DTIRIS: NSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServicesEMC: ElectromagneticcompatibilityEmergingtechnology: LED,T5adaptor,inductionlamp,VRUortechnologynotinTable9ofESSRuleEOH: ExtendedoperatinghoursESC: EnergysavingscertificateESS: NSWEnergySavingsSchemeESV: EnergySafeVictoriaHID: HighintensitydischargelampIESorIESANZ: IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealandIPART: NSWIndependentPricingandRegulatoryTribunal–schemeadministratoroftheESSkcd: kilo‐candelas–seecdaboveLamp: SourceofartificialopticalradiationLCP: Lampcircuitpower‐thepowerdrawnbyasinglelampanditsassociatedcontrolgearLED: LightemittingdiodeLm: Lumen,theinternationalmeasureoflightoutput(luminousflux)Luminaire: Apparatuswhichdistributes,filtersortransformsthelighttransmittedfromalight
source,includinglamp(s),controlgearandallcomponentsnecessaryforfixingandprotectingthelamps
Lux: Theinternationalmeasureofilluminance,orlightfallingonasurface(lm/m2)L70: Operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitialMIES: MemberofIESTheLightingSocietyMWh: Mega‐watthourNominal: Themanufacturer’sratedvalueforalightingproductOEH: NSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritageRLP: RegisteredLightingPractitioneroftheIESANZSME: Small‐mediumsizedenterpriseSSL: SolidstatelightingT5adaptor: Kit(includinglamp)thatwillmodifyaT8orT12luminairetosuitaT5lampVEET VictorianEnergyEfficiencyTargetschemeVESC VictorianEssentialServicesCommissionVRU: VoltageReductionUnitW: Watt
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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION
Inrecentmonths,commerciallightingformula(CLF)projectshavebeguntodominateEnergySavingsCertificate(ESC)creationactivitiesinNSW.ThisindicatesthatCLFprojectsareeconomicallyviableandrelativelystraightforwardtoimplement.ItisinthiscontextthatIPARThaveconcludedthatareviewofCLFcertificatecreationistimely,inordertoensurethatCLFprojectscontinuetoleadtohighquality,safelightingoutcomes.AchievingtheseaimsisconsideredtobeinthebestinterestsofallESSCLFparticipants–inordertoensuretheeconomicviabilityandlongevityoftheCLFactivityinNSW.
ThekeyissuecurrentlyconfrontingIPARTisalackofcertaintythatCLFprojectsareresultinginappropriatelightingoutcomes.Inclusiveinthisissuesarethefollowing:
IPARTanalystsandESSauditorsmaynotbetechnicallyqualifiedtocheckthecomplianceofprojectswiththeRulerequirements(i.e.absolutecompliancewithallpartsofAS/NZS1680).
IPARTreceiveslargequantitiesofrequestsforemergingtechnologiesandextendedoperatinghours.
ACPsmaylacklightingdesigncapability.
BeletichAssociatesandLightNaturallywerecommissionedbyIPARTtoproduceapublicreportwhoserecommendationsweretargetedprimarilyattheNSWEnergySavingsScheme(ESS).TheVictorianEssentialServicesCommission(VESC),theNSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritage(OEH)andtheNSWDepartmentofTradeandInvestment,RegionalInfrastructureandServices(DTIRIS)arealsopartnersintheproject.AsaresultofVESCinvolvement,certainaspectsofthisreportmayberelevanttothecommerciallightingcomponentoftheVictorianEnergyEfficiencyTarget(VEET).
TheobjectiveofthisreportistorecommendsolutionsaimedatensuringthatESSCLFprojectsadheretothefollowingprinciples:
1. InstalledlightingmeetsorexceedsthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680and/orotherstandardsasappropriate.Examinationofthisprincipleshouldinclude:
a. Areviewofthecurrent‘minimumilluminance’approachtosatisfyingtherequirementsofAS/NZS1680.
b. ConsiderationoftheRulerequirementthatenergysavingsmust‘havenonegativeeffectonproductionorservicelevels’asthisrelatestooveralllightingcharacteristicssuchasCRI,lamplifetime,lumenmaintenance,electricalsafetyandotherlightingcharacteristicsasappropriate.
c. GuidanceforapplicationswhereAS/NZS1680doesnotapplyandwheretaskrequirementsareatoddswithstandards(e.g.restaurantambientlightingversuscleaningtasks).
d. Developmentofamethodologyforassessinglightingdesign,forusebyACPsandESSauditors,whichissufficienttoensurethatthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680(and/orotherstandard/criteriaasappropriate)areconsistentlymet.
e. Requirementsfortrainingandqualifications.
2. Lightingupgradesarecarriedoutbyappropriatelytrainedandqualifiedpersons.
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3. Anappropriateprocessisinplaceforassessmentandacceptanceofconventionalandemerginglightingtechnologies.Examinationofthisprincipleshouldincludeadvicerelatedto:
a. TheinformationrequiredandprocessesusedbyIPARTforacceptanceoflightingtechnologies.
b. ThecurrentuseoflaboratorytestingtodetermineLampCircuitPower,asitrelatestorealworlduseoflightingtechnologies.
c. Furtherrequirementsrelatingtolamplifetimeandotherequipmentcharacteristicstoensuregoodlightingoutcomes.
d. Thepotentialforstreamliningapprovalsbasedonaproductapprovallist.
e. Incorporationofsafetyrequirementsintothedeliveryofcommerciallightingactivities.
f. Howtechnologiesfitwithincurrentandemergingregulatoryrequirements.
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Chapter 2. COMPLIANCE WITH LIGHTING DESIGN STANDARDS
2.1. Background
Clause9.4(a)(iii)ofthecurrentESSRulestatesthatESCscanbegeneratedfromBuildingLighting,providedthattheSchemeAdministratorissatisfiedthatthelightingcharacteristicsofeachspace,afterimplementationoftheLightingUpgrade,exceedtherelevantrecommendationsofAS/NZS1680,oranotherbenchmarkapprovedbytheSchemeAdministrator.
ThepurposeofthischaptertoexplainthekeyrequirementsofAS/NZS1680andproposeamethodologyforensuringcompliancewiththesekeyrequirements(and/orotherrequirementsifrequired).
2.2. Introduction to AS/NZS 1680
ThemajorityofcommerciallightingprojectswilloccurwithinbuildingsandforapplicationscoveredadequatelybyAS/NZS1680,suchasoffices,factories,warehouses,etc.Applicationsthatmightfalloutsideofthisscopearedealtwithinsection2.5ofthisreport.Atthetimeofwriting,theAS/NZS1680seriesofstandardscomprisedthefollowingparts:
1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐safemovement.ThispartofthestandardismandatoryasrequiredbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia(BCA).
1680.1:2006Interiorandworkplacelighting‐generalprinciplesandrecommendations.
1680.2series:
o 1680.2.1:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐circulationspacesandothergeneralareas.
o 1680.2.2:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐officeandscreen‐basedtasks.
o 1680.2.3:2008Interiorandworkplacelighting‐educationalandtrainingfacilities.
o 1680.2.4:1997Interiorlighting‐industrialtasksandprocesses.
o 1680.2.5:1997Interiorlighting‐hospitalandmedicaltasks.
1680.3‐1991Interiorlighting‐measurement,calculationandpresentationofphotometricdata.
1680.4:2001Interiorlighting‐maintenanceofelectriclightingsystems.
1680.5:2012Interiorandworkplacelighting‐outdoorworkplacelighting.
TherequirementsofAS/NZS1680canbesummarisedqualitativelyasfollows:
Recommendedworkingplanemaintainedilluminance‐thedefinedlevelbelowwhichtheaverageilluminanceonanysurfaceisnotallowedtofall.Therecommendedlevelsetisdependentonthetasktobeperformedontheworkingplane.
Recommendeduniformityofilluminance–theratiooftheminimumilluminancetotheaverageilluminanceoftheworkingplanewithinthecalculationarea.
Recommendedcut‐offangleforpartiallyenclosedluminaires(controlofdisabilityglare).
Recommendedtypicalmaximumglareindexvalues(controlofdiscomfortglare).
Recommendedcolourtemperatureoflightsources(controlofcolourappearance).
Recommendedcolourrenderingpropertiesoflightsources(controlofcolourquality).
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Oftheaboverequirements,theaspectsthatshouldbeconsideredaskeyrequirementsintheCLFareasfollows:
Averagemaintainedilluminance.
Uniformityofilluminance.
Disabilityglare(cut‐offangleforluminaires).
HoweveritisalsorecommendedthatallCLFlightingdesignsshouldbecognizantofalltherequirementsofAS/NZS1680.
2.3. Current ESS Approach to Compliance
ThecurrentESSapproachtodemonstratingcompliancewithAS/NZS1680canbesummarisedasfollows:
LuxlevelsmustexceedtherelevantrecommendationsofAS/NZS1680orotherbenchmarkapprovedbyIPART.LuxlevelsrefertoaveragemaintainedilluminanceasdescribedinAS/NZS1680.
LuxlevelmeasurementsshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewithAS/NZS1680.1AppendixB.
Post‐installationluxmeasurementisrequired,howeversoftwaremodelingof‘asinstalled’configurationsmaybeacceptedonacasebycasebasis.
Thesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver)mayberequiredtosignastatementdeclaringthattheyaresatisfiedwiththenewluxlevels(e.g.particularlyfornon‐AS/NZS1680applications).Thismayrequirepost‐installationluxlevelstobecomparedtopreviousluxlevels.
Equipment‐specificinformationshallalsobeaddressed,including:
o ColourTemperature.
o ColourRenderingIndex.
o Glare.
o Reflectancefromsurfaces.
o Uniformity.
o Daylightinteractionandeffects.
Someshortfallsofthisapproachareconsideredtobeasfollows:
ComplexityofAS/NZS1680–thefollowingofallaspectsofthisstandardisdifficultfornon‐lightingprofessionals.
Luxlevelmeasurements:
o Lackofcompetenceofthepersonundertakingthemeasurements.
o Pre‐installationmeasurementswillincludeanunknownleveloflumendepreciationduetodirtyingoftheluminaireandroom,andtheunknownageofexistinglamps.
o Exclusionofexternalsourcesoflight(includingdaylight).
o Calibrationoflightmeter.
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Thefollowingaspectsarementionedgenerallywithnospecificrequirements:
o ColourTemperature.
o ColourRenderingIndex.
o Glare.
o Reflectancefromsurfaces.
o Uniformity.
o Daylighteffects.
AnimprovedapproachtocompliancewithAS/NZS1680isdiscussedinthefollowingsection.
2.4. Development of an Improved Approach
AnimprovedapproachtoESScommerciallightinghasbeendeveloped,withtheprimaryobjectiveofprovidingincreasedlikelihoodofcompliancewithAS/NZS1680.Thekeytotheapproachrecommendedistwofold:
Useofqualifiedlightingdesignpersonnel.
Useoflightingdesignsoftware,whichhasbeenwidelyadoptedbythelightingindustryforplanningoflightinginstallationsandforensuringcompliancewithrelevantlightingstandards.
2.4.1. Multi-Tiered Approach
ItisconsideredthatlargerCLFprojectsshouldbesubjecttomorestringentlightingdesignprinciples.Withthisinmind,amulti‐tieredapproachhasbeendeveloped,involvingthefollowingthreetiersoflightingprojects:
1. SmallProjects
Theseareprojectsforwhichasophisticatedlightingdesignandverificationprocessisnotconsideredeconomicallyjustified.
Averybasiclightingdesignandverificationforasmallsite,performedbyalightingprofessional,isestimatedtocostintheorderof$750(thisestimateincludeseconomiesofscaleforundertakingmultipleprojects/sites).
Ifweset25%asanotionalmaximumproportionthatlightingdesign/verificationshouldrepresentasaproportionofESCrevenue,thenprojectswithESCrevenueof$3000orlesswouldnoteconomicallyjustifylightingdesign/verification.
This$3000thresholdtranslatesto100ESCs(atanominalvalueof$30perESC)therefore:
Iftheproject(site)generateslessthan100ESCs,thenlightingdesign/verificationisnotrequiredandasimplifiedapproachcanbetaken.
Approachedfromanalternateperspective,100ESCsequatestoacontinuouslightingpowersavingofaround3300W(assumingthedefaultESSprojectlifetimeof30,000hours).Ifthelightingpowersavingachievedwas12W/m2(whichisconsideredtypical)thenthesitewouldbearound275m2insize,whichisconsideredanappropriateSMEsite.
Otherrequirementsforsmallprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.3.Notethatsmallprojects(wherenodesignandverificationprocessisundertaken)shouldalsobe
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constrainedinthattheyinvolveonly“like‐for‐like”replacementoftechnologies(seesection2.4.3).Smallprojectscanhoweverchoosetoundertakeadesignandverificationprocessiftheydonotwishtoadheretolike‐for‐likereplacementrequirements.
2. MediumProjects
Theseareprojectsforwhichalightingdesignandverificationprocessisconsideredjustified,howeverfortheseprojectsACPswouldnotberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner1fordesignandverification.
Thenotionalupperthresholdforsuchprojectsisconsideredtobeasitewhichis500m2insizeandoperates12hourseachdayoftheyear(equivalenttoa750m2siteoperatingfordefaultCLFhoursof3000p.a.)
Assumingalightingpowersavingof12W/m2,thistranslatestojustover250ESCs,therefore:
Iftheproject(site)generates100‐250ESCs(inclusive)thenlightingdesignandverificationisrequiredhoweverACPswouldnotberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner(althoughthisisdesirableandencouragedforthelargerprojectsinthistier).
Requirementsformediumprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.2.
3. LargeProjects
Theseareprojectsforwhichlightingdesign/verificationisconsideredjustified,andforwhichACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner.
Iftheproject(site)generatesmorethan250ESCs,thenlightingdesign/verificationisrequiredandACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner.
Requirementsforlargeprojectsareoutlinedinsection2.4.2.
TheseprojecttiersandcorrespondingrequirementsaresummarisedinTable1.Thedetailedrequirementsformediumandlargeprojectsarealsooutlinedinsection2.4.2andforsmallprojectsinsection2.4.3.
Table1–projecttiersandrequirementsforlightingdesign/verification
Project Size Project Size
(ESCs)
Lighting Design / Verification Required ?
Required to Use IES-Qualified Lighting
Designer ?
For Detail Refer to Section
Large >250 Yes Yes Section 2.4.2
Medium 100-250 Yes Optional Section 2.4.2
Small <100 Optional Optional Section 2.4.3
Inordertopreventgamingofthisthresholdsystem,projectsshouldnotbeabletobesubdividedintosmallerprojects.Thismaybeimplemented,forexample,byrequiringthatonlyoneCLFprojectshallbeallowedtobesubmittedeachyearbyatenantorbuildingownerforanysinglelevelofasinglebuilding.
1IES=IlluminatingEngineersSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand–discussedinsectionsbelow
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2.4.2. Requirements for Medium and Large Projects
Mediumandlargeprojects(definedinsection2.4.1)wouldbesubjecttolightingdesignandverificationrequirements.Thekeyprinciplesemployedintheserequirementsareasfollows:
Takeadvantageoflightingdesignsoftware.Thesesoftwarepackages(manyavailablefreeofcharge)undertakecomplexlightingcalculationsbutarerelativelystraightforwardtooperatewithenhancedgraphicalinterfaces.SeeanintroductiontosoftwarepackagesinAppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware.
ProvideclearguidancetoACPsandESSauditorsregardinggoodpracticeinlightingdesignandcomplianceverification.
Involveskilledpersonnelinlightingdesign.
Reduceauditrequirementswhereskilledpersonnelareemployed.
Undertakeappropriatechecksatanumberofstagesinthelightingdesignandverificationprocess.
TheproposedapproachtomediumandlargeCLFprojectsisdescribedinFigure1,whichoutlinesaprocessfordesignandverificationaswellastechnicalauditofmediumandlargeCLFprojects(optionalforsmallCLFprojects–i.e.wherelike‐for‐likeoptionisnotemployed).
