NSF North Mississippi GK-8 Everybody's Antibodies Brittany Hancock NSF NMGK-8 University of Mississippi April 2006 .

NSF North Mississippi GK-8

Everybody's Everybody's AntibodiesAntibodies

Brittany HancockNSF NMGK-8University of MississippiApril 2006

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Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Parts of the Circulatory System:

1. Heart2. Blood Vessels3. Blood

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115080/?c=circ_sys


Circulatory System: Circulatory System: HeartHeart

Heart Four chamber

muscular organ About the size of

your fist Pumps the blood

through the blood vessels of the body

http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115080/?c=heart#


Circulatory System: Blood Circulatory System: Blood VesselsVessels

Blood vessels - system of connected tubes that deliver blood to and from the heart and the body’s cells.

Types of blood vessels:1. Arteries - carry oxygenated blood

away from the heart.2. Capillaries - very small and

deliver oxygenated blood from the arteries to cells in the body and then carry the deoxygenated blood and waste to the veins.

3. Veins - carry deoxygenated blood and waste back to the heart.

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Circulatory System: Blood Circulatory System: Blood VesselsVessels

http://www.gsis.edu.hk/student-projects/biology/Biology%20Programmes/Biology%202%20Photomicrographs/CDI-HISTO_final%20files/s-English/Jepg_labels/Animal%20Histology/01_Artery%20&%20vein_labels.JPG


Circulatory System: Circulatory System: BloodBlood

Functions of the blood: Flows through our circulatory system

delivering oxygen and food to all our body cells

Carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells

Fights infections Keeps our body temperature normal (98.6

oF) Clots broken blood vessels and skin


What is blood?What is blood?

Blood is a fluid tissue. Composed of:

1. Plasma2. Red blood cells3. White blood cells4. Platelets

SEM Image of Red Blood cell, Platelet, and a White Blood

Cell.http://www.cnsv.net/everyone/news/art/rbc1-a.jpg

Plasma

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/basics/bloodplasma.html

SEM Image of Red Blood cell, Platelet, and a White Blood

Cell.


PlasmaPlasma

Plasma is the straw colored liquid in the blood.

Contains mostly water (~ 90%)

Composes ~ 55% of the total volume of the blood in the body

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Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)(Erythrocytes) Red blood cells contain a

protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an oxygen

carrying protein that gives the blood a red color when oxygenated.

Main function: carry oxygen and remove

carbon dioxide from the cells in the body

Mature red blood cells are flat and have a disk like shape with a thin concave middle giving the cell a “doughnut” appearance.

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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells ((Leukocytes)

White blood cells play a major role in our immune system which fights infection in our bodies.

There are five different kinds of white blood cells and each type serves a different function. Some white blood cells actually

engulf bacteria. Other types produce antibodies

(proteins) that destroy bacteria and viruses.

In general, these cells are much bigger than red blood cells.

There are fewer of these cells than red blood cells in our blood.

http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/path/innes/nh/wcb.cfm

This is an image of the most common white blood cell,

neutrophils. These cells engulf bacteria that try to enter the

bloodstream. The pink and purple cells are neutrophils and the red

disk like shapes are red blood cells.


PlateletsPlatelets Platelets are the smallest component of

the blood. They are disk like in shape.

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Immunology/Blood.htm

Observe how small the platelets are compared to the white blood cells

(purple) and the red blood cells (light red).


Platelets and Blood Clots Platelets help stop

bleeding by secreting a hormone that constricts the blood vessels and helps form a “spider web” to trap red bloods cells. This clots cuts and tears in a blood vessel or skin.

http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/2003/imperial_Bhono/bloodclot2.jpg

Blood Clot


Blood TypeBlood Type

Your blood type depends on the antigens and antibodies your blood contains.

Why is blood type important? If a patient needs blood, the doctor

must know the patient’s blood type. Giving a patient the wrong blood type can cause the blood to clot (medical term: agglutinate) which can result in serious illness and possibly death.

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Discovery of Blood TypeDiscovery of Blood Type

The blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna in 1901.

He was researching why blood transfusions sometimes caused death and sometimes saved the life of the patient.

In 1930 he received the Nobel Prize for his discovery. http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/

ABO_system.htm

Karl Landsteiner


Why are there blood Why are there blood types?types?

Red blood cells contain antigens located on the surface of the cell.

