NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society.

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series:

International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3):

Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society (New)

Dr. KWONG Chi-manHong Kong Baptist University

CDI020121547

1.12.2012

Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply?Globalisation of Food, 1492-1939Food and the World WarsGlobalisation of Food after 1945:

Economy Politics Society

CONTENTS

Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

2

3Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and

Society

I: FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND AND

SUPPLY?

Age of Plenty Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796 The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876 A blogger’s meal, Hong Kong, 2012

Famine Cases After 1945

FOOD: SIMPLE MATTER OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY?


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Food: solely economic issue?Human rights issue?

“The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate

for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25).



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International dimension Global movement of food and ideas International trade Politics and International relations

Social dimension Class

Eating habit as expression of class identity Ethnicity and Identity

National identity and national cuisine Regional culture

Culture Globalisation Glocalisation



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Society

II: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939

Age of Discovery, 1493-1850 Trade and Colonialism Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia

Sugarcane, spice, fruits… Potato and Maize

Population increase

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD, 1493-1939


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The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI Increase in productivity

Staple food – wheat, barley, rice… Meat – (16kg per person/year in 1870 – 50+kg per person/year

in 1914) Industrialisation

Dehydration Pasteurisation Refrigeration Canning Transportation

Railway and steamships Emergence of large corporations and lobby groups

E.g. United Fruit Company, 1899-1970 and Meat Union Marketing and consumerism



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The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI (con’t) International trade – Free Trade

Free trade and division of labour Banana republics (monoculture) South America and Australia

Migration and changing diet



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Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation?

German example (1870-1914): Contexts: German farmers vs. major exporters of grain

(USA, Russia and Canada); population increase; industrialisation; urbanisation; decrease of agricultural pop; political structure of Germany

Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck introduced import tariff of grain to protect farmers and land owning class (Junkers) – high price for imported food

Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition

Vicious cycle: increasingly diffi cult to feed working population with home-grown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier


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Society

III: FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS

Germany Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First

World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winter”: near-famine in 1917; 750,000 died of malnutrition

FOOD AND THE WORLD WARS


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http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/warbook/images/wb11.jpg

http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-4/images/TURNIPS-FOR-STREET-SALE-Turnips-badly-Infested-with-maggots.jpg

Please use the following links to view two pictures.

Germany (con’t) Autarchy vs Free trade? Debate in the 1920s

Argument of Autarchy won Supported by right-wing movements

The Nazis and Food Reich Food Corporation – total state control since 1933 “Blood and soil”: Race, agriculture, and Lebensraum Understood the inability to feed the Germans during wartime –

attack the Soviet Union! Generalplan Ost, 1940


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Japan Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868 Changing eating habits

More animal protein Increase in rice consumption

25% increase from 1890s to 1914 Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan

Still not enough! Manchuria – “Plan for the Settlement of One Million Households

over Twenty Years” China and Southeast Asia

Italy Battle for Grain 1920s



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Allies attempt to coordinate food Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation) Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science Still, famine in India

Meals of the Soldiers, WWII Axis Allies


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Society

IV: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:

ECONOMY

Post 1945 socio-economic development Relative peace Population increase Industrialisation and urbanisation

Increase in wealth Change in lifestyle

Multinationals

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: ECONOMY


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Technological change Agri-chemistry Hybrids Packaging Refrigerating Transport Example: factory ships



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The Problem of Distribution Uneven distribution Obesity in developed countries Famines around the world

Causes Natural disaster Internal and international politics International trade



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Society

V: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:

POLITICS

World food situation in 1945 Overall amount of food available to the world: 12% less than

before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946 Many had less than half of what they had in 1945 than in 1939 Europe

Production was only 36% of prewar level Germany: 1,000 calories per person per day in cities Some Germans lost a pound a day in 1946 2 million died in the Soviet Union Even Britain had to introduce rationing in 1945

Asia Famine in China, Korea, Java, and Vietnam 30 million in China suffered from under-nourishment 100,000 starved to death in Tokyo three months after the war

The Americas

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: POLITICS


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Food as Cold War Weapon Berlin Airlift, 1948 Marshall Plan VS Warsaw

Pact Relief package (CARE) from

the USA Politics of Aid

Abundance as propaganda: Hong Kong

Chinese food and water: Hong Kong East Pearl River Water Ng Fung Hong Food trains during the 1967 Riot



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International Cooperation Attempts (By UN) The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905-1945 Combined Food Board during the Second World War United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943

(Hot Spring Conference) Not only about food aid Also put forward the idea of eating healthily

Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1945- World Food Programme, 1961 World Food Conference, 1974 World Food Council, 1974-1993 World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2009



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International Cooperation Attempts (By Others) World Trade organization, 1993 Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010 European Union

European Food Safety Authority



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Work Done Food aid Setting standards Food safety Market regulation Removal of trade barrier Sharing technology

Joint research Dissemination



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Limitations of Cooperation Processes of reaching international agreements Tensions

Politics within the international organisations States vs. States States vs. Corporations and interest groups Politics within the states States vs. individuals Corporations vs. individuals



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Limitations of Cooperation (con’t) Other Causes

Political Internal situation in countries Multinational and agricultural interests Lack of consensus among countries Politics of food aid

Technological and Economic Trade and food aid Bottleneck in production Speculation and trade barrier Oil price and food fuel New technology vs. vested interest



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Society

VI: GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945:

SOCIETY

Prices of Increased Productivity Environmental

Wastage Impact of agriculture on environment Carbon footprint of food Loss of biodiversity

Obesity Over-consumption Health cost

Entrenched interest American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, American

Association of Meat Processors Twisting of taste

Standardisation of flavour Artificial flavour

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY


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Cultural and Class Dimensions National cuisine and regional food? Class dimension of food? Conservation VS tradition

Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War

Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned Employment Vested interest

GLOBALISATION OF FOOD AFTER 1945: SOCIETY


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Society

THE END!

BreadLittle bit of baconSometimes with potatoesA bit cheeseBeer, sugared tea, and “tiny quantities of milk”


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FOOD FOR A FARM LABOURER, 1796

Monday: a bit of cold meatTuesday: a hash (mix of diced meat, potatoes, and

spices)Wednesday: a potato pieThursday: fry liver and onionsFriday: potted meatSaturday: sausageWith potatoes, bread, and beverages such as tea,

beer, and milk


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THE MEALS OF A MILL WORKER, 1876

(Not a wedding dinner!)Roasted pigFried crab legStir-fried shrimpDried scallopSharks fin soupAbalone with goose palmSteamed garoupaCrispy chickenShanghai dumplingsBraised noodles


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A BLOGGER’S MEAL, 2012

1945 Vietnam 2,000,000

1947 Soviet Union 1,000,000-1,500,000

1958 Tigray, Ethiopia 100,000

1959–1961 China15,000,000–43,000,000

1968–1972Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso

1,000,000

1972–1973 Ethiopia 60,000

1974 Bangladesh 1,000,000

1975–1979 Cambodia 2,000,000

1980–1981 Uganda 30,000

1983–1985 Ethiopia 200,000

1991–1992 Somalia 300,000

1996 North Korea 200,000-3,500,000

1998 Sudan 70,000

FAMINE CASES AFTER 1945

Year Location Deaths


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Nat h an Nu n n ; Nan cy Q ian , (2 011 ) . “T h e Po ta t o ' s Con t r i bu t i on t o Popu la t i on an d U rban i z a t i on : Ev iden ce f rom a H i s t o r i c a l Expe r im en t ” . Qu ar t e r l y J ou rn a l o f Ec on om ic s 12 6 (2 ) : 6 00 .


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POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH


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POTATOES AND POPULATION GROWTH

Nat h an Nu n n ; Nan cy Q ian , (2 011 ) . “T h e Po ta t o ' s Con t r i bu t i on t o Popu la t i on an d U rban i z a t i on : Ev iden ce f rom a H i s t o r i c a l Expe r im en t ” . Qu ar t e r l y J ou rn a l o f Ec on om ic s 12 6 (2 ) : 5 94 .


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INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

A lexan der A pos t o l i d es , “En g l i sh Ag r i cu l t u ra l Ou t pu t A n d Labou r P rod u c t i v i t y , 12 50 –1 850 : S om e Pre l im in a ry Es t im a tes” . h t t p : / /www.basvan leeu wen .n e t /bes t an d en /ag r i c l on g ru n 125 0 t o185 0 .pd f


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INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

K . T. H . Fa r re r , A Se t t l em ent Am p ly Supp l i ed , p . 250 ; h t tp : / / www.p i r. s a .gov.au / agh i s to ry / l i v es tock / bee f / marke t s _and_marke t i ng / marke t i ng_ - _p roduce

Export of Frozen Meat 1881-1900 (tons)


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US MEAT INDUSTRY, 1900s

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FrsZ4UW5Hs/TPVfKiPSLtI/AAAAAAAAArY/oDS_yXTQkYE/s1600/beef5.jpg

http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/images/Beef-industry-1900s-4.jpg

Please use the following links to view two pictures about the Industrialized Butcher House in the USA in the 1900s.