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Figure1–lightingdesignandverificationformediumandlargeprojects(optionalforsmallprojects)
Process Step Description Personnel Used Audit2
Design Use approved software3 Simple check that approved software was used
Approval Design4 approved as compliant with key aspects of AS/NZS 1680
MIES/RLP5 Simple check that design is MIES/RLP approved
or
Trained person6 Medium projects only
Detailed audit of design compliance
Installation
Verification
On-site check –
“installed as designed” 7 Only if Approval (above) was done by MIES/RLP
MIES/RLP Simple check that on-site check was done by MIES/RLP
or
Trained person Medium projects only
Detailed audit of on-site check
or
Auditor performs an on-site check
or
Auditor performs a light level survey
or
On site light level survey8
MIES/RLP Simple check that light level survey was done by MIES/RLP
or
Trained person Medium projects only
Detailed audit of the light level survey
or
Auditor performs a light level survey
2Audit=technicalauditbymemberofESSauditpanel3SeeAppendixA–IntroductiontoLightingDesignSoftware4ADesignGuidewouldbeprovidedaspartoftraining(seeChapter3)includingrequiredoutputssuchasaveragemaintainedilluminance,uniformityofilluminanceanddisabilityglare5MIES=MemberofIESTheLightingSociety,RLP=IESRegisteredLightingPractitioner‐thesearedescribedinsection3.26TrainedPersonisthenominatedACPemployeewhohascompletedtheintroductorylightingcourse(discussedinsection3.1)7Keyoutputisachecklistandphotographicevidencethatallluminairesareinstalledandoperatingasperdesign8Keyoutputisaspreadsheetofalllightlevelsmeasurementsforthemeasurementgrid,togetherwithcalculationsforaveragemaintainedilluminanceanduniformityofilluminance
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Forlargeprojects,ACPswouldberequiredtouseanIES‐qualifiedlightingdesigner(MIESorRLP–seesection3.2)attheapprovalandverificationstages–theoptionofusinga“trainedperson”(seesection3.1)wouldnotbeavailable.
TheapproachdescribedinFigure1isproblematicformediumandlargeprojectswhichare“pre‐existing”–i.e.wherethelightingupgradehasalreadybeeninstalled.Forsuchprojects,thedesignandapprovalstagescouldbereverseengineered–thatissoftwaremodelinganddesignapprovalcouldbeproducedfromthesetofinstalledluminaires,etc.Whilstthismayseemtobeaninefficientrequirement,itisconsiderednecessarytoclosealoopholethatwillbecreatedifthedesign/approvalphasesareallowedtobeomittedforpre‐existingprojects.i.e.ACPsmaytendtotreatallprojectsaspre‐existing(upgradethencreateESCsafterwards).Thisiscontrarytotheoneoftheaimsofthischapter,whichistoupskillACPsandingraininthemhighqualitylightingdesignandverificationpractices.
2.4.3. Requirements for Small Projects
Smallprojectsaredefinedinsection2.4.1asgeneratinglessthan100ESCsforeachsite.Fortheseprojects,sophisticatedlightingdesignandverification(includinglightlevelsurveys)wouldnotbenotbemandatory.Inordertoavoiddesignandverificationrequirements,smallprojectsshouldonlyinvolve“like‐for‐like”replacementoftechnologies,asfollows:
Halogendownlight:
o ReplacedbyLEDdownlight(recommendedforgeneral,taskorfeaturelighting)
Complywiththespecificationoutlinedinsection4.6.2.
o ReplacedbyCFLdownlight(recommendedforgenerallightingonly).
Complywiththespecificationoutlinedinsection4.6.2.
Fluorescentluminaire:
o ReplacedbyLEDlinearpaneltrofferluminaire:
Complywiththespecificationoutlinedinsection4.6.3.
Intensitydistributionshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.
DoesnotincludefluorescentluminaireconvertedtosuitLEDlinear“tube”lightsource.
o Replacedbyfluorescentluminaire:
Intensitydistributionshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.
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T8/T12linearfluorescentlamp:
o ReplacedbyT5adaptor(ifretainedintheESS9):
Complywithanyrequirementsoutlinedinsection4.6.3.
o ReplacedbyLEDlinear“tube”replacementlamp(ifretainedintheESS9):
Complywiththespecificationoutlinedinsection4.6.3.
Lampshallemitatleastthesamequantityoflight(ietotallumens)asatypicallinearfluorescenttubeina360°axialintensitydistribution,ortheintensitydistributionoftheretrofittedluminaireshallresultin“zonallumens”thatare±20%oftheincumbentluminaire,forallzones(canbeextractedfrommanufacturer‐providedIESfileusingfreephotometricsoftware)andthetotal(summed)lightoutputoftheluminaireisequaltoorgreaterthantheincumbentluminaire.
Thefinalinstallationshouldbesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver)includingastatementtotheeffectthattheinstallationisacceptedas“like‐for‐like”.
NotethatACPswouldbefreetofollowadesignprocessforsmallprojects(Figure1)iftheydonotwishtofollowthe“like‐for‐like”requirementslistedabove.
2.5. Applications not Covered Adequately by AS/NZS 1680
ThissectiondealswithapplicationsnotadequatelycoveredbyAS/NZS1680.Suchapplicationsarelikelytofallintothecategoriesinthefollowingsub‐sections.
2.5.1. Specialised Applications with Design Standard other than AS/NZS 1680
Theseapplicationsincludethefollowing(withcorrespondingrecommendationsfordesignstandards):
Roadsandpublicspaces(includingoutdoorlightingandcarparks):requireadherencetoAS/NZS1158LightingforRoadsandPublicSpaces.NotethatoutdoorlightingdesignshouldalsogiveconsiderationtoAS4282ControloftheObtrusiveEffectsofOutdoorLighting.
Trafficsignals:requireadherencetoAS/NZS2144TrafficSignalLanterns.
Sportslighting:requireadherencetoAS2560SportsLighting.ForthosesportswherenoAustralianStandardapplies,anappropriatesetoflightingperformancecriteriaassetoutbythesport’sgoverningbodyshouldbeadheredto.Forexample,CricketQueenslandhassetoutitsownrequirementsduetotheabsenceofanAustralianStandardoraCricketAustraliarequirement.
Accessandmobility:requireadherencetoAS1428DesignforAccessandMobilitywhichprovidesdesignrequirementsfordedicatedbuildingsdesignedforpeoplewithdisabilities.Itincludesapplication‐specificrecommendedmaintainedilluminancelevelsaswellaslightswitchrequirements.NotethatPart2ofthisstandardisoftenrequiredbyCommonwealthGovernmentagenciesforvariousareasofGovernmentbuildings.
Fortheseapplications(forwhichthereisacleardesignstandardotherthanAS/NZS1680)theESSshouldrequireadherencetotheabovestandards,alongwithadherencetotheprocessoutlinedinFigure1,withdesignapprovalandverificationtobeundertakenonlybyanMIES/RLP.
9Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence
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NotethatitisnotrecommendedthatemergencyandexitlightingbeincludedintheCLFatthistime,duetotheinherentsafetyaspectsofthistypeoflighting.
2.5.2. Interior Applications for which there is not a Clear Design Standard
Theseapplicationsmayincludesuchpremisesasrestaurantsandclubs,retailapplications,etc.Fortheseapplications(andindeedforallapplications)theESSshouldrequireadherencetoAS/NZS1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐SafeMovement,asrequiredbytheBCA.Thisstandardrequires:
Minimumilluminanceof20lux(throughoutthespace).
Glare:luminanceofthelightfromtheluminaireshallnotexceed25kcd/m2fromangles70°to90°(fromthedownwardverticalaxisthroughluminaire)
Inaddition,forthesepremisesIPARTapprovalshouldbesoughtinadvancefortheapplicabletaskandassociatedtargetlightingasoutlinedinTable3.1ofAS/NZS1680.1‐RecommendedMaintainedIlluminancesforVariousTypesofTasks,ActivitiesorInteriors.Notethatthislikelytobeaverysmallnumberofapplications.InsuchcasesthetaskstobecarriedoutatthefacilityshouldbemappedagainstTable3.1whichincludesclassesoftasksrangingfrom“movementandorientation”to“exceptionallydifficult”.Theseclassesarewelldescribedinthetable.
VerificationofcomplianceshouldalsobecarriedoutinaccordancewithFigure1,withdesignapprovalandverificationundertakenonlybyanMIES/RLP.Thefinalinstallationshouldalsobesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).
2.5.3. Applications that do not Fit any of the Previous Categories
Forsuchapplications(likelytobeaverysmallnumberofprojects)theACPshouldapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofthedesignandverificationapproach.Theapproachshouldembracethebasicstructureandprinciplesasoutlinedpreviouslyforconventionalapplications.Thefinalinstallationshouldalsobesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).
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2.6. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter
Thekeyaspectsofrecommendationsfromthischaptercanbesummarisedasfollows(pleaserefertothebodyofthechapterformoredetail):
KeyRequirementsofAS/NZS1680:
TheaspectsofAS/NZS1680thatshouldbeconsideredaskeyrequirementsintheCLFareasfollows:
Averagemaintainedilluminance.
Uniformityofilluminance.
Disabilityglare(cut‐offangleforluminaires).
ApplicationsfallingunderAS/NZS1680:
Projectsshouldbetiered,asoutlinedinthetablebelow:
Project Size Project Size
(ESCs)
Lighting Design / Verification Required ?
Required to Use IES-Qualified Lighting
Designer ?
For Detail Refer to Section
Large >250 Yes Yes Section 2.4.2
Medium 100-250 Yes Optional Section 2.4.2
Small <100 Optional Optional Section 2.4.3
MediumandlargeprojectsshouldbesubjecttothedesignandverificationprocessoutlinedinFigure1.Smallprojectscanadheretoa“like‐for‐like”technologyreplacementregime(seesection2.4.3).HoweverallprojectsshouldbecognizantofalltherequirementsofallpartsofAS/NZS1680.
SpecialisedapplicationsforwhichthereisacleardesignstandardotherthanAS/NZS1680:
Theseprojectsshouldadheretotheapplicabledesignstandard(listedinsection2.5.1)andtheprocessoutlinedinFigure1isrequired,withtheadditionalrequirementthatthedesignapprovalandverificationshallonlybeundertakenbyanMIES/RLP.
InteriorApplicationsforWhichThereisNotaClearDesignStandard:
Interiorprojectsshouldadhereto1680.0:2009InteriorLighting‐SafeMovement.IPARTapprovalshouldbesoughtinadvancefortheapplicabletaskandassociatedtargetlightingasoutlinedinTable3.1ofAS/NZS1680.1.TheprocessoutlinedinFigure1isrequired,withtheadditionalrequirementthatthedesignapprovalandverificationshallonlybeundertakenbyanMIES/RLP.
ApplicationsthatdoNotFitAnyofthePreviousCategories:
Forprojectswhichdonotfitanyoftheabovecategories,theACPshouldapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofthedesignandverificationapproach,whichshouldembracethebasicstructureandprinciplesasoutlinedinFigure1.
Allprojects:
Allinteriorprojectsshouldadhereto1680.0:2009Interiorlighting‐SafeMovement.Allinstallationsshouldbesignedoffbythesiteoperator(OriginalEnergySaver).
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Chapter 3. APPROPRIATELY QUALIFIED PERSONS
Thepurposeofthissectionistosummariserelevantlightingcoursesandqualifications,andtomakeappropriaterecommendationsforthetrainingandqualificationrequirementsofa“trainedperson”(seesection2.4.2).
3.1. Lighting Courses
Table2liststhecoursesaccreditedbytheIESANZwhicharesuitabletoachievethequalificationofMIES(seesection3.2).
Table2–IESANZaccreditedcourses
Title Qualification Level
Institution Duration Cost (2012)
Links (accessed June 2012)
Lighting Master QUT 1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT
$23,400 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/master-of-lighting-on-shore
Lighting Grad Dip QUT 1 years FT/ 2 years PT
$15,600 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-diploma-in-lighting-on-shore
Lighting Grad Cert (plus 2 additional units from Grad Dip)
QUT 1 years FT/ 1.5 years PT
$19,500 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-diploma-in-lighting-on-shore
Design Science (Illumination Design)
Master University of Sydney
1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT
$26,280 www.sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml
Design Science (Illumination Design)
Grad Dip University of Sydney
1 year FT/ 2 years PT
$17,520 www.sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml
Design (Lighting Design Studio)
Master University of Technology Sydney
1.5 years FT/ 3 years PT
$26,460 www.datasearch.uts.edu.au/dab/courses/design-details.cfm?spk_cd=C04243&spk_ver_no=1
Science & Technology (Lighting)
Grad Cert Massey University of New Zealand
6 months FT/ 1 year PT
$3,400 http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/programme-course-paper/programme.cfm?prog_id=93287&major_code=
Lighting Engineering & Design
Non-award RMIT 2 years PT $2,100 www.rmit.edu.au/engineeringtafe/lightingdesign
TheIESANZalsooffersanintroductorylightingcourse,Enlightenment,outlinedinTable3.Table3–otherIESANZcourses(Enlightenment)
Title Qualification Level
Institution Duration Cost (2012)
Links (accessed June 2012)
Enlightenment N/A IESANZ 3 days $1,100 members/ $1,210 non-members
www.iesanz.org/education/education-seminar/the-basics-of-efficient-lighting
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TheIESANZEnlightenmentcourseprovidesfundamentallightingknowledgeandbasiclightingprinciplesthatpeoplewhooperatewithinthelightingindustryshouldbefamiliarwith.Itoperateswellasaninductionprogramtolightingforthosewhorequirenospecialistlightingtraining. Thisprogramallowstheparticipanttobesuitablyinformedofthebasiclightingconceptstoenablethemtounderstandandcommunicatetheseconceptstoothers.
Topicsinclude:
Anintroductionintothefunctionoflighting.
Fundamentalsoflightandphotometry.
Lampchoices.
Controlgear.
Sellingefficiencyandreplacementtechnologies.
Sustainability.
Healthconsiderations.
Publicmisconceptions.
CompliancewithAustralianstandards,codesandregulations.
Notethatlightingdesign(includingdesigncalculations)wasdeliberatelyexcludedfromthecoursesoasnottogiveattendeesthefalseimpressionthat,oncompletionofthecourse,theywouldbeknowledgeableinallaspectsoflightingdesign.CoursesareruninAdelaide,Brisbane,Canberra,Melbourne,PerthandSydneysubjecttominimumenrolments.
Non‐IEScertifiedcoursesaresummarisedinTable4.Table4–Otherlightingcourses
Title Qualification Level
Institution Duration Cost (2012)
Links (accessed June 2012)
Lighting Grad Cert QUT 6 months FT/ 1 year PT
$7,800 www.qut.edu.au/study/courses/graduate-certificate-in-lighting-on-shore
Design Science (Illumination Design)
Grad Cert University of Sydney
6 months FT/ 1 year PT
$8,760 sydney.edu.au/architecture/programs_of_study/postgraduate/illumination_design.shtml
Lighting Principles
TAFE Statement
Sydney Institute Petersham College
1 year PT $1,600 www.sit.nsw.edu.au/courses/search.php?cid=14467&area=courses&Media_Index_ID=111
Interior Decoration Design Series: Creative Lighting Applications
Short Course RMIT 6 months PT $595 www.shortcourses.rmit.edu.au/keysearch.php?show_public_course=1&select_course_type_code=S320125&cbs=032a4fe0012bad57abe86490155b9264
Lighting Design Professional Certificate
The Design Ecademy
Online learning € 1,195 www.thedesignecademy.com/our-courses/lighting-design-course
Lighting for Interior Design
Short Course Australian Institute of Interior Design
9 hours $250 www.interior-design-academy.com/lighting-for-interior-design-course.php
Lighting for Living (for NECA members only)
N/A National Electrical & Communications Association (NECA)
2 days free www.vic.neca.asn.au/index.php/education_training/training_calendar/lighting_for_living
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ThesecoursesoutlinedinTable4donotmeetthefullsyllabusrequirementstoachieveMIESfromtheIESANZ,howevertheydoprovideanexcellentgroundinginvariousaspectsoflightingandlightingdesignconcepts.