Plasma contains antibodies that react with foreign objects in the blood and cleanse the blood. These antibodies are produced to act against a particular foreign object. Therefore, antibodies are specific when acting against the antigen.

The combination of antigens and antibodies that the red blood cells and plasma contain or do not contain, determines your blood type.

Medically important antigens are A, B, O, and Rh factor.


Illustration of Red Blood Cells with Different Antigens

Antigens & AntibodiesAntigens & Antibodies

Antigen A Antigen BRh FactorIllustration of Antibodies possible in the

Plasma

Antibody A

Antibody Rh

Antibody BThese antigens can bind to the specific

antibody.


Blood Type ChartBlood Type ChartRed Blood Cell Plasma

Blood Type Antigens Antibodies

A- A B

A+ A and Rh B

B- B A

B+ B and Rh A

AB- A and B none

AB+ A, B, and Rh none

O- none A and B

O+ Rh A and B

Rh- people can always develop Rh antibodies

in their plasma.


Blood TypesBlood Types There are 8 possible blood types:

A+ B+ AB+ O+

A- B- AB- O-

Type A people have A antigens on their red blood cells and B antibodies (these act against B antigens) in their plasma.

Type B have B antigens on their red blood cells and A antibodies (act against A antigen) in their plasma.

Type AB people have both A & B antigens present on their red blood cells and no antibodies in their plasma.

Type O people have no antigens present on their red blood cells, but have both A & B antibodies (act against A and B antigens) in their plasma.


Rh FactorRh Factor

Rh factor is also an antigen on the red blood cells. If a person has Rh on their cells, they are Rh+, but if they don’t have it they are Rh-. This is identified by a + or - following the blood typing letter.

A person with Rh- blood does not necessarily have the Rh antibody present in their plasma, but if they receive blood from an Rh+ person it is possible to develop this antibody against Rh factor and cause the blood to clot. Therefore, Rh- people should never receive blood from an Rh+ person.


How to type blood:How to type blood:

1. Take a sample of the patient’s blood.2. Obtain three different serums, one

containing antibody A, another with antibody B, and another with antibody Rh factor.

3. Add some of the patient’s blood sample into each serum.

4. Observe the serums to see which serum clots (agglutinates).

5. If the serum clots, then the patient has that blood type.

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Blood DonationBlood Donation

If a person with blood type A were to receive B blood (B antigen on the red blood cells), then the foreign red blood cells would be attacked by the B antibodies in the blood type A’s plasma.

Type O- is called the universal donor because they can donate blood to any type.

Type AB+ is referred to as the universal receiver because they can receive blood from any type.


Blood TypesBlood Types

Blood Type Donate To Receive From

A- A-, A+, AB-, and AB+ A- and O-

A+ A+ & AB+ A-, A+, O-, and O+

B- B-, B+, AB-, and AB+ B- and O-

B+ B+ and AB+ B-, B+, O-, and O+

AB- AB- A-, B-, AB-, and O-

AB+ AB+ All blood types

O- All blood types O-

O+ A+, B+, AB+, and O+ O- and O+


Blood Typing VideoBlood Typing Video

http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/index.html


Blood Donation FactsBlood Donation Facts In Mississippi, about 60% of the

state’s population is eligible to give blood, but less than 4% do give blood.

Some examples of the uses of donated blood are patients who have been in automobile accidents, who have cancer, and patients that undergo surgery.

From 1 unit of blood, doctors can extract red blood cells, platelets, and plasma.


ReferencesReferences

HUMAN BLOOD: An Introduction to Its Components and Types. ABO Blood Types. Accessed 2006 March 21. http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm

Library.Thinkquest.org. Blood – The River of Life . Accessed 2006 April 4. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115080/?c=main

Nobelprize.org. Blood Groups, Blood Typing, and Blood Transfusions. Accessed 2006 March 21. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/readmore.html

Nobelprize.org. Blood Groups, Blood Typing, and Blood Transfusions. Accessed 2006 March 21. Blood Typing Interactive Movie: http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/landsteiner/index.html

Roodman, G. David. “Blood.” Work Book Encyclopedia vol 2. Chicago, Il; 2000 ed.

NSF North Mississippi GK-8 Everybody's Antibodies Brittany Hancock NSF NMGK-8 University of Mississippi April 2006 .

Documents

blood http

blood types

deoxygenated blood

blood functions

blood transfusions

blood vessels http

blood clot slide

red blood cells light