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CANNED FOOD, 1890s

http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8031/7986212820_c0be7643c6_m.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef,USA, 1890s


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MARKETING AND COMMERCIALS

http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/crackerspack.jpg

http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/patersonspack.jpg

Please use the following two links to view two posters.


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BANANA CARRIERS

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/SS_Abangarez.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of SS Abangarez, 5,000t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911


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GERMAN GENERALPLAN OST, 1940

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff/lossy-page1-1024px-Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff.jpg

Please use this link to view the map.


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WAR DEATHS, 1945-2000

http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/287.png

Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deathsFrom 1945 to 2000.


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INTERNATIONAL FAST FOOD DIST.

http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/364.png

Please use this link to view the map which shows the internationalFast food distribution.


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FOOD MULTINATIONALS

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companies-graphic_n_1458812.html

Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market.


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PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION (KCAL/PERSON/DAY)

FAO, Wor ld Agr i cu l ture : towards 2015 /2030 , p .30


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OBESITY AND HEALTH PROBLEM

http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancetseriesonchronicdiseaseschina-

keyfacts.htm

Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010.


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WHITE LOAF VS RYE BREAD


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RACE, LAND, AGRICULTURE

http://file.vintageadbrowser.com/l-vaayf2et6kmhxm.jpg

Please use this link to view the Nazi Poster in 1937.

(Enhancement of the) economic, social and political conditions in Hong Kong that will continue to contrast favorably with conditions in Communist China – “Statement of US Policy on Hong Kong,” NSC6007, 1960

US food aid to Hong Kong (P.L.480) – all American outputs 4 million USD (30,400,000USD in 2011) per annum between

1958-1961 1 million under refugee program 0.8 million under information program 0.027 million under educational exchange


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HONG KONG AS COLD WAR FRONT: FOOD


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A CARE RELIEF PACKAGE

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief

Everywhere

http://blob.freent.de/contentblob/739398/teaserImg847x565/carepakete-luftbruecke.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of a care relief package.

US Department of Agriculture vs US Military and UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) Dept. of Agriculture wanted to reduce production to protect

the US farming interest from overproduction Food administrators encouraged the production and

consumption of meat – instead of producing enough grain for the starving European population

USA unable to provide enough grain for the starving European countries in 1946 – had to be helped by countries such as Britain and Canada


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“BARE SHELF” POLICY OF 1944

Put forward by John Boyd Orr, British nutritionist, who was elected as the director-general of the FAO in 1946

To “reconfigure the world’s political economy by organizing it scientifically, according to human need, not profi t”

The idea of continuing the Food Board during the Second World War to coordinate production and distribution of food

Opposed by the US State Department


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IDEA OF WORLD FOOD BOARD


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CHANGING JAPANESE DIET, 1961-2006

“Resource consumpt ion i n J apanese agr i cu l tu re and i t s l i nk to food secur i ty , ” Energy Po l i cy , Vo l . 39 , No . 3 , (Mar 2011)


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JAPANESE MILITARY RATION

http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-military-rations.jpg

http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-combat-rations.jpg

http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/japanese-rations/japanese-army-rations.jpg

Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Japanese Military Ration


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AMERICAN MILITARY RATION

http://www.usarmymodels.com/ARTICLES/Rations/KRatSupper.jpg

Please use this link to view the picture of K-Ration (Survival-ration) for field use


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MEALS AT THE HOME FRONT…

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/u010000/u011869.jpg

http://pic50.picturetrail.com/VOL437/658868/10754765/367572848.jpg

Please use these links to view the pictures of meals at the home front.


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ALLIES FOOD EFFORT

http://bhgsltd.co.uk/var/plain_site/storage/images/home/gallery/wartime_posters/dig_for_victory_now/1570-1-eng-GB/dig_for_victory_now_large.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_LL7ZWpU1aRQ/S9yALZDwscI/AAAAAAAAABI/HYzd5WrpL0s/s1600/Food+is+a+Weapon.gif

http://www.stanfordfestival.com/drcposter.jpg

Please use these links to view the pictures showing the Allies food effort.


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C/P ALASKA OCEAN

http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/assets/object/full/2009-2229.jpg

Please use these links to view the pictures of the C/P Alaska Ocean(7,419t) – catcher and processor of fish – nearly 40% of commercial caught fish in the USA

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society.

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