ItisrecommendedthattheEnlightenmentcoursebeusedasthebasisfortrainingandqualificationofa“trainedperson”(seesection2.4.2)alongwithbasiclightingdesignandCLF‐specifictrainingelements.The“trainedperson”coursewouldinvolvetraininganemployeeoftheACPinthefollowing:
Enlightenment:~18hours.
Appreciationofbasicsoffundamentalsoflightingdesign:~6hours.
IPARTadministrativerequirements:~3hours.
ThiscoursecouldbedevelopedandrunrelativelyquicklywiththesupportandengagementoftheIESANZ.ItisrecommendedthattheIESANZbeapproachedbyIPARTtoseekcollaborativeengagementtodevelopthesyllabusandteachingmaterials,andthentodelivertherequiredtrainingcomponentfortheexpresspurposeofmeetingtheneedsoftheESSCLF.
3.2. Lighting Qualifications and Professional Ethics
InAustralia,thereisonlyoneorganisationwithrecognisedprofessionallightingqualifications‐theIlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand.IthastwoqualificationsrelevanttotheESS:
MIES–MemberofIESTheLightingSociety:AmemberwhohassuccessfullycompletedalightingcourseaccreditedbyIESTheLightingSocietyandwhohasaminimumoffouryearsofapprovedlightingpracticeorequivalentpracticeinanalliedfield.Post‐nominalsallowed:MIES
RLP–RegisteredLightingPractitioner:RLPisanadditionalqualificationforthosemembersoftheSocietywhoregularlypracticelightingdesignatahighlevelofperformanceandwhowishtomaintainthosehighstandardsinthefuturebyundertakingContinualProfessionalDevelopmentactivities.Post‐nominalsallowed:RLP.
MembersoftheIESANZareencouragedtoparticipateincontinuingprofessionaldevelopment(CPD).Thisisdefinedasthecontinuousinvolvementinplannedactivitiesaimedatthemaintenance,improvementandbroadeningofamember’sknowledgeandskillincarryingouthis/herlightingemployment.TheIESANZprovidesasystemformembersfordocumenting,weightingandcertifyingsuchactivitiesandprovidesguidanceonaminimumamountofCPDonanongoingbasis.
InordertopreservetheconfidenceofthecommunityintheintegrityandjudgmentoftheSociety,membersmustagreetoconformintheirpersonal,businessandprofessionalactivitieswiththeletterandthespiritoftheSociety’sCodeofEthics.ClauseextractspertinenttotheESSareasfollows:
Maintainhighstandardsofobjectivityandintegrityintheirprofessionalwork.
Exercisescientificcautionandregardforthelimitsofpresentknowledgeintheirprofessionalreportingavoidingexaggeration,sensationalismandsuperficiality.
Strivetokeepuptodateintheirknowledgeandapplicationofthisknowledgeintheareasoflightinginwhichtheypractice
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Inanysituationwhereaconflictmayariseensurethattheyhavedefinedthenatureanddirectionoftheirloyaltiesandinformedallpartiesofthem.
Referpeopletocompetentcolleaguesforservicesthatfalloutsidetheirowncompetence.
Notlayfalseclaimtoprofessionalqualifications,affiliations,characteristicsorcapabilitiesforthemselvesorfortheirorganisations.
Notallowtheirnamestobeusedinconnectionwiththeirservicesinsuchawayastomisrepresentthenatureandefficiencyoftheseservices.
3.3. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter
Asoutlinedinsection2.4,itisrecommendedthatMIESorRLPqualifiedpersonsbetakenadvantageofintheCLFdesignandverificationprocess.AlternativelyACPscan(forcertainprojects)nominatea“trainedperson”.ThispersonshallbeanemployeeoftheACPandshallhavecompletedanintroductorylightingcoursethatcoversthefollowing:
IESANZEnlightenment:TheBasicsofEfficientLightingSeminar:~18hours.
Appreciationofbasicsandfundamentalsoflightingdesign:~6hours.
IPARTadministrativerequirements:~3hours.
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Chapter 4. PERFORMANCE OF LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES
4.1. Introduction
TheobjectiveofthischapteristooutlineanumberofpotentialsolutionsaimedatensuringthatCLFlightingupgradesarefittedwithlightingtechnologiesthatarefitforpurpose.Thisincludesrecommendinganappropriateprocessforassessmentandacceptanceofconventionalandemerginglightingtechnologies,including:
TheinformationrequiredandprocessesusedbyIPARTforacceptanceoflightingtechnologies.
ThecurrentuseoflaboratorytestingtodetermineLampCircuitPower,asitrelatestorealworlduseoflightingtechnologies.
Furtherrequirementsrelatingtolamplifetimeandotherequipmentcharacteristicstoensuregoodlightingoutcomes.
Thepotentialforstreamliningapprovalsbasedonaproductapprovallist.
Sections4.4onwardsoutlineanumberof“solutionelements”thatmaybeappliedinwholeorinpart,aselementsofthefinalsolutionpackagetobeimplementedbyIPART.
4.2. Current Approach
UnderthecurrentESSRule,emergingtechnologiesaredefinedasfollows:
T5adaptors. LEDs. Voltagereductionunits(VRUs). Inductionlamps. Othertechnologiesnotlistedintable9oftheESSRule,forexamplecoldcathodeCFLs.
Inordertoinstalllightingproductsthatfallintothesecategories,anACPmustcurrentlyapplytoIPARTinadvanceforapprovalofeachmodel.Todate,thefollowingapproximatenumbersofrequestsforapprovalofemergingtechnologieshavebeenreceived(notethatthesearenumbersofACPapplicationswhichmaycontainrequestsformultiplemodels):
LED:400.
T5adaptor:75.
VRU:13.
Inductionlamp:12.
Currently,IPARTrequirethatthefollowingitemsaresuppliedaspartoftheapplicationforeachemergingtechnologymodel:
LampCircuitPower(LCP):independenttestingfromaNATAaccreditedlaboratory(orequivalent)oranLCPlistedontheLightingCouncilofAustralia’swebsiteofregisteredproductsaspartofitsSSLQualityScheme(requiresproductmarkingtraceabletowebsiteregistration).
Electricalsafety:(requiredforconnectiontomainspower)evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheelectricalsafetyrequirementsoftheElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004,either:
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‐ anAustralianCertificateofApproval10(ifitisaDeclaredArticle11)or
‐ aCertificateofSuitabilityissuedbyNSWFairTrading(ifitisaNon‐DeclaredArticle12)or
‐ DocumentationshowingtheRegulatoryComplianceMark(RCM13).
ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC):evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheEMCrequirementsoftheRadioCommunicationsAct1992(administeredbyACMA).InformationacceptedasevidenceofcompliancewithelectricalsafetyandEMCregulatoryarrangementsincludes:EvidenceoftheRCMandverifiableregulatoryapprovalnumber,orsuppliercodeissuedbyACMAandACMAdeclarationofconformity.
NominalLampLifetime(necessaryforlamp‐onlyreplacementsandT5adaptorkits):evidenceoftheNominalLampLifetime‐generallymanufacturers’specificationswillsuffice,howeverlampsutilisingtraditional5mmLEDsmustsupplyanindependenttestreportshowingNominalLampLifetime.
ForVoltageReductionUnits:outputvoltageandinstallationdetails.
ForlinearLEDtubes:CertificateofSuitabilityfromNSWFairTrading,orequivalent.
Emergingtechnologiesarealsorequiredtodemonstratethattheyreduceenergyconsumptionwithoutreducinglightingcharacteristics,howeverdetailsofthisrequirementarenotcurrentlyexplicit.
Itisconsideredtimelytoreviewthisapproachtoemergingtechnologies,asthelightingmarkethasevolvedinrecentyearsandthevolumeofACPapplicationsforemergingtechnologyapprovalhasincreasedsubstantially.IPARThavealsodescribedtwocompetingissuesthatrequireresolution:
A. Thelargequantityof“approvalinadvance”applicationsforemergingtechnologiesisstraininginternalresources.InherentinthisissueistherequirementthatapprovalsareperformedonanACPbasis,ratherthanonaproductbasis,whichhasthepotentialtoresultintaskduplicationandinconsistencybetweenapplicationsforanidenticalmodel.
B. Uncertaintyregardingtheperformanceofemergingtechnologies.
Atthistime,theopportunityshouldalsobetakentoreviewtheapproachtoalllightingtechnologiesincludingconventionaltechnologies.
Inordertoapproachthelargequantityofinter‐relatedissues,anumberofpotential“solutionelements”havebeendevelopedforthisreport.Thesearedescribedinthefollowingsections.
NotethatsafetyandEMCissuesforlightingtechnologiesaredealtwithseparatelyinthisreport,inChapter5.
10AnAustralianCertificateofApprovalmaybeissuedbyNSWFairTrading,oranequivalentbody inanotherstate,orbyanindependentcertifier11DeclaredArticlesincludeT5adaptorkitsandpowersupplies12Non‐DeclaredArticlesincludevoltagereductionunits,LEDtubes,andinductionlamps13AnRCMcoversbothelectricalsafetyandEMCrequirements
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4.3. Introduction to “Solution Elements”
Thesectionsbelowoutlineanumberofdiscrete“solutionelements”.Thesemayberegardedasamenu,fromwhichelementscanbechosentoformthefinalsolutionpackagetobeimplementedfortheESSCLF.Manyoftheseelementswillinvolveinter‐dependencewithotherelements.Thatis,implementationofoneelementmayinfluencetheneedtoimplementotherelements.Forexample,allowingemergingtechnologiestoproveperformancepost‐installationwouldservetoheightenthefocusonproductqualityrequirements.
Forthesereasons,notallofthesolutionelementsoutlinedbelowincludefirmrecommendations.Somewillrequirefurtherdiscussionandrefinement.Notealsothatthesesolutionelementshavelargelybeendevelopedinisolationofeachother.Section4.13seekstobringtogetherrecommendationsfromallthesolutionelementsdescribedinthischapter.
4.4. Solution Element – Eliminate the Emerging Technologies Category
Inordertostreamlinetheapprovalsprocess,onepotentialsolutionistoremovetechnologiesfromtheemergingtechnologieslistentirely,suchthattheynolongerrequireanyformofapproval,andaresimplydealtwithinthesamemannerasconventionallightingtechnologies.
Advantages
WouldsignificantlyreduceapprovalsprocessingforIPART.
Disadvantages
ImmaturelamptechnologiessuchasLEDshouldbeviewedfromtheperspectivethatcommerciallightingcontinuestobedominatedbyefficientfluorescentlighting,whichissubjecttoMEPSandisconsideredawellproventechnology.AsdemonstratedinFigure2,inordertocompetewithmodernfluorescentlighting,LEDsmustexhibitveryhighefficacy.Toavoidmisleadingthereader,LEDefficacyisnotgraphedonthisfigure‐thereisaverywiderangeofLEDefficacyavailableinthemarket,intheorderof10to100lm/W.
ItisconsideredthatasignificantnumberofLEDs,T5adaptors,VRUsandinductionlampscontinuetosufferfrominaccurateperformanceclaims.
Recommendation
Continuetorequireemergingtechnologiestoprovetheirperformance,i.e.notbetreatedasconventionaltechnologies.
TherehavebeenrelativelylownumbersofrequestsforapprovalofVRUs,andproblemsexistforthistechnologyinrelationtoachievableenergysavings(e.g.whenfittedtoelectronicandconstantwattageballasts)andalsoinrelationtolampdimmingwhichmightcauseAS/NZS1680complianceproblems.Forthesereasons,itisconsideredpertinenttoremoveVRUsfromtheESSRulebyimplementationofasunsetclause.NotethatvoltageoptimisationdevicesdifferfromVRUsinthattheytypicallyoptimisevoltageforanentiresite,thusshouldbetreatedelsewhereintheESSRule.
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Figure2–typicalefficaciesofconventionallamptechnologies(source:testingcommissionedbyBeletichAssociates)
4.5. Solution Element – Installation Permanence
GiventhematurityoftheESScommerciallightingmarket,andtheunderlyingeconomicsofCLFprojects(asevidencedbytheirpopularity)itmaybetimelytorequirethatall(oratleastthemajorityof)CLFlightingupgradesberequiredtobe“permanent”.e.g.usingdedicatedluminaireswhicharededicatedtoanefficientlightsourcetechnology,ratherthanlamp‐onlyreplacementsolutions(orpotentiallyevenluminaireretrofits).Suchupgradeswouldnotbeabletoeasilyreverttotheincumbentoralessefficienttechnology.
OnexampleistheinstallationofaCFLnlamp(CFLlampwithseparateballast)whichrequirestheinstallationofadedicatedcompactfluorescentluminairewhichhasaninbuiltballastandwillphysicallyacceptonlyaCFLn.Bycontrast,theinstallationofaconventionalCFLilamp(integralballastwithbayonet/Edisoncap)canbeeasilyrevertedtoanincandescentorhalogenlamp.
NotethatACPsmaycurrently,inordertodemonstratepermanence,makemodificationstofacilitateretrofittingtheexistingluminaire(e.g.controlgearremoval)suchthatthelampcannotreverttoitsincumbenttechnology.
InthecurrentESSRule“AssetLifetime”isusedintheCLFtorepresentthelifetime(inyears)overwhichenergysavingsareaccrued.Forcommercialbuildingsthisiscurrently10years,andforroad/public/trafficlightsthisis12years.ACPsarerequiredtodemonstratethepermanenceoftheirproposedupgradesinlinewiththeseAssetLifetimes.Incertainsituations,wherethepermanenceoftheupgradeisinquestion,theseAssetLifetimesmaybeconsideredoptimistic,especiallywherethebusiness‐as‐usualbaselineforlightingtechnologyisimprovingrapidly.
Advantages
Significantlyreducedriskofrevertingtoalessefficienttechnology,e.g.withadedicatedluminaire,whenthelampfailsitcanonlybereplacedwithanidenticallamp(noreversionispossible)andthustheenergysavingsshouldaccrueoverthetimehorizonoftheCLF,whichiscurrently10yearsforcommercialbuildings.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fluorescent Electronic Fluorescent Magne c Halogen Incandescent
Efficacy
(Lumens per W
a)
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Wouldeffectivelydisallow,orlimittheuseof,T5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps.ThesetechnologiesarealsosubjecttosafetyrisksasoutlinedinChapter5.
Wouldhalttheuseoflamplifetimeasaninputvariabletothecalculationofenergysavings(althoughproofoflamplifetimeusingtestreportsmaystillberequiredinordertoproveproductqualitywhereappropriate–seesection4.7.2forrecommendedtestmethods).Allowingfordifferentlampmodelstoachievedifferentenergysavingsbasedontheratedlamplifetimecreatesanincentivetoclaimverylonglamplife.ThishasleadtoproblemsforboththeESSandVEETinthepast,duetothedifficultyinverifyingclaimsoflonglamplifetime.Afurtherdifficultyrelatingtolamplifetimeisthatitistypicallyquotedasthemedianlamplife,howeveritisthemeanlamplifethatshouldbeusedtoaccuratelycalculateenergysavings.Thedifferencebetweenmedianandmeanlamplifeisnotwellunderstood,andwouldpotentiallyneedtobestudiedforeachlamptechnologyoreachlampmodel.
Disadvantages
Removinglamp‐onlyreplacements(includingLED)fromtheESSCLF(andpotentiallyfromtheDSFifdesired)wouldlimitthenumberofsmallprojectswhichmakeupasignificantvolumeofESCs.
Maydisadvantageprojectsinvolvingacombinationofnewluminairesandlampreplacements.
Recommendation
Requirealllightingupgradestobepermanent(woulddisalloworlimittheuseofT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps)oralternativelyallownon‐permanentupgradesonlyforsmallprojects(definedinsection2.4.3)withalimitontheenergysavingshorizonofXhours(X=theminimumlifetimesrecommendedinsection4.7.1whicharedemonstratedbyprovidingtestreportswithtestmethodsrecommendedinsection4.7.2).
