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• IP RAN supports • Rel 99 Iu (for WCDMA and GERAN ), • Rel 97/99 A and Gb/IP, • Rel 99 Iur for WCDMA • Rel 99 Iur-g for GERAN Rel'5• Rel 97/99 terminals
RNASRadio Network Access Server is the control plane gateway for RAN-external signaling.• Micromobility anchor for Cplane (terminates the signaling bearer connections, and relays L3 messages)• Paging Server• O&M of CN interface (reset, overload)• RNGW and CSGW control
CSGWCircuit Switched Gateway is the user plane gateway for non IP traffic • ATM to IP interworking (Iu-CS and Iur, both Cplane and Uplane• PCM to IP Interworking (A, Uplane and Cplane)• Transcoding• Micromobility anchor for A and Iu-CS Uplane
RNGWRAN Gateway is the user plane gateway for IP traffic. • Micromobility anchor for Iu-PS Uplane • Firewall t.b.d.
CRMSCommon Radio Resource Management Server performs RAN Wide Radio Resource Management (inter cell/layers/system)• Load sharing• Policy Management• Autotuning for load sharing between layer
Common ResourceManagement Server O&M Server Serving Mobile
Location Centre
OMSO&M Servers performs RAN O&M functions• Connection to OSS• Logical O&M• System Info Broadcast• Configuration Manag.• Performance Manag.• Fault Manag.• Autotuning features
SMLCServing Mobile Location Center performs UE Positioning Calculations• Support of multiple positioning methods• Support of positioning request through 2G and 3G core• LMU control and O&M
UE Control Function•Termination of the CN signalling•Radio signalling (RR, RRC)•RAB Admission control•Handover control•Initialisation of dedicated resources in the network
Base Station Gateway•Termination of CN interface user plane•PDCP, RLC, MAC-d• MDC (Soft Handoff)•Ciphering
CN Cplane
CN Uplane
CRS CGW
All-IP BTS
External Iur: one UE may use UCF/BSGW in Serving BTS, and CRS/CGW(L1) in drift BTS
BTS L1
BTS L1: Same functionality of Rel'99 BTS and Node B
Cell Resource Server•GRR protocol•Radio Admission control•Channel allocation and resource reservation•Load Control
Cell Gateway•GERAN PCU•WCDMA PS for shared and HS data channel•Retransmission
(Iub / Abis)
LMU
Location Measurement UnitCould be external to the IP BTS
SMLC
RRO&M
BS O&M•Termination of logical O&M interface•Implementation specific O&M
• Dimensions H x W x D 1800 x 600 x 600 mm• Operating temperature range -40 … +50 C • Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC
High Capacity All-IP BTS • Supports 1-9 sectored solutions• up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• up to 1152 code channels per cabinet• multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2• ideal for multi-operator RAN• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept• ideal for indoor installations• Co-siting with existing BTS sites
• Dimensions H x W x D 1500 x 770 x 770 mm• Operating temperature range -40 … +50 C • Mains Supply -48 VDC or 230 VAC
High Capacity All-IP BTS • Supports 1-9 sectored solutions• up to 36 WCDMA carriers per cabinet• up to 1152 code channels per cabinet• multi-mode capable with All-IP RAN rel. 2• ideal for multi-operator RAN• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept• ideal for outdoor installations• Co-siting with existing BTS sites• minimized site requirements due to small size• unobtrusive in roof top installations due to low cabinet height
No Iub in IP RAN -->- Smaller RLC RTT - quicker RLC retransmissions - User experiences better bit rate for
bursty traffic
-Setting up a session for a transport protocol (e.g. TCP) is quicker in IP RAN due to faster transport and smaller RLC RTT - User experiences smaller delay in setup phase.
- Transport is based on fast IP routing in IP RAN. - 'Information highway' ends in RNC in UTRAN, but lasts till IP BTS in IP RAN.- Routing of a packet from CN to IP BTS takes only few ms.
• - RLC RTT 140 ms for UTRAN and 70 ms for IP RAN• - Block Error Rate over radio 10% • - Constant user bitrate over the radio interface• - CN RTT 65 ms (web server very close to RAN). No server
processing time.
• Experienced Bit Rate: user bits / total TX time, without DSCH/DCH allocation delay
• Gain (%): how much better experienced bit rate IP RAN gives compared to UTRAN with Iub interface
• Result evaluated for WCDMA case, similar results for GERAN
• The Control Plane (ex: allocation and release of radio channel, channel switch, etc) is more efficient in All-IP RAN than in UTRAN, mainly thanks to that there is no Iub interface.
• The gain from the more efficient Control Plane is especially large for packet services, due to the frequent change of state.
• Evaluation: Find the improvement in download time • for files of different sizes • for different user bit rates on the air interface • Assumption: Iub setup time=350msec, other
CRRM Interfaces & Function• Nokia CRRM can connect to many different radio interface technologies • New standardisation is needed for an open multivendor CRRM interface
WCDMAWCDMA
GSM/EDGEGSM/EDGE
IP-RANIP-RAN
Other..TDD, WLAN,..
Other..TDD, WLAN,..
CRRMserver
RNC
BSC
• CRRM acts as an advisor to each system when making decisions• CRRM server is also the platform for other functions eg.
• CRRM is most important• for interactive connections • for high bit rate (>32 kbps) conversational and streaming connections• when large number of layers and systems are integrated
• Note: these gains are fairly ideal gains assuming no delays in signaling etc. With proper CRRM algorithms most of these gains can be obtained in practice
QoS classQoS class Capacity gain with 2 layers
Capacity gain with 2 layers
ConversationStreaming
ConversationStreaming No gainNo gain
InteractiveInteractive40%-100% depending on the required delay
40%-100% depending on the required delay
BackgroundBackground
Capacity gain with 4 layers
Capacity gain with 4 layers
32 kbps 3%144 kbps 10%384 kbps 30%
32 kbps 3%144 kbps 10%384 kbps 30%
70%-140% depending on the required delay
70%-140% depending on the required delay
Less gain than with interactiveif no delay is guaranteed
Less gain than with interactiveif no delay is guaranteed
Reason for the CRRM gainReason for the CRRM gain
Timers are needed to preventping-pong (and also useful handovers) without CRRM
Timers are needed to preventping-pong (and also useful handovers) without CRRM
No load reason inter-systemcell reselections assumed
without CRRM
No load reason inter-systemcell reselections assumed