4.6. Solution Element – Technology Specifications
Thissolutionelementwouldrequirethatcertaintechnologiesmeetaminimumspecificationwhichcontainsabsolutelimitsonkeyperformanceparameters.Forexample,LEDsmightberequiredtomeetaspecificationidenticaltoorsimilartoUSEnergyStar14orDesignlights15.Compliancewithtechnologyspecificationscouldbedemonstratedbysitingcertificationwiththeseprogramsorbysitingindependenttestreports.
Advantages
Createsalevelplayingfieldfortechnologies,whichmustallmeetthesamespecification.
MayreduceIPARTprocessingrequirementsforproductswithexistingcertificationsuchasEnergyStar.
EncouragesACPstouseproductswithexistingcertification.
14http://www.energystar.gov/15http://www.designlights.org/
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Disadvantages
AdditionalIPARTprocessing(evaluationoftestreports)isrequiredforproductsnotalreadycertifiedbyacertificationschemesuchasEnergyStarorDesignlights–thismaybeasignificantnumberofproducts.
Thestringencyandrigidityoftechnologyspecificationsmaylimitprojectflexibilityandincreaseprojectcostsbyexcludingnon‐complying(butrelativelyefficientandinexpensive)products.
Inordertoassesswhichlightingtechnologiesmightbesuitedtotheuseoftechnologyspecifications,thetechnologiesarebrokendownintothefollowingcategoriesandexaminedseparately:
Conventionaltechnologies.
Downlights.
Emergingtechnologies.
Thesecategoriesareexaminedinthefollowingsub‐sections,andseparaterecommendationshavebeendevelopedforeach.
4.6.1. Conventional Technologies
Thissectiondescribestechnologyspecificationsastheymightapplytoconventionaltechnologies(i.e.non‐emergingtechnologies).Thesetechnologiesarefurtherbrokendownintovariouscommerciallightingtechnologysub‐categories,asfollows.
Fluorescent Lamps (Linear and CFLn)
AtechnologyspecificationforefficacyandCRIisnotconsiderednecessaryaslinearfluorescentlampsaresubjecttoMEPSfortheseattributes,andthistechnologyismature.
Recommendation
Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescentlamps.
CFLi Lamps
AtechnologyspecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasCFLilampsaresubjecttoMEPSincludingaminimumlamplifeof6000hours.NotethatminimumlightoutputandminimumlifetimerequirementsforCFLdownlightsaredealtwithseparatelyinsection4.6.2.
Recommendation
DonotrequireatechnologyspecificationforCFLilamps.
Fluorescent Ballasts
Anabsolutespecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasmany(linear)fluorescentballastsaresubjecttoMEPSandthistechnologyismature.
Recommendation
Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescentballasts.
Fluorescent/CFLn/CFLi Luminaires
Anabsolutespecificationcouldbeappliedtothelightoutputratioforfluorescentluminaires,althoughthisaspectshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.NotethatluminairesarenotcurrentlysubjecttoMEPS.
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Recommendation
Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforfluorescent/CFLiluminaires.
Incandescent/Halogen Lamps, Transformers and Luminaires:
AnabsolutespecificationisnotconsiderednecessaryasmanyoftheselampsandtransformersaresubjecttoMEPS,andthistechnologyismature.Notethatanincandescent/halogenluminairedoesnottypicallyhaveasignificantimpactonefficacyinacommerciallightingcontext.
Recommendation
Donotrequireatechnologyspecificationforincandescent/halogenlamps,transformersandluminaires.
HID Lamps, Ballasts and Luminaires
HIDlamps,ballastsandluminairesarenotcurrentlysubjecttoMEPS.Anabsolutespecificationfortheseitemsisnotconsiderednecessary,astheirperformanceshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.
Recommendation
DonotrequireatechnologyspecificationforHIDlamps,ballasts,andluminaires.
4.6.2. Downlights
Downlightsareconsideredaspecialcase,asthesearelikelytobeinstalledinsituationswhereasophisticateddesignprocessisunlikelytooccurorisunwarranted.Thusreplacementdownlightsfor50Whalogenunitsmightbenefitfromadherencetoanabsolutespecification.Currently,theESSRule,draftedin2009,includesaDefaultSavingsFactor(DSF)fordownlights(notethatthisisseparatefromtheCLF)–seeESSRuleclause9.3(b)(i).Thisclauseincludesasimplespecificationasfollows:
Downwardlightoutput≥500lm.
Lumenmaintenance≥80%.
Areviseddownlightspecificationhasbeendevelopedforthisreport,andisoutlinedinTable5(seeright‐handcolumns).IteffectivelyupdatesthecurrentDSFdownlightspecificationtotakeintoaccounttherecentemergenceofsophisticatedtestmethodsforLEDsandtheintroductionofMEPSforreflectorCFLs.ThetablealsoliststhekeyrequirementsofotherLEDspecificationprogramsforcomparison.Proofofcertificationbytheseotherprogramsmayreducecompliancecosts,particularlywhereprogramrequirementsareatleastasstringentasthoserequiredbyIPART.NotethattheIEAinitiativedoesnotcurrentlyincludeacertificationaspect.
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Table5–downlightspecifications
Parameter
Energy Savings Trust LED Luminaire
Requirements V3.0
Energy Star Luminaires V1.1
IEA Downlights (tiers 1-3)
IEA Directional Lamps (MR16)
(tiers 1-3)
Recommended (LED Downlight)
Recommended (CFL Downlight)
Require proof of MEPS registration
- - - - - Yes (CFL lamp)
Minimum initial luminous flux (lm)
N/A – uses centre beam intensity
345-575 N/A – uses centre beam intensity
780 500 500
Minimum efficacy (lm/W)
N/A – uses centre beam intensity
42 40, 55, 70 lm/W (tiers 1-3)
40, 50, 60 lm/W (tiers 1-3)
No – the LCP in the CLF will encourage efficacy (low power)
No - covered by MEPS (lamp)
Power (W) - - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP
Laboratory test to prove LCP
Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)16
35khrs 25khrs 30khrs, 35khrs, 40khrs (tiers 1-3)
15khrs, 15khrs, 25khrs (tiers 1-3)
35khrs (fixture) 25khrs (lamp-only)
No - covered by MEPS
Minimum life (hours)
35khrs Various 30khrs, 35khrs, 40khrs (tiers 1-3)
15khrs, 15khrs, 25khrs (tiers 1-3)
35khrs (fixture) 25khrs (lamp-only)
10khrs
Minimum CRI 80 80 70, 80, 80 (tiers 1-3)
70, 80, 80 (tiers 1-3)
80 80
Color temperature target (K) and tolerances
2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 6500 No tolerance
2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 7-step tolerance (ANSI C78.377)
2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances17
2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances
Harmonise with IEA
Covered by MEPS
Harmonics FCC requirements
FCC requirements FCC requirements IEC 61000.3.2 Covered by MEPS
Recommendation
RequireatechnologyspecificationforLED/CFLdownlightsasshowninTable5(RHcolumns).
16L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial17Availablefromhttp://ssl.iea‐4e.org/task‐1‐‐‐quality‐assurance
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4.6.3. Emerging Technologies
ThemostcommonLEDupgradeislikelytobefordownlights,andthesearecoveredintheprevioussection.Otheremergingtechnologycategoriesarecoveredinthefollowingsub‐sections.
LED linear replacement lamps
ItisconsideredthatLEDlinearreplacementlamps(ifretainedintheESS18)shouldbesubjecttoarelativelystringentabsolutespecification,reflectingthefactthatthefluorescentlampstheyreplaceareefficientandwellproven.ThekeyaspectsofDesignLights19andthedraftIEAspecifications20areshowninTable6(4‐footlamps)alongwithAustralianMEPSforlinearfluorescentlamps.ThetablealsoincludesarecommendationfortheESS(seeright‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDlinearreplacementlamps.
Table6–linearLEDlampspecifications(4‐footlamps)
Parameter Designlights
(4-foot lamps)
(Draft) IEA (tiers 1-3)
(4-foot lamps)
MEPS for linear fluorescent lamps
(4-foot lamps) Recommended
Minimum luminous flux (lumens)
Bare Lamp: 2200 lm. 2 lamps tested in fixture: 3750 lm
3000 N/A Either Designlights or IEA can be used by the ACP
Minimum efficacy (lm/W)
Bare Lamp: 96 lm/W In fixture: 75 lm/W
Bare lamp: 80, 96, 120 lm/W (tiers 1-3)
Bare lamp: 80 lm/W Either Designlights or IEA (any tier) can be used by the ACP
Power (W) - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP in typical luminaire
Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)21
50khrs 30khrs, 35khrs, 50khrs (tiers 1-3)
N/A 30khrs
Minimum life (hours) - 30khrs, 35khrs, 50khrs (tiers 1-3)
- 30khrs
Minimum CRI 80 80 79 80
Color temperature target (K) and tolerances
≤ 5000
2700 3000 3500 4000 5000 5700 6500 Various tolerances22
- Either Designlights or IEA can be used by the ACP
Harmonics THD ≤ 20% FCC requirements
Complies IEC 61000.3.2 when fitted to luminaire
Recommendation
RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDlinearreplacementlamps,asshowninTable6(right‐handcolumn).
18Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence19http://www.designlights.org/20Finalspecificationsareimminent21L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial22Availablefromhttp://ssl.iea‐4e.org/task‐1‐‐‐quality‐assurance
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LED linear panel troffer luminaires
LEDlinearpaneltrofferluminairescouldbesubjecttoanabsolutespecification.ThekeyaspectsoftheDesignLights23specificationareshowninTable7alongwitharecommendation(seeright‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDlinearpaneltroffers.
Table7–linearpaneltrofferspecifications
Parameter Designlights (2 x 2’ troffer)
Designlights (1 x 4’ troffer)
Designlights (2 x 4’ troffer)
Recommended
Minimum luminous flux (lumens)
3000 2000 4000 Use Designlights
Minimum efficacy (lm/W)
60 lm/W 65 lm/W 65 lm/W Use Designlights
Power (W) - - - Laboratory test to prove LCP
Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)24
35 khrs 35 khrs 35 khrs Use Designlights
Minimum life (hours) - - - -
Minimum CRI 80 80 80 Use Designlights
Color temperature target (K) and tolerances
≤ 5000 ≤ 5000 ≤ 5000 Use Designlights
Harmonics - - - Luminaire complies IEC 61000.3.2
Recommendation
RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDlinearpaneltroffers,asshowninTable7(right‐handcolumn).
LED highbay luminaires
LEDhighbayluminairescouldbesubjecttoanabsolutespecification.ThekeyaspectsoftheDesignLightsspecificationareshowninTable8alongwitharecommendation(right‐handcolumn).NotethatEnergyStardoesnotcurrentlycoverLEDhighbayluminaires.
Table8–LEDhighbayspecifications
Parameter
Designlights (High-bay and Low-bay
fixtures for Commercial and Industrial buildings)
Designlights (High-bay-Aisle Lighting)
Recommended
Minimum luminous flux (lumens)
10,000 10,000 Use Designlights
Minimum efficacy (lm/W)
70 lm/W 60 lm/W Use Designlights
Power (W) - - Laboratory test to prove LCP
Minimum lumen maintenance L70 (hours)
35 khrs 35 khrs Use Designlights
Minimum life (hours) - - -
23http://www.designlights.org/24L70=operatinghoursatwhichlightoutputdepreciatesto70%ofinitial
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Parameter
Designlights (High-bay and Low-bay
fixtures for Commercial and Industrial buildings)
Designlights (High-bay-Aisle Lighting)
Recommended
Minimum CRI 70 70 Use Designlights
Color temperature target (K) and tolerances
≤ 5700 ≤ 5700 Use Designlights
Harmonics - - Luminaire complies IEC 61000.3.2
Recommendation
RequireatechnologyspecificationforLEDhighbayluminaires,asshowninTable8(right‐handcolumn).
T5 adaptors and VRUs
IfretainedintheESS,anabsolutespecificationforT5adaptorsandVRUswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment,asthereisnoknowncrediblespecificationforthesetechnologies.
Recommendation
IntheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptorsandVRUs(ifretainedintheESS)theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.
Induction lamps
Anabsolutespecificationforinductionlampswouldalsorequiresignificantdevelopment,asthereisnoknowncrediblespecificationforthistechnology.Giventhenatureofprojectsthatinductionlampswouldbeinstalledinto(largeindustrialapplications)theirperformanceshouldbetakenaccountofinthelightingdesignandAS/NZS1680complianceprocess.
Recommendation
Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecificationforinductionlamps,theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.
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4.6.4. Summary of Recommendations – Technology Specifications
Insummary,technologyspecificationsforthefollowingtechnologiesarerecommended:
LED/CFLdownlightsasshowninTable5(right‐handcolumns).
LEDlinearreplacementlamps,asshowninTable6(right‐handcolumn).
LEDlinearpaneltroffers,asshowninTable7(right‐handcolumn).
LEDhighbayluminaires,asshowninTable8(right‐handcolumn).
Astheydonotcurrentlyexist,developmentoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptors(ifretainedintheESS25),VRUsandinductionlampswouldrequiresignificantdevelopmenttime.IntheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsforT5adaptors,VRUs(ifretainedintheESS)andinductionlamps,theseshouldberequiredtobetestedinordertoprovetheperformanceclaimedbythesupplier.
Notethattheserecommendationshavebeendevelopedinisolationofothersectionsofthisreport.Section4.13bringstogetherrecommendationsfromallsectionsofthischapter.
Forreference,thenumbersofmodelscurrentlycertifiedbytheUSDesignlightsprogramareshowninTable9.
Table9–numbersofregisteredDesignlightsmodels
Bollards 15
Display Case Lighting 14
Four-foot Linear Replacement Lamps 4
Fuel Pump Canopy 421
High-bay Aisle Lighting 36
High-bay and Low-bay Fixtures for Commercial and Industrial Buildings 292
Horizontal Refrigerated Case Lighting 191
Linear Panels (1x4 Troffer) 54
Linear Panels (2x2 Troffer) 158
Linear Panels (2x4 Troffer) 58
Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Area and Roadway Luminaires 6249
Outdoor Pole/Arm-Mounted Decorative Luminaires 1488
Outdoor Wall-Mounted Area Luminaire 3304
Parking Garage Luminaires 826
Refrigerated Case Lighting 391
Retrofit Kits for Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Area and Roadway Luminaires 560
Retrofit Kits for Outdoor Pole/Arm-mounted Decorative Luminaires 73
Track or Mono-point Directional Lighting Fixtures 356
Vertical Refrigerated Case Lighting 226
25Notetherecommendationsinsection4.5regardinginstallationpermanence
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4.7. Solution Element – Laboratory Testing to Prove Claimed Performance
4.7.1. Discussion and Recommendations
Thissolutionelementisbasedonrequiringsometechnologiestobelaboratorytestedinordertoprovetheirclaimedperformance.Itiseffectivelyalessstringentoptiontorequiringadherencetoatechnologyspecificationasdiscussedinsection4.6.Thatis,productswouldonlyberequiredtoproveperformanceagainsttheperformancevaluesnominatedbythesupplier,ratherthanagainstanabsolutevaluechosenbytheESS.
Notehoweverthatmanyoftherecommendationsinthissection(e.g.testmethods,samplesizes,laboratories,etc.)willalsoberelevantiftechnologyspecificationsareadopted(section4.6)–i.e.theyareusefulforprovingcompliancewiththetechnologyspecification.
Theanalysisofwhichtechnologiesshouldbesubjecttoarequirementtoproveclaimedperformanceissimilartothatcarriedoutinsection4.6andthetechnologychoiceconclusionsarethesame–i.e.thatdownlightsandLEDsshouldberequiredtoproveclaimedperformance.
Howeverinsection4.6,itwasrecommendedthatT5adaptors,VRUsandinductionlamps,intheabsenceoftechnologyspecificationsfortheseproducts,berequiredtoprovetheirclaimedperformance.
Inaddition,thequalityofCLFupgradeswouldbenefitfromrequiringallprojectstoproveaminimumlamp/luminairelifetime(bysitingtestreports)regardlessofwhethertheupgradeislamp‐onlyorpermanent.ThisshouldapplyregardlessofwhethertechnologyspecificationsarechosenasthepreferredoptionfortheESS(section4.6).Therecommendedminimumlifetimesareasfollows:
CFLi,CFLn,fluorescentandinductionlamps:10,000hours.Lifetimetestingtominimumof10,000hours.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.
LEDlampsandfixtures:lifetimesasrecommendedinTable5toTable8.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.
Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflaboratorytestingtoproveclaimedperformanceareasfollows.
Advantages
Providescertaintyofperformanceagainstsupplier‐claimedparameters.
Allowsahighdegreeofdesignflexibility(productsdonothavetomeetastringent“absolute”specification)whilstensuringthatproductsperformastheyclaimtoperform.
Disadvantages
Potentiallymayrequireahigherdegreeofprocessing.
Recommendations
FordownlightsandLEDs,thekeydecisiontobemadeisbetweentechnologyspecifications(section4.6)andprovingclaimedperformance(thissection).Ifthelatteroptionischosen,thesameperformanceparametersrecommendedfortechnologyspecifications(seesection4.6)shouldberequiredtobeproven.
Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireT5adaptorstoproveclaimedperformance–lightoutput,LCPandlamplife.
Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireVRUstoproveclaimedperformance.
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Intheabsenceofatechnologyspecification,requireinductionlampstoproveclaimedperformance:lightoutput,LCP,lamplife,colourtemperature,CRIandharmonics.
Requireallprojectstoproveaminimumlifetimeasfollows:
o CFLi,CFLn,fluorescentandinductionlamps:10,000hours.Lifetimetestingtominimumof10,000hours.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.
o LEDlampsandfixtures:lifetimesasrecommendedinTable5toTable8.Seesection4.7.2belowforrecommendedtestmethods.
Thefollowingsectionsprovidemoredetailastohowperformancewouldbeprovenusinglaboratorytesting.Thisdetailhasrelevancetotechnologyspecifications(section4.6)andprovingclaimedperformance(thissection).Theyincludedetailrelatedtotestmethods,samplesizes,laboratories,checktestingandleveragingfromexistingcertificationschemes.
4.7.2. Test Methods
Recommendedtestmethodsforthevarioustechnologiesandparametersarelistedbelow.Notethatnotallofthesemethodswillberequired,buttheyareprovidedhereforreference:
Alltechnologies:
o Colourtemperature:CIE15.
o CRI:CIE13.3.
o Luminairephotometry:AS/NZS1680.3.
Conventionaltechnology–fluorescentlamp:
o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:AS/NZS4782.1orIEC60081
Conventionaltechnology–CFLilamp:
o Allparameters:AS/NZS4847.1.
Conventionaltechnology–fluorescentballast:
o Allparameters:AS/NZS4783.1orEN50294.
Conventionaltechnology–incandescent/halogenlamp:
o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:AS/NZS4934.1.
Conventionaltechnology–halogentransformer:
o Allparameters:AS/NZS4879.1.
Conventionaltechnology–HIDlamp:
o Allparameters(metalhalide)‐IEC61167.
Conventionaltechnology–HIDballast:
o Allparameters:IEC62442‐2.
Emergingtechnology–LED:
o Lightoutput,powerandefficacy:LM79.
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o Lumenmaintenance:IESNALM80togetherwithTM‐21(andLM‐82inordertotakeadvantageofcomponent‐leveltestingbeingtransferredtolamp/luminaireperformanceusingin‐situtemperaturetesting).
Emergingtechnology–T5adaptors:
o TestmethodsforT5adaptorswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment,butarelikelytoincludeprovingofphotometricandenergyperformancewheninstalledintoareferenceluminaire.
Emergingtechnology–VRUs:
o TestmethodsforVRUswouldrequiresignificantdevelopment.
Emergingtechnology–inductionlamps:
o Lightoutput,lumenmaintenance,power,efficacyandlife:IEC62639.
NotesonLEDlifetime:ThetypicalfailuremodeforLEDsisgraduallossoflightoutput,andthisparameterisreferredtoaslumenmaintenance.HencelumenmaintenanceiscommonlyusedasaproxyforLEDlifetime.FormanyoverseasLEDschemes,thetimeatwhichlightoutputdropsto70%oftheinitiallightoutput(referredtoastheL70life)iswhentheLEDisconsideredtohavereachedtheendofitslife.OverseasLEDcertificationschemestypicallyrequireminimumL70valuesofbetween15000and35000hours.
4.7.3. Laboratory Testing of Lamp Circuit Power
Lampcircuitpower(LCP)isthetotalcircuitpoweroftheluminaire,includinganycontrolgear,butexpressedperlamp.Nominallamppower(NLP)isthemanufacturer’sratedpowerforalamp(althoughinsomecasesIPARTrequirethatthisissupportedbytestreport).
LaboratorytestingofLCP(andpotentiallylamppower)isrequiredforemergingtechnologies,asthepowerdrawofthesetechnologiesisnotaspredictableasforconventionaltechnologies(forwhichthereareconsiderabledataandlongstandinginternationalstandards).ForemergingtechnologiesthereareotherperformanceparametersthatareequallyasimportantfortheCLF,andthesearediscussedelsewhereinthischapter.
TestingofLCPisrecommendedtobeundertakenbyarecognisedlaboratory,forthefollowingreasons:
Performanceclaimsforemergingtechnologiesarefrequentlyexaggeratedbysuppliers,andthismayincludepowerdraw.
Recognisedlaboratorieshaveadegreeofindependence.
Testingisperformedundercontrolledconditionsofsupplyvoltage,ambienttemperature,etc.
Testingofpowerisverystraightforwardandthuscanbeperformedalongsideotherphotometricandperformancetesting.
ItispossiblethatlaboratoryLCPtestsresultswilldifferslightlyfromreal‐worldinstallations,duetoreasonssuchassupplyvoltage.However,thisdisadvantageismitigatedbythefollowingfactors:
Boththeincumbenttechnology(viathestandardsthatunderpintheCLF)andtheupgradetechnologyaresubjecttothesame(orverysimilar)laboratorytestconditions.Itisthedifferenceinpowerbetweentheincumbentandupgradetechnologythatdeterminesenergysaving.Thisdifferenceislikelytobesimilarwhenexaminingeither
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laboratoryresultsorreal‐worldresults,solongasonlyoneoftheseconditionsischosen(i.e.anapples‐with‐applescomparison).
LEDsandT5adaptorsuseelectroniccircuitrytocontrolcurrent.Thusslightdifferencesinvoltageareunlikelytosignificantlyaltercurrentflow.
Anyuncertaintyinherentinreal‐worldpower,versuslaboratorypower,shouldbeviewedinthecontextofuncertaintyinherentinothervariablesintheCLFequation,forexampleassetlifetime,operatinghours,etc.
ThusitisnotrecommendedtoalterthelaboratorytestrequirementforLCP,unlessaccuratereal‐worldpowerdataforbothincumbentandupgradetechnologiescanbeestablished.Thisislikelytorequireconsiderableresourcesandwouldstillbesubjecttosignificantuncertainty.
Notethat,fornon‐integral‐ballastfluorescentlamps,lamppowertestingisperformedusingareferenceballast.
Inaddition,ideallyLCPtestingshouldbeperformedforeachdiscretecombinationoflamp(includingLED)andcontrolgearthatmightbeencounteredinthemarketorisproposedforuseintheCLF.
4.7.4. Sample Sizes
RecommendedminimumsamplesizesandcompliancecriteriatobeappliedtotestmethodsarelistedinTable10.Thesewouldapplytoanytestsortestreports(e.g.toprovecomplianceagainstanabsolutespecificationortoproveclaimedperformance).Notethatthetestmethodsrecommendedin4.7.2donotallcontainsamplesizerequirements,andthatthesamplesizerecommendationsinTable10shouldtakeprecedence.
Table10–recommendedsamplesizesandcompliancecriteria
Parameter MinimumSampleSize ComplianceCriteria
Lightoutput,lamp/circuitpowerandefficacy 10 Mean≥requiredvalue
Lumenmaintenance(LED) SeeTM21
Lumenmaintenance(other) 10 Mean≥requiredvalue
ColourtemperatureandSDCM 10 Allsamples≤requiredSDCMvalue
ColourCRI 10 Mean≥requiredvalue
OtherCFLiparameters SeeAS/NZS4847.2
Lamplifetime 10Lifeofthemedianlamp(or6thofsamplesizeof10)shallbe≥requiredvalue
Transformer/ballastenergyperformance 1 Mean≥requiredvalue
Luminairephotometry 1 Mean≥requiredvalue
Harmonics 1 Mustcomplywithstandard
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4.7.5. Recognised Laboratories
Inadditiontothespecificationandtestingissuesdiscussedinprevioussections,itisconsideredworthwhiletoincludesomerequirementswithrespecttoapprovedtestlaboratories.ItisrecommendedthattestingbeundertakenonlybyEnergyStarorNATA‐recognisedlaboratories.
Currentlytherewillbeveryfew,ifany,laboratoriesinAustraliafamiliarwithLEDtestingtoLM‐79,LM‐80,TM‐21andLM‐82.Thus,foralltestsinvolvingthesemethods,itisrecommendedthattestingbeundertakenonlybyanEnergyStarcertifiedlaboratory26.Othertesting(e.g.AS/NZS4847.1)canbeundertakenbyeitheranEnergyStarcertifiedlaboratoryoranindependentlaboratorywithNATAaccreditationorNATA‐recognisedaccreditation(seeMutualRecognitionAgreementswithinAPLAC27andILAC28).
4.7.6. Credibility of Test Reports
Themostcrediblemethodforcheckingwhetheratestreportiscredible(e.g.notaforgery)istoinvestigatethelaboratorywhosenameappearsonthereport,asfollows:
Doesthelaboratoryexist?
o Checklaboratory’swebsite.
o Callthelaboratory‐checkifthetestreportinquestionwascarriedoutbythatlaboratory.
CheckthatthelaboratoryisaccreditedbyanAPLACorILACsignatory‐checkthelaboratoryaccreditationnumber.
4.7.7. Check Testing
ItisrecommendthattheESSschemeembarkonachecktestingregimeinordertoverifyproductclaims,oratleasthavetheabilitytoundertakethistestingifrequired.Theadvantagesofachecktestingregimearetheabilitytoindependentlysampleproductsfromthefield,aswellastotestproductsatalaboratoryofIPART’schoice.
4.7.8. Leveraging from Existing Certification Schemes
KeyaspectsofexistingcertificationschemesforLEDsarecoveredinsection4.6.3.WherealignedwithESSrequirements,thesecanbeusedtoaddweighttoproductperformanceclaims.Forexample,ifaproduct(orparameterofaproduct)iscertifiedbyEnergyStar,thetestreportdoesnotrequireclosescrutiny.HenceitisrecommendedthatIPARTleveragefromexistingcertificationschemesinordertoaddweighttoproductclaims.
26Listavailablefromhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=news.nr_news&news_id=http://www.energystar.gov/cms/default/index.cfm/news‐and‐announcements/hidden‐articles/epa‐recognized‐bodies‐for‐lighting‐products/epa‐recognized‐laboratories‐for‐integral‐led‐lamps/27AsiaPacificLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation:www.aplac.org/aplac_mra.html28InternationalLaboratoryAccreditationCooperation:www.ilac.org/ilacarrangement.html
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4.8. Solution Element - Proof of MEPS Registration
ForalltechnologiesthatarerequiredtomeetMEPS(includingconventionaltechnologies)itisrecommendedthatproductapplications(foremergingtechnologies)andlightingdesignrecords(forconventionaltechnologies)includeascreenshotoftheMEPSregistrationfromtheenergyrating.gov.auwebsite(notetheregistrationnumberisnotavailablefromthewebsiteandlinkstoindividualproductsarenotpossible).TechnologiesthatarerequiredtomeetMEPScurrentlyinclude:
Linearfluorescentballasts(excludingLEDdriversandballastsintendedtodriveT5lamps).
Linearfluorescentlamps.
ELVhalogentransformers.
CFLilamps.
Incandescent/halogenlamps.
ThepurposeoftherequirementtodemonstrateMEPSregistrationthisistoaddressthefactthatACPsmaynotbeawarethatsomeproductsaresubjecttomandatoryMEPSandmayinadvertentlyimportproductsthatarenotMEPSregistered.
4.9. Solution Element - Warrantee and Compatibility Requirements
Itisnotuncommoninthecommerciallightingmarketforsupplierstoofferawarranteeof2yearsonlampsandballasts,and5yearsonluminaires.Thesewarranteesareoftenhoweverproject‐specificanddependondetailssuchasoperatingenvironmentandlightingoperatinghours.InordertofurtherimproveCLFprojectquality,itmaybeprudenttorequirethatACPsorsuppliersofferwarranteesoftheabovedurations.NotethattheEnergyStarintegrallampsspecificationrequiresaminimumwarranteeof3years.
Additionally,allequipmentinstalledshouldbecertifiedbythesupplier/ACPascompatiblewithanyincumbentdimmers,controlgearorotherincumbentcontrolequipment.
Recommendation
Considerrequiringaminimumwarranteeoninstalledlightingequipment.
Itisrecommendedthatallinstalledlightingequipmentshouldbecertifiedascompatiblebytheequipmentmanufacturerwithanyincumbentdimmers,controlgearorotherincumbentcontrolequipment.
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4.10. Solution Element - Approval per Model Rather than per ACP
Thissolutionelementcentresonapplicationandapprovalofproductsonthebasisofeachmake/model,ratherthanbytheACP.Approvedmodelswouldthenbeplacedonacentrallist/register(whichmayormaynotbepublic)andmaybeavailableforusebyotherACPs.
OneexampleofthisistheAEMOprocessforapprovalofroadlightingluminaires29.Thisprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps:
Applicationsfromproductsuppliersmustbesponsoredbyalocalauthority‐e.g.localcouncilwhomaywhichwishtoinstallthoseproducts.
Thesupportingdocumentation(testreports,etc.)arepublishedontheAEMOwebsiteforcommentandapprovalbyindustry.Theperiodforcommentsontheproposedproductwillbe20businessdays.
Intheabsenceofanycommentsthatdisputetheproposal,AEMOwillaccepttheproduct.
ThenewproductwillbeapprovedandpublishedintheAEMOloadtableandmayonlybeusedexactlyastested,i.e.thecombinationofluminaire,controlequipment,andlampshallbeastested.
ThisexamplemaytranslatetotheCLFwherebyACPssponsorasupplier’sproductand,onceapproved,thatproductisabletobeusedinESS,VEET,etc.
Advantages
WouldrelieveduplicationbyIPART.
WouldpotentiallyreduceinconsistenciesbetweenACPsaccreditedforthesameproduct.
Apublicregister(oraccessibleonlybyACPs)wouldassistwithself‐regulationofperformanceclaimsforproducts.
Disadvantages
SomeACPsmaywanttokeeptheirproductanditsperformanceinformationconfidential.
Recommendation
ImplementapprovalpermodelratherthanperACP.Includeappropriategrandfatheringand/orsunsetclausesonexistingapprovals‐e.g.existingproductapprovalswillbeplacedonthepublicregisterwithin12months,unlesstheACPrequeststhattheproductisremovedfromthelistandnolongerused.Noproductsshallremainoutsidethepublicregistersystemattheendofthesunsetperiod.
29http://www.aemo.com.au/en/Electricity/Retail‐and‐Metering/Metrology‐Procedures/Update‐to‐NEM‐Load‐Table‐Unmetered‐Loads_Current‐Proposals
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4.11. Solution Element - Outsource Design Approval and Product Approval
OnepotentialsolutiontoalleviateIPARTresourceconstraintsistooutsourcebothCLFlightingdesignandproductapprovaltasks(ascurrentlyundertakenbyIPART)toanindependenttechnicalbody.ThismodelisemployedbyoverseasenergyprogramssuchasEnergyStarwhouse3rdpartycertifiers30.
Insuchamodel,thetechnicaltasksofassessingbothlightingdesignandproductperformance(eitheragainsttechnologyspecificationsoragainstsupplierclaims)wouldbeundertakenbyanexternalbodywiththefollowingattributes:
Commercialindependence.
Possessappropriatetechnicalpersonnel.
Highlevelofunderstandingoflightingdesign.
Highlevelofunderstandingoflightingproductperformanceissuesincludingtestmethods,etc.
Centralised(i.e.onecentralbody).
Preferably,contracteddirectlytotheSchemeAdministratorratherthantoACPs.ACPscouldhoweverpayfeestotheSchemeAdministratoraspartofacost‐recoverymodel.
Inordertoinvestigatesuchanapproach,apilotprojectcouldbeconsidered–thiswouldaidinidentifyingthescope,boundariesandcosts,aswellasironingoutthepracticalandtechnicalissues.
Advantages
SignificantlyreduceworkloadforIPART.
Theorganisationengagedwouldhavesignificantexpertiseinlightingdesign,lightingproductsandtheircriticalassessment.
Disadvantages
Ensuringthattheorganisationengagedretainsongoingcompetency.
Cost–estimatedintheorderofseveralhundreddollarsperproduct(forproductapproval).
Recommendation
Consideroutsourcingofdesignapprovalandproductapproval.
30Seehttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=third_party_certification.tpc_index
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4.12. Solution Element - Prove Emerging Technology Performance Post-Installation
Analternativemethodforrelievingresourceconstraintsistoremovetherequirementforemergingtechnologiestoprovetheirperformanceinadvance.Proofofmodelperformancecouldoccurpost‐installation,requiringapprovalorscrutinybyathirdpartysuchasIPART,anauditororotherindependentbody.
Advantages
SignificantlyreduceworkloadforIPART.
Disadvantages
Rectificationofinstallationspost‐installation,ifequipmentisfoundtofailinprovingitsperformance.
Recommendation
Thisisnothighlyrecommended,andshouldonlybeconsideredifastrongcontractualobligationcanbeputinplace,torectifyanyinstallationsfittedwithnon‐complyingproducts.
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4.13. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter
AllrecommendationsfromthischapterarebroughttogetherinTable11.Thestrengthofeachprimaryrecommendationisidentifiedusingaseriesoftickmarks,alongwithanalternaterecommendationiftheprimaryrecommendationisnottakenup.
Table11–analysisofrecommendations
Primary Recommendation Strength of
Recommendation Discussion / Notes
Alternate Recommendation (Strongly recommended if Primary Recommendation is not taken up)
Remove VRUs ✔✔✔
All upgrades must be permanent (would disallow or limit the use of T5 adaptors and LED linear replacement lamps)
✔✔ Non-permanent upgrades allowed only for small projects (energy saving limit of X hours – see section 4.5)
Technology specs for downlights ✔✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance
Technology specs for LED linear replacement lamps ✔✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance
Technology specs for LED linear panel troffers ✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance
Technology specs for LED highbay luminaires ✔ Laboratory testing to prove performance
T5 adaptors to prove performance – light output, LCP and lamp life (if retained in the ESS) ✔✔✔
If all upgrades required to be permanent, T5 adaptors will be less prevalent. Note that some further development of test methods is required.
Induction lamps to prove performance: light output, LCP, lamp life, colour temperature, CRI and harmonics
✔✔✔
VRUs to prove performance Remove from CLF – see above
All projects to prove a minimum lamp/fixture lifetime of X hours (see section 4.7.1) ✔✔
Consider allowing in-house manufacturer laboratories (who may already have conducted tests)
Require Energy Star or NATA-recognised lab testing ✔✔✔
Undertake check testing ✔✔✔
Leverage from existing certification schemes ✔✔✔
Proof of MEPS registration ✔✔
Equipment certified as compatible with incumbent dimmers, etc. ✔✔
Minimum warrantee for equipment ✔✔
Approval per model ✔✔✔
Outsource project and product approval ✔✔
Oncethefinalrecommendationshavebeensettledon,detailsofeachcanbefinalisedforinclusioninapublicdocument.Asthispointitisrecommendedthatafurtheriterationofthesedetailsbeundertaken,particularlyasdetailsmaybeinfluencedbyotherrecommendations.
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Chapter 5. SAFETY AND EMC REQUIREMENTS
5.1. Introduction
ThischaptercoverselectricalsafetyandEMCissues.Theobjectivesofthischapteraretoinvestigate:
TheincorporationofsafetyrequirementsintoCLFrequirements.
Howtechnologiesfitwithincurrentandemergingregulatoryrequirements.
Thisreportisnotacompletereviewofallpossiblesafetyissues.Itseekshowevertohighlightsafetyissuesastheyariseandintersectwiththeobjectivesofthisreport.Itispossiblethatfurtherspecialisedworkmayberequired,forexamplebyanOH&S/riskspecialistorelectrocutionexpert,inordertofullycanvassallsafetyaspectsofESScommerciallightingprojects.
Currently,IPARTrequirethatthefollowingitemsaresuppliedaspartoftheapplicationforeachemergingtechnologymodel:
Electricalsafety:(requiredforconnectiontomainspower)evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheelectricalsafetyrequirementsoftheNSWElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004,either:
‐ anAustralianCertificateofApproval31(ifitisaDeclaredArticle32)or
‐ aCertificateofSuitabilityissuedbyNSWFairTrading(ifitisaNon‐DeclaredArticle33)or
‐ DocumentationshowingtheRegulatoryComplianceMark(RCM34).
ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC):evidencetodemonstratethatequipmentmeetstheEMCrequirementsoftheRadioCommunicationsAct1992(administeredbyACMA).InformationacceptedasevidenceofcompliancewithelectricalsafetyandEMCregulatoryarrangementsincludes:EvidenceoftheRCMandverifiableregulatoryapprovalnumber,orsuppliercodeissuedbyACMAandACMAdeclarationofconformity.
5.2. Background Information
5.2.1. NSW - Electrical Safety Legislation – Appliances and Equipment
InNewSouthWales,NSWFairTradingadministerstheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Act2004andtheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Regulation2006.Thesecoverthesaleofmainssuppliedelectricalappliancesandequipment.Certainappliancesandequipment(knownasdeclaredarticles)mustbeapprovedbytheCommissionerforFairTradingorbyanapprovedequivalent.
Allapproveddeclaredarticlesmustcarrytheappropriateapprovalmarkandcomplywiththerelevantsafetystandardtoenabletheproducttobesold.Theremainingappliancesandequipment(knownasnon‐declaredarticles)mustcomplywithminimumsafetyrequirementscontainedinAustralianStandardAS/NZS3820:2009(asamended).
31AnAustralianCertificateofApprovalmaybeissuedbyNSWFairTrading,oranequivalentbody inanotherstate,orbyanindependentcertifier.32DeclaredArticlesincludeT5adaptorkitsandpowersupplies.33Non‐DeclaredArticlesincludevoltagereductionunits,LEDtubes,andinductionlamps.34AnRCMcoversbothelectricalsafetyandEMCrequirements.
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ReciprocalagreementsareinplacebetweentheStateregulatorstoallowadeclaredarticleapprovedinitiallybytheapprovalauthorityinonejurisdictiontobesoldinallotherjurisdictionswithoutanyfurtherformality.NSWFairTradinghasalsogivenauthoritytoanumberofRecognisedExternalApprovalSchemes(REAS)tocertifyelectricalappliancesandequipment.TheREASthathavebeengivenauthorityare:SAIGlobalCertificationServices,TUVRheinlandAustralia,SGSSystemsandServicesCertification,theAustralianGasAssociation,SAAApprovalsandULInternationalNZ.
TheElectricity(ConsumerSafety)Act2004providesfortheprohibitionofanyarticlethatis,orislikelytobecome,unsafeandmaycompelsuchremedialaction(includingrecall)necessaryforpublicsafety.Itisanoffencetoselladeclaredarticleif:
NotapprovedbyNSWFairTradingortherelevantAuthorityorREAS.
NotmarkedwiththeapprovalmarkallocatedbytheapprovalorcertificationagencyortheRegulatoryComplianceMark(ifappropriate).
Itdoesnotcomplywiththerelevantclassand,ifapplicable,modelspecificationsorotherprescribedrequirementsforthatarticle.
Approvalmustbesoughtfordeclaredarticles.Declaredarticles(relevanttolighting)areasfollows:
BayonetandEdisonscrewlampholder/adaptor.
Decorativelightingoutfit:
o Fordecorative,displayorilluminationpurposes.
o Portable.
o Consistsof:
LampsincludingLEDorlampholdersinterconnectedbyflexiblecordoflessthan2.5mm2cross‐sectionalarea.
LampsincludingLEDwithinaflexibleenclosure.
o Maybeintegralwithaframeorsimilarsupportandincludesanyintegralpowersupplyorcontroldevice.
Fluorescentlampballast:
o Forcontrollingcurrentflowingthroughfluorescentlamp.
o Independentorbuilt‐intypeintendedforusewithluminaires(portableorfixed).
o Integraltype,ratedat60wattsorless,suchthatitformsanon‐replaceablepartofafluorescentlamp/ballastcombination.
o Adaptortypesuchthatitallowstheinsertionofafluorescentlampintotheballast.
Fluorescentlampstarter.
Inspectionhandlamp:
o Forinspectionpurposesusingillumination.
o Holdsincandescentordischargelamp
o Handheld.
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o Notincludinghandlampwithmagnificationfacility.
Luminaire–portabletype:
o Householdtype.
o Providesilluminationorfordecorativepurposes.
o Fittedwithflexiblecord,applianceinletsocketorapowersupplywithintegralpinsforinsertionintoasocketoutlet.
o Forstandingonatableorfloororisfittedwithaclamporsimilarforattachmenttoverticalorhorizontalsurfaces.
o Forusewithtungstenfilament,tubularfluorescentorotherdischargelamps.
o Constructedtorepresentamodel,personoranimalandbyitsdesignandmaterialsislikelytobetreatedbyachildasatoy.
o Hasmetalpartswhicharerequiredtobeearthedordoubleinsulatedfromliveparts(excludinglivepartsofanallinsulatedlampholder).
Powersupplyorcharger:
o Outputnotexceeding50voltsa.c.or120voltsripplefreed.c.
o Providesupplytoseparateluminaires.
o Forchargingbatteriesortosupplyequipment.
o IncludesLEDandotherlightingpowersupplies.
Non‐declaredarticlescanvoluntarilyseekapproval,whichmaybegrantedwhereitisshownthatthearticlecomplieswiththerelevantAustralianStandardasdeterminedbyNSWFairTrading.
ThemajorityoftheAustralianStandardsappliedtoelectricalarticlesarebasedonIECandEuropean(EN)Standards.TestreportstothesestandardsmaybeacceptedprovidedanydeviationsincludedintheapplicableAustralianStandardaresuitablyaddressed.FairTradingwillgenerallyaccepttestreportsfromlaboratoriesaccreditedby(butnotlimitedto):
NATA.
TheCertifyingBody(CB)scheme.
OrganisationswithareciprocalarrangementwithNATA.
Recognisedorcertifiedwithintheirowncountrybyanappropriatenationalbodyorinternationallybysimilarbodiesandwhichcanestablishthattheymeetstandardsnotinferiortothoseabove.
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5.2.2. Victoria - Electrical Safety Legislation – Appliances and Equipment
InVictoria,EnergySafeVictoria(ESV)administerstheElectricitySafetyAct1998andtheElectricity(Equipment)Regulations2009.Thesecoverthesaleoflegally“prescribed”electricalappliancesandequipment,andthelistofappliancetypesisharmonisedwithNSW–seesection5.2.1forlightingappliances.ESVapprovesprescribedelectricalequipmentbywayofa“certificateofapproval”whichremainsinforceforupto5years.SimilartoNSW,non‐prescribedappliancesinVictoriacanvoluntarilyapplyfora“certificateofcompliance”.
Testreports,fromapprovedlaboratories,mustaccompanyapprovalsandthesecanuseIECstandardswhereappropriate(addressinganyAustraliannationalvariationsinanaddendumreport).ApprovedlaboratoriesmustberecognisedbyNATAorIANZ(NewZealand).
5.2.3. NSW - Electrical Safety of Installation
TheNSWElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Act2004andtheElectrical(ConsumerSafety)Regulation2006includerequirementsfornotificationofelectricalworktoelectricitynetworkprovidersandtoNSWFairTrading.ACertificateofComplianceElectricalWork(ComplianceCertificate)isauniquelynumberedformwhichisrequiredtobecompletedbyanelectricalcontractoreverytimethecontractoradds,alters,disconnects,reconnectsorreplacesanelectricalinstallation.
ConsumersshouldbegivenacopyoftheComplianceCertificateatthecompletionofthejobandadvisedtoretainit.TheComplianceCertificateistheconsumer’sassurancethatalicensedcontractorhascompletedandtestedtheworktoensureitiseffectiveandcompliantwiththeAustralia/NewZealandwiringrulesforelectricalinstallationwork.
ElectricalcontractorsmustsubmitacopyoftheComplianceCertificatetotheelectricalnetworkprovideriftheworkinvolves:anewinstallation,workwhichrequirethenetworkprovidertodoextraworkforthenetworkconnectionorformeteringarrangements,workonelectricalswitchboardsorassociatedequipmentthateffectstheelectricalloading,methodofelectricalprotection,systemofearthingorthephysicallocationoftheswitchboard.
FortheESS,itisrecommendedthat,whereaComplianceCertificateisrequiredtobegenerated,thataphotocopyoftheComplianceCertificatebeheldbytheACPaspartoftherecordsforeachproject.
Currently,theESSRulerequiresthatDefaultAbatementActivitiesbeperformedbyanelectrician,iftheactivityinvolvesthemodificationorreplacementofelectricalwiring.ItisrecommendedthatIPARTconsiderextendingalicensedelectriciantoallESSactivitiesinvolvingelectricalwiring,subjecttoathoroughassessmentofthelegalandsafetyaspectsofESSactivities.
5.2.4. Victoria - Electrical Safety of Installation
SimilartoNSW,theVictorianElectricitySafetyAct1998andElectricitySafety(Installations)Regulations2009requireacertificateofelectricalsafety(COES)tobeissuedforallelectricalinstallationwork.Failuretocomplywiththeserequirementsisacriminaloffenceandlicensedworkerswhodosomaybesubjecttodisciplinaryaction.ESVhasintroducedanonlinesystemenablingelectricityprofessionalstopurchaseandlodgeCOESelectronically.
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5.2.5. ERAC
TheElectricalRegulatoryAuthoritiesCouncil(ERAC)isthepeakbodyofelectricalsafetyregulatorsinAustraliaandNewZealand.ERACactstoensureelectricalsafetyregulatorysystemsarecontemporaryandharmonisedwhereverpossible.ThemissionofERACistoprovidebenefitstoAustralianandNewZealandGovernments,industryandthepublicbystrivingforauniformregulatoryenvironmentforelectricalactivities,forthepurposeofachievingacceptablelevelsofelectricalsafety,supplyqualityandenergyuseefficiency.Itsprincipalobjectivesareasfollows:
Developmentofapolicyframeworkthatencouragesandprovidesforcoordinatedregulatorydevelopmentineachjurisdiction.
CoordinationofindividualState/Territory/NZprogramobjectivesandactivities,toensureuniformitywhereverpossible.
RepresentationofERAC’sagreedpoliciesatthenationallevelforthepurposeofsecuringsupportfromGovernments,industryandthepublic.
ActiveparticipationinpolicyandtechnicalcommitteesoforganisationssuchasStandardsAustraliaandStandardsNewZealandtoensurethatthecontentofnationaltechnicalstandardsisconsistentwithregulatorydirectionsandrequirements.
InNovember2011ERACreleasedaninformationbulletininrelationtoT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlamps35.Thisbulletinissummarisedasfollows:
ERAChasseriousconcernswithelectricalsafetyissuesofboththeLEDlinearreplacementlampsandT5adaptors,includingwiththeproductsthemselvesandwiththemodificationstoexistingluminaires.
RecentenforcementactionsfortheseproductsbySafetyRegulatorsinAustralia,NewZealand,andEuropehaveshowninstanceswheretheseproductsdonotcomplywithessentialsafetyrequirements,suchasprotectionagainstelectricshock.InAustraliaandNewZealandthesesafetyprinciplesarespecifiedinAS/NZS3820EssentialSafetyRequirementsforLowVoltageElectricalEquipment.
Thefollowingreportsoffailureshavebeenmade:
o Failureofinsulationcausingthemetalenclosurebodyofsuchdevicestobecomeliveandpresentanelectricshockrisk.
o Accesstoliveparts.
o Whilebeinginstalled,withoneendofthetubeinsertedintheluminaire,theotherendmaybecomeliveandpresentsapossibleaccessibleelectricshockhazard.
Currentlythereisnospecificelectricalsafetystandardfortheseproductsthatcouldbeusedtocoverallelectricalrisks.Thereforedesigners,manufactures,importersandsupplierswouldneedtoapplyrequirementsfromseveralelectricalsafetystandardsandengageingoodengineeringdesignprinciplestoensuretheproductsaremadeinamannerthatiselectricallysafe.
Theseissues,anddevelopmentofstandards,areunderdiscussionbyERACandtheAustralianandNewZealandelectricalsafetystandardscommitteeforlightingproducts(EL‐041).Duringthesediscussionsconcernhasbeenraisedthatsomemanufacturers,
35Availablefromhttp://erac.gov.au/images/Downloads/0001%20‐%20T8‐T5%20flourescent%20lamp%20adaptor%20retrofits.pdf
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importers,distributors,installersandretailersmaynotbefullyawareofthepotentialsafetyrisksrelevanttothereplacementtubestheysupply.
Inthebulletin,thefollowingrecommendationsweresuggestedbyERACasgeneralguidanceinformation:
LEDlinearreplacementlampsandT5adaptors:Suppliersareresponsibleforensuringthattheseproductsaresafeandcomplywithelectricalsafetyrequirements.
Modifiedluminaires:Foramodifiedluminaire,themanufactureroftheoriginalluminairewillnolongerberesponsibleforcomplianceofthemodifiedproduct.Anymodificationsmadetotheoriginalluminairemayalterthecharacteristicsoftheoriginalproduct,forexamplethesafetyaspectsoftheoriginalluminaire,hencecomplianceassessmentsoftheoriginalluminairemaynolongerbeapplicabletothemodifiedluminaire.Inthiscase,themodifiedluminairewillbeconsideredtobeanewluminaire.Personsplacingonthemarketmodificationkitsforincorporationintoanexistingluminairemustensurethatthemodifiedluminaireissafewhenthekitisinstalledinaccordancewiththeirsuppliedinstructions.Whenplacingamodifiedluminaireonthemarketormodifyingaluminaireonsite,themodifiedproductshouldcomplywiththerequirementsoutlinedbelowfornewluminaires.Thoseresponsibleforplacingsuchproductonthemarkethavethefullresponsibilityforensuringitssafetyandcompliancewithallapplicableelectricalproductsafetystandards.
Newluminaires(includingmodifiedluminaires):
o MustbesafeandcomplywithAS/NZS60598.1andanyapplicablepart2ofthatseriesofsafetystandards.
o Shouldbemarkedwithawarninglabelthatisvisiblewhilstreplacinglamps.Thiswarninglabelshouldbelegibleandindelibleandshowtheintentof:‘Warning‐notforusewithanyfluorescentlamps,useonly<Brand><ModelNumber><Type>Lamp’.
o Shouldhaveafusetoprotectagainstshortcircuits.
o Theluminairemustcontinuetobesafeifafluorescentlampisre‐installed,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.
Retrofitluminaires:
o Nomodificationoftheoriginalluminaireisallowed.ItisassumedthattheoriginalluminairewillhavebeenfullycompliantwithsafetystandardAS/NZS60598.1andanyapplicablepart2ofthatseriesofsafetystandards.
o Thereplacementofaglowstarterwithotherdevicesdoesnotconstituteamodificationoftheluminaireitself.Howevertheuseofsuchdevicesshouldnotcompromisesafetywhenusedinluminaires.
LEDlinearreplacementlamps:
o LEDlinearreplacementlampshallcomplywiththerequirementsofsafetystandardsAS/NZS61347.1,IEC61347.2.13andrelevantrequirementsofAS/NZS60598.1.NotethatIEC62031maybeusedinlieuofIEC61347.2.13.
o Irrespectiveofthestandardsmentionedabove,wheretheproducthasuniquecharacteristics,assessmentsofsafetymusthaveadequatelycoveredallrisksoftheproduct.ThismayinvolvetheuseofseveralotherAustraliaandNewZealand
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standardsand/orinternationalstandardsandotherassessmentstoensuretheproductiselectricallysafe.
o TheLEDlinearreplacementlampshouldbeassessedtoensurenoaccesstolivepartscanbeachievedduringinstallation.
o Fullinstallationinstructionsanddiagramsshallbeprovided.
o LEDlinearreplacementlampshallbecapableofbeingfittedintoanun‐modifiedluminaireswithoutcausingasafetyhazard,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.
T5adaptors:
o Adaptorisaprescribed/declaredarticleandshallhaveanAustralianorNewZealandCertificateofApprovalasa‘Fluorescentlampballast’.
o AdaptorassemblyshallcomplywithsafetystandardsAS/NZS61347.1,AS/NZS61347.2.3andtherelevantrequirementsofAS/NZS60598.1.
o Irrespectiveofthestandardsmentionedabove,wheretheproducthasuniquecharacteristics,assessmentsofsafetymusthaveadequatelycoveredallrisksoftheproduct.ThismayinvolvetheuseofseveralotherAustraliaandNewZealandstandardsand/orinternationalstandardsandotherassessmentstoensuretheproductiselectricallysafe.
o Theadaptorshouldbeassessedtoensurenoaccesstolivepartscanbeachievedduringinstallation.
o Fullinstallationinstructionsanddiagramsshallbeprovided.
o T8/T5fluorescentlampadaptorassembliesshallbecapableofbeingfittedintoanun‐modifiedluminaireswithoutcausingasafetyhazard,althoughitdoesnothavetofunction.
5.2.6. Report - Review of Electrical Safety Issues for Lighting Technologies
IPARTrecentlycommissionedareportReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologiesundertheNSWEnergySavingsScheme.Thekeyconclusionsandrecommendationsofthisreportaresummarisedasfollows:
SeekalegalopinionaboutIPART'slegalresponsibilityforsafety.
CommissionasafetyreviewoftheESStobeundertakenbyaspecialistriskconsultant.
ImposeanadditionalconditionofaccreditationthatrequiresACPstomaintainpublicliabilityinsuranceandinsurancecoverforproductreplacementandrectificationofworks.
ConsideramendingtheESSRuletospecificallyincludeelectricalsafetyrequirements.
IncludeintheACPauditscope:theactivitiesofACPscomplywithsafetyrequirements,recordsareavailabletodemonstrateproductsmeetrelevantsafetystandards,andrecordsareavailabletodemonstratethatrewiringwasundertakenbyalicensedelectrician.
IncludeintheACPannualreport:reportonhowtheyaremeetingtherevisedConditionsofAccreditationregardingsafety,whatsafetytraininghasbeenundertaken,thatanyelectricalwiringwasundertakenbyalicensedelectrician.
UpdateFactSheet3"MinimumRequirementsforInstallerConduct”toincludeaddressingsafetyofinstallationandproducts.
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MaintainandstrengthentherelationshipwithNSWFairTrading,includingprocesstofollowifelectricalsafetyissuesarise.
ItisrecommendedthattheserecommendationsbetakenupbyIPART.
5.2.7. EMC
ACMAenforcesEMCregulatoryarrangementsundertheRadiocommunicationsAct1992.Allproductsthatfallwithinthescopeoftheregulationaresubjecttocompliancewiththearrangementsandmustbeappropriatelylabeledwiththecompliancemark(C‐tick).
Thepurposeoftheregulationistominimiseelectromagneticinterferencebetweenelectronicproductswhichmaydiminishtheperformanceofelectricalproductsordisruptessentialcommunications.TheEMCregulatoryarrangementsintroducetechnicallimitsforemissionsfromelectrical/electronicproductsandcommunicationsservices.Toestablishcompliancewiththeregulatoryarrangements,suppliersmustdemonstratethatproductsmeetrelevantstandardsbeforesuchproductsaresuppliedintoAustralia.
ACMArecognisesanumberofEuropeanandinternationalEMCstandards.AlsoundertheTrans‐TasmanMutualRecognitionArrangement(TTMRA),theACMAhasharmonisedtheEMCregulatoryarrangementswithNewZealand.
Electriclightingproducts,suchasincandescentlamps,luminaires,magneticandelectronicballastsfallwithinthescopeofCISPR15.ACMAhaslimitedthelevelofradiofrequencyemissions(radiatedandconducted)fromalllightingequipmentwithaprimaryfunctionofgeneratingordistributinglightintendedforilluminationpurposes.
Dependingontheriskofinterferencefromtheproduct,compliancelevel1or2willapply.MostelectricalandelectronicproductsarecoveredbytheEMCregulatoryarrangements.Mostlightingequipmentwillbeundermediumrisk(compliancelevel2)withtheexceptionofincandescentlightsandbatterypoweredlightingwhicharelowrisk(compliancelevel1).
Whilecompliancewiththeapplicablestandardismandatory,therearenorequirementstoholdatestreport,labelormaintainaSupplier’sdeclarationofconformity(DoC)forlowrisk(compliancelevel1)devicessuchasincandescentlamps.
ACMAstatesthatsomechangesmadetoanexistingluminairewillaffecttheradiofrequencysignatureoftheoriginaldeviceandwillresultinwhatiseffectivelyanewproduct.Themostcriticalofthesechangesinclude:
Removalofpowerfactorcorrectioncapacitor.
Inclusionofablockinginductorintotheluminairecircuit.
Introductionofanelectronicballast.
Re‐configurationoftheluminairewiringlayout.
Introductionofanemergencyconversionpack.
NotethatCISPR15wasrecentlyupdatedsuchthattestingabove30MHzwillbemandatory36from9Feb2013.NotealsothatACMAmayallowsomegrandfatheringofproductapprovals.
36Seehttp://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_310707
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5.3. Discussion
Giventheissuesoutlinedintheprevioussections,thecurrentrequirementsimposedbyIPARTforsafetyandEMCcomplianceofemergingtechnologies(i.e.proofofregulatorycomplianceorvoluntarysafetycomplianceifproductisnotregulated)areconsideredappropriate.
However,theeffectofT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampswhenfittedtoexistingluminairesraisesfurtherissuesforbothsafetyandEMC.TheseproductscancreateelectricalsafetyandEMCcomplianceissues,wheninstalledintoexistingluminaireswithcontrolgear,thatmaynotbeapparenttotheproductsuppliersorinstallers.
Therearethreepotentialresponsestotheseissues:
EliminateT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampsfromtheCLF.Thisisalignedwithotherbenefits,suchasinstallationpermanence,thathavebeenraisedelsewhereinthisreport.
Implementprocedurestoensurethatanyas‐modified/retrofittedluminairesaresafeandEMCcompliant.Currently,IPARThaveinformedACPsthattheyareresponsiblefortheas‐modified/retrofittedluminaire.However,itmaybenecessarytoimplementprocedurestoensurethatACPsarecheckingandensuringcomplianceofinstalledproductsinexistingluminaires.Thisraisesdifficultiesastheseproductsarelikelytobeinstalledintomanydifferenttypesofluminaires,andcheckingofsafetyandEMCcomplianceforeachluminaire/controlgeartypeislikelytobeexpensiveandcomplex.ItwouldrequireasafetyandEMCtest(torelevantsafetyandCISPRstandards)tobeperformedforeachpermutationofT5adaptor/LEDlampwhencombinedwitheachmodelofluminaire.Thisislikelytobeimpracticalandprohibitivelyexpensive.
SimilartothecurrentpracticeofIPARTandERAC,provideinformationtoACPs,informingthemoftheirresponsibilitieswithregardtosafetyandEMC.Howevertheefficacyofthisapproachisunclear(i.e.ACPsmaysimplychoosetoignorethisadviceandimplementunsafepractices).
ThesafestapproachwouldbetoeliminateT5adaptorsandLEDlinearreplacementlampsfromtheCLF(includingmodifiedandretrofitluminaires37).Ifthisisnotconsideredfeasible,itisrecommendedthatadetailedsafetyinvestigationofthesedevicesbeundertaken.
5.4. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter
Therecommendationsformthischaptercanbesummarisedasfollows:
o WhereanelectricalwiringComplianceCertificateisrequiredtobegeneratedforaninstallation,aphotocopyoftheComplianceCertificateshouldbeheldbytheACPaspartoftherecordsforeachproject.
o ConsiderextendingalicensedelectricianrequirementtoallESSCLFactivitiesinvolvingwiring,subjecttoathoroughassessmentofthelegalandsafetyaspectsofESSactivities.
o TakeupthesafetyrecommendationsfromthereportReviewofElectricalSafetyIssuesforLightingTechnologiesundertheNSWEnergySavingsScheme.
o ConsidereliminatingT5adaptorsandLEDlineartubesandfromtheRule.Ifthisisnotfeasible,undertakeadetailedsafetyinvestigationofthesedevices.
37Modifiedandretrofitluminairescanbeconsideredluminaireswhichhavehadtheirlightsourcetechnologyaltered(e.g.fromT8toLEDorT5).
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Chapter 6. OTHER ISSUES
AnumberofissueshavealsobeenraisedbyIPART.Thesearediscussedinthischapter.
6.1. Extended Operating Hours
Currently,IPARTareexperiencinglargequantitiesofapplications(requiredinadvance)forextendedoperatinghours(EOH).IPARThaverecentlyproposedthefollowingforapprovalofextendedoperatinghours:
ACPsmustdevelopaprocedureformanagingEOH,includingidentificationandcollationofsupportingdocumentationandcalculationofthehourstobeclaimed.
ACPsshallsubmittheirEOHprocedureforapprovalbytheSchemeAdministrator.
OncetheEOHprocedureisaccepted,ACPswouldthenbeabletoclaimEOHatrelevantsitesandbeabletoinputthosehoursintoagenericCommercialLightingTool.
Notethat,tomeettherequirementsoftheESSRule,theEOHproceduredevelopedbytheACPmustincludeastepseekingSchemeAdministratorapprovaltoclaimEOH.IPARTenvisagesthatthisstepwouldinvolveanemailadvisingIPARToftheproposedEOHandadeclarationthattheapprovedEOHprocedurehasbeenimplementedandappropriaterecordsobtained.TheSchemeAdministratorwouldrespondapprovingtheEOH,withtheprovisothatthiswillbesubjecttoaudit.
Theinterpretationoftheaboveisthatapproval‐after‐the‐factwillbeallowedforEOHeachsite,onceapre‐approvedprocesshasbeenputinplacebytheACP.Thissolutionappearsappropriate,providedthatappropriateauditproceduresareinplace.Otherpotentialsolutionsinclude:
Requiretime‐of‐usemeteringdata,wheresuchmetersareinstalled.
OutsourceapprovalofEOHapplications,asdiscussedinsection4.11.
Requireapproval‐in‐advanceforEOHprojectsaboveacertainESCquantitythreshold(e.g.largeprojectsasdefinedinsection2.4.1).
ThesesolutionscanbeconsideredalongsidethecurrentIPARTtreatmentofEOH.
6.2. Application of the BCA in NSW
TheCLFincludesacalculationforlightingprojectswheretheupgradeissubjecttoSectionJoftheBuildingCode.Regulation94oftheNSWEnvironmentalPlanningandAssessmentRegulation2000statesthefollowing:
Consentauthority[e.g.Council]mayrequirebuildingstobeupgraded
(cfclause66BofEP&ARegulation1994)
(1)Thisclauseappliestoadevelopmentapplicationfordevelopmentinvolvingtherebuilding,alteration,enlargementorextensionofanexistingbuildingwhere:
(a)theproposedbuildingwork,togetherwithanyotherbuildingworkcompletedorauthorisedwithintheprevious3years,representsmorethanhalfthetotalvolumeofthebuilding,asitwasbeforeanysuchworkwascommenced,measuredoveritsroofandexternalwalls,or
(b)themeasurescontainedinthebuildingareinadequate:
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(i)toprotectpersonsusingthebuilding,andtofacilitatetheiregressfromthebuilding,intheeventoffire,or
(ii)torestrictthespreadoffirefromthebuildingtootherbuildingsnearby.
(2)Indeterminingadevelopmentapplicationtowhichthisclauseapplies,aconsentauthorityistotakeintoconsiderationwhetheritwouldbeappropriatetorequiretheexistingbuildingtobebroughtintototalorpartialconformitywiththeBuildingCodeofAustralia.
(3)Themattersprescribedbythisclauseareprescribedforthepurposesofsection79C(1)(a)(iv)oftheAct.
ThiseffectivelymeansthattheCouncilhasdiscretiontorequirethebuildingtocomplywiththeBuildingCode.Presumably,thisalsomeansthattheCouncilshavediscretionoverwhichsectionsoftheBuildingCodeshallbecompliedwith.Energyefficiencymayhoweverrepresentalowpriorityforsomecouncilsinthiscontext,i.e.relativetothesafetyaspectsmentionedinsection94oftheRegulation.TheimplicationofthisisthatCouncilsmayinfrequentlyrequirecommercialbuildingrenovationstocomplywithSectionJ.ThisconclusionmayneedtobetestedwithaselectionofCouncils.
6.3. Calculation of Energy Savings
Currentlythebusiness‐as‐usual(BaU)baselineforcommerciallightingupgradesdoesnottakeintoaccountanyfutureimprovementinBaUlightingefficiency.RegulatoryschemeswhichmightaffectbaselineassumptionsfortheactivitiesareeffectivelytheBuildingCodeandproductMEPS.Asdiscussedintheprevioussection,buildingcodesarenotlikelytohaveasignificantimpactontheenergyefficiencyoftheexistingbuildingstock.MEPSislikelytosignificantlyeffectonlytheELVhalogenactivities,whichinvolvesthephase‐outof50WELVreflectorlampsinfavourof35W.TheeffectoflampMEPScanbemodeledifrequired–forexamplemodelingofa2yearsunsetperiodfor50Wlamps,followedby8yearsof35Wlamps(overatotal10yeartimehorizon).
6.4. Summary of Recommendations from this Chapter
Therecommendationsfromthischapterareasfollows:
Extendedoperatinghours(forconsideration):
Requiretime‐of‐usemeteringdata,wheresuchmetersareinstalled.
OutsourceapprovalofEOHapplications.
Requireapproval‐in‐advanceforEOHprojectsaboveacertainESCquantitythreshold(e.g.largeprojectsasdefinedinsection2.4.1).
ModeltheeffectofELVlampMEPSifrequired.
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APPENDIX A – INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING DESIGN SOFTWARE
A.1. Introduction
Lightingdesignandanalysissoftwarecancalculatelightinglevelsandotherparametersforinteriorandexteriorenvironments,takingintoaccount:
Electriclightingfromlamp/luminairedatafiles.
Dimensionsandsurfaceproperties(suchasreflectance)ofthearchitecturalenvironmentasspecifiedbybuildingplans.
Lightcontributionsfromdaylight(somesoftwarepackages).
Forelectriclighting,datafortheluminaireisprovidedintheformofmeasuredluminousintensitydistributions(“photometricdata”inanASCIIdelimitedtextfile).Thisinformationistypicallyprovidedbythelamp/luminairemanufacturerandcaneitherbeintegratedintothesoftwarepackagevialinkedoradd‐oncataloguesorbyimportingindividuallampfiles.Importablelampdatafileformatsinclude:
IES–astandardfileformatcreatedbytheIlluminatingEngineeringSociety(IES)fortheelectronictransferofphotometricdataquantitiesofluminousfluxandluminousintensitydistributionatanydesignatedangleastestedusingagonio‐photometer.
CIE–similartoIESformat,thisdatafilewasdevelopedbytheInternationalCommissiononIllumination(CIE);luminousintensitydistributionisprovidedforoveraspecificrangeofangles.
LDT–Eulumdat,anindustrystandardphotometricdatafilecommonlyusedinEurope,whichadditionallycontainslinesspecifyingcorrelatedcolourtemperature(CCT)andcolourrenderingindex(CRI)
Fornaturaldaylight,thereareseveral“skymodels”thataccuratelypredictthedistributionandintensityofdirectsunlightanddiffusedaylight,basedontimeanddate,geographiclocation,andweatherconditions.Historicalweatherdataatmostlocationscanalsobeintegratedforpredictionofannual,dailyandhourlyconditions.Thesoftwarepackagewillgenerallycontainanintegratedskymodelandwillofferinputoptionstochoosebetweentheseparametersasrequired.
Tocreatethemodelofthearchitecturalenvironment,thereistheoptiontomanuallycreatetheroomsusingthesoftwareeditororsimplyimporttwo‐orthree‐dimensionalcomputer‐aideddesign(2D/3DCAD)drawings.CADfileformatsinclude:
DWG–Drawingfile,abinaryfileformatforstoring2Dand3DdesigndataandmetadataandisthenativeformatforCADpackagessuchasAutoCAD
DXF–DrawingInterchangeFormat,developedbyAutodeskforenablingdatainteroperabilitybetweenAutoCADandotherprograms
3DS–a3Dvectorfileinbinaryformat,originallythenativeformatfortheoldAutodesk3DStudioDOS
STF–SetupInformationFile,similartoDWGwhichexportsroomgeometry,roomdesignations,windowanddoorpositions,reflectanceandalsolamppositions
WRL–afileextensionforaVirtualRealityModelingLanguage(VRML)fileformat,oftenusedbybrowserplug‐instodisplayvirtualrealityenvironments.VRMLfilesareknownas“worlds”,thisiswhatWRLstandsfor.
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JPG,PNG,BMP,HDR,WMF–imagefilescomposedofdigitaldata,thesehavevaryingdegreesofcompression(fidelityloss)
XLS–Excelspreadsheetformatwhichholdsdatainworksheets,chartsandmacros
Outputsprovidedbylightingdesignpackagesinclude:
Illuminance,E(lux)–aspointcalculations,isoluxcontourlinesandpseudocolours
Luminance,L(cd/m²)–inrenderedpseudocolour
UGR–UnifiedGlareRating,aninternationalindexpresentedbyCIEpublication117whichisusedtoevaluateandlimitthepsychologicaldirectglare(knownasdiscomfortglare)fromluminaires
STV–SmallTargetVisibility,usuallyusedinstreetlighting–isaweightedaverageofthevisibilitylevelofanarrayoftargetsonaroadwayconsidering(a)luminanceofthetargets,(b)luminanceoftheimmediatebackground,(c)adaptationleveloftheadjacentsurroundings,(d)disabilityglare.
DF–DaylightFactor,theratioofinternallightleveltoexternallightlevelusedtoindicatewhetherartificiallightingisrequiredinthespace.
U0–OverallLuminanceUniformity,Lmin/Lavg
UG–UniformityGradient,thehighestrateofchangeofvaluesbetweenadjacentmeasuringpoints,Emax/Emin
AsummaryofpopularsoftwarepackagesisprovidedinTable12.
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Table12–Summaryofsoftwarepackages
Software Minimum release date and version
Developed by
Mainly Used For Cost Links Inputs Outputs Level of Complexity
DIALux 6 July 2012, V 4.10
DIAL GmbH
Indoor & outdoor lighting, road lighting, sports complex lighting, emergency lighting
Free www.dial.com DXF, DWG, 3DS, STF, WRL, manufacturer lamp data
Complete project reports, Luminance diagrams, tabulated photometric data (intensity), PDF, WMF images, DWG, DXF, STF for architectural elements, UGR for observers, Energy evaluation report,
Simple
Relux Feb 2012, V 2012.2
Relux Informatik AG
Light simulation in 2D/3D; generation of isolines, pseudo colours and 3D light distributions (lux). Includes cost‐efficiency analysis of luminaires, analysis of daylight influence on iso‐lux diagrams, quotation module.
Free www.relux.com DXF, DWG, 3DS, WRL, JPG, PNG, manufacturer lamp data
Lux isolines, pseudo colours, 3D light distribution diagrams, Lux uniformity; DXF, DWG for scenes; HDR for simulations; XLS for lists; UGR for several observers; Luminance
Simple
AGi32 24 Jan 2012, V2.3
Lighting Analysts
Popular architectural lighting analysis tool which provides comprehensive lighting calculations; high‐quality rendering for interior and exterior environments, including daylighting. Computes illuminance in any situation; assists in luminaire placement and aiming, validates adherence to various lighting criterion. Point‐by‐point lighting, photometrically correct colour‐rendered visualisations. Uses radiosity simulation engine.
USD 895 www.agi32.com E (lux) ‐ horizontal, vertical, variable meter aiming, lighting power density (W/m²)
UGR, L (cd/m²) in rendered pseudo colour, pavement L, veiling L
UG, aiming diagrams
STV, DF
Advanced
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Software Minimum release date and version
Developed by
Mainly Used For Cost Links Inputs Outputs Level of Complexity
Elum Tools 9 July 2012, V 2013 R1
Lighting Analysts
Fully integrated add‐in for Autodesk Revit, designed to calculate point by point illuminance on any work plane or surface utilising lighting fixture families and surface geometry already present in the Revit model. Radiosity based.
USD 549 www.elumtools.com
IES photometric files
Luminance point by point, Lux point by point and pseudo colour, mesh overlay of radiosity
Advanced
Optis N/A Optis Analysis and prediction of stray light, hot spots, uniformity, intensity, irradiance and illuminance. Simulation of ambient lighting conditions including daylighting. Efficiency analysis with active 3D ray tracing. Compliance checks with legislation and standards
EUR 30,000
www.optis‐world.com
LDT/IES photometric files, manufacturer plugin data, CAD files
Lux, Luminance, Intensity calculations. Photometry maps, cross‐sections, point measurements, colourimetry,
Intermediate
OptiWin 29 Sept 2009, V 2008.3
Glamox International
Light calculation of complete projects Free www.glamox‐international.com
DXF, DWG 2D files
DXF, 3DS, for 3D Manufacturer photometric files
glare calculations UGR, lighting power density (W/m²)
point illuminance calculations (lux)
isolux curves
economic calculations
Simple
Radiance 1 Nov 2011, V 4.1
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Predicts illumination, visual quality and appearance of lighting and daylighting design using ray tracing techniques. Advantage in that there are no limitation on the geometry or materials that may be simulated.
Free radsite.lbl.gov DXF, IES photometric files, material/object/model libraries available
Advanced
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Software Minimum release date and version
Developed by
Mainly Used For Cost Links Inputs Outputs Level of Complexity
Visual 2.6 2 July 2012, V 2.6.0224
Acuity Brands Lighting
3D lighting analysis including Area tool to calculate pole spacing; Floodlight tool to calculate required number of luminaires for given lux criteria; Interior tool determines illuminance achieved by specified lighting power density; Template tool views iso‐lux contours and point‐by‐point lux; Economic tool to compare products, calculate retrofit projects, life cycle analysis, reporting.
USD 100 OR free basic edition
www.acuitybrandslighting.com
DWG/DXF files, IES/CIE/LDT photometric data files
Illuminance point by point, Isolines, filled contour, pseudo colour, and grey scale render, economic reports, U0, Intensity distributions,
Intermediate
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A.2. Example of Software: Relux
ThisexamplehasbeenmadewiththesoftwareReluxbutitwouldbeapproximatelythesameprocesswiththeothersoftwarementionedintheprevioussection
A.2.1. Room Characteristics
WhenstartinganewprojectonReluxtheseparameterscanbeset:
roomdimensions
heightofthereferenceplan
offsettothewall
Surfacereflectance,textureandcolour.
Anexistingplancanalsobeimported.
Figure3–Roomcharacteristics
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Figure4‐Surfacecharacteristics
Note:thecharacteristicsusedforthepurposeofthisexamplearedisplayedinFigure3andFigure4andthereflectanceandtheworkingplanheightchosenareintherangeofrecommendedvaluesinAS/NZS1680.1.
A.2.2. Luminaire Characteristics
TouseaspecificluminaireinaReluxproject,thephotometricdatacanbeobtainedbyuploadingtheIESfileintothesoftware.
Inthisexample,theluminaireusedisThornDIFFUSALUXIIG1X49WHFPSOP[STD]andthephotometricdatacomefromtheIESfileprovidedbyThorn.
Oncetheluminairesdatahavebeenuploadedinthesoftware,theycanbeplacedontheplan.Figure5‐Thornluminairesplacedontheofficeplan
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A.2.3. Light Calculation
Thefollowingparameterscanbeset:
Prevailingtypeofluminaires(direct/indirect).
Rasterspacing.
Maintenancefactor:itissetbydefautat0.8foraverycleanroom,withlowyearlyusage,accordingtothestandardiseddatafromCIEdocumentMaintenanceofindoorelectriclightingsystems,2005.Neverthelessthisvalueneedstobemanuallychangeddependingonthetypeofroom,ofluminairesandoflamps(RefertoFigure7).
Figure6‐Lightcalculationsettings
Figure7‐Manualsettingofmaintenancefactor
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A.2.4. Software Output and First Approximation of Compliance
Oncetheparametersareset,ReluxcanpopulateanIsoluxassessmentandatechnicalreport,asdispayedonFigure8andFigure9.
Thiskindofsoftwaremodellingisawayofobtainingtheoricalandroughvaluesofaveragemaintainedilluminance,uniformity,powerdensityandglareindex,inafirstapproach,andtocontrolthecompliancewiththecurrentregulations.
Figure8‐Isoluxassessment
Figure9–Technicalreport
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Inthisexample,onlythegenerallightingistakenintoaccount.Therefore,thislightingtreatmentmust:
Reachanaveragemaintainedilluminanceof320lux,therecommandedmaintainedilluminancevalueforroutineofficetasksinAS/NZS1680.1.
Reachthethresholdof0.5fortheuniformityofilluminanceg1overthespace(MinimumIlluminancetoAverageilluminance),thresholdgiveninAS/NZS1680.1.
Notexceedanilluminationpowerdensityof9W/m2,themaximumilluminationpowerdensityallowedbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia2012foranofficeartificiallylittoanambientlevelof200luxormore.
AccordingtothereportdisplayedinFigure9,thislightingtreatmentcomplieswithAS/NZS1680.1recommendationsconcerningmaintainedilluminanceanduniformity,withamaintainedilluminanceof369lux,andauniformityof0.81overthespace,aswellaswiththeBuildingCodeofAustralia,withapowerdensityof8.37W/m2.
WithRelux,anapproximationoftheUnifiedGlareRating(UGR)canalsobeobtained.BysettingthepositionofanobserverandtheorientationofhisviewasshowninFigure10,ReluxwillpopulateanevaluationoftheUGRinthefieldofviewofthisobserver(refertoFigure11).
Figure10‐PositioningofanobserverforUGRcontrol
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Figure11‐UGRintheobserver’sfieldofview
Typicalmaximumvaluesofglareindex(UGR)aregiveninAS/NZS1680.Inthisexample(Normalrangeofofficetasks,onlygenerallighting),theUGRmustbeinferiorto19tocomplywiththisstandard.WithaUGRofaround18,thislightingtreatmentcomplieswithAS/NZS1680.1recommendationsinfirstapproximation,andfromthisworkstation.