8/13/2015 1 Drugs that Affect the Respiratory System BROOKE BENTLEY, PHD, APRN Goals of Therapy Asthma Prevent symptoms Decrease use of SABAs Maintain normal pulm function & prevent loss of lung function Maintain QOL including attendance at school, work and physical activities Prevent exacerbations & minimize ED visits and/or hospitalizations Provide optimal pharmacotherapy with minimal or no AEs COPD Reduce COPD symptoms Reduce the frequency & severity of exacerbations and reduce hospitalizations Improve health status Improve exercise tolerance Minimize the impact of the medications on other potential co-morbid conditions
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8/13/2015
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Drugs that Affect the
Respiratory SystemBROOKE BENTLEY, PHD, APRN
Goals of Therapy
Asthma� Prevent symptoms
� Decrease use of SABAs
� Maintain normal pulm function & prevent loss of lung function
� Maintain QOL including attendance at school, work and physical activities
� Prevent exacerbations & minimize ED visits and/or hospitalizations
� Provide optimal pharmacotherapy with minimal or no AEs
COPD� Reduce COPD symptoms
� Reduce the frequency & severity of
exacerbations and reduce hospitalizations
� Improve health status
� Improve exercise tolerance
� Minimize the impact of the medications on
other potential co-morbid conditions
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Goals of Drug Therapy
�1. dilate the airways
�2. reduce inflammation
�3. stabilize mast cells
Delivery Methods
� Correct use of Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) inhaler:
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Delivery Methods
� Dry-Powder Inhaler (DPI)
� Dry, micronized powder delivered directly
to the lung
� Breathe in quickly & deeply
� Dose lost if patient exhales through the
device
� Avoid moister in the device
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Delivery Methods
� DPI: Spiriva: Single-dose capsules must be inserted into the inhaler prior to use
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Delivery Route
� Nebulizer
� Converts a drug solution to a mist
� Mist is inhaled through a face mask or mouthpiece
� Face mask must have snug fit
� Good for children or patients unable to coordinate use of MDIs or DPIs
� Good for home setting
� Less portable when leaving home
Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics)
� MOA: Stimulates beta 2 receptors causing the formation of cAMP (cyclic
adenosine monophosphate) in the airway tissue which results in bronchodilation
� AE: (incidence & severity will depend on the receptor selectivity (beta 2 in
contractility) of the drug as well as the mode of administration (oral vs. inhaled)
� Cardiac:
�Tachycardia/arrhythmias/palpitations
�Worsening of angina symptoms
� CNS:
�Nervousness/anxiety/insomnia
�Tremor
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Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics)
� Special Considerations:
� Use beta 2 selective agents whenever possible to minimize side
effects
� Use inhaled drug if possible to avoid systemic effects
� Avoid excessive use to avoid tolerance and possible increases in
mortality rate
� Use with caution in patients with angina, hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, or hyperthyroidism
Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics)
� Short-Acting Beta Agonist (SABA)
� “Rescue” inhalers
� SABA agents should always be available for episodes of shortness of
breath
� Not generally meant for regularly scheduled use:
�May increase AEs
�Decrease effectiveness
�Increase airway hyper-responsiveness
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Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics)
� Short-Acting Beta Agonist (SABA)
� Asthma: if using more than 2 days/wk for symptom relief (excluding exercise-induced bronchospasm), then poor asthma control and change in therapy is needed
� Using more than 2 canisters/month is dangerous (risk for death in asthma pts)
� Exercise-induced asthma:
� School age child: Rx - dispense 2?; school form (triggers, self-administer, nurse-administer, S/S distress)
� COPD: SABA agents may help decrease symptoms, but long acting therapy is more beneficial
Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics)
� Common Drugs:
� Short-Acting Beta Agonist (SABA)
�albuterol
� Brand names:
� Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, ProAir HFA
�onset 5 min & duration 4 hrs
�PRN use for acute attacks
�Available forms: MDI, nebulizer
�Writing for refills?
***HFA = hydrofluroalkane (propellant)
(chloroflurocarbon (CFC) propellant removed from market by FDA in 2008)
�Advantage: may have less dry mouth & urinary retention; more efficacy at night
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Mast Cell Stabilizers
� MOA: stabilize mast cells & prevent the release of bronchoconstrictive & inflammatory substances when mast cells are confronted with allergens & other stimuli
� Primary use: Prophylaxis tx for asthma (may take 3 wks to see full clinical effect)
� AEs:
� Hoarseness, coughing
� Unpleasant taste
� Common drugs:
� cromolyn inhaled nebulizer
� Use for asthma: QID
� Use for exercise induced asthma: give 10-60 min prior to exercise
Leukotriene Inhibitor
� Leukotrienes = strong chemical mediators of bronchoconstriction & inflammation;
increase mucous secretion & mucosal edema
� MOA: selectively binds to leukotriene receptors
� Primary use: asthma
� AEs:
� Nausea
� Headache
� CNS: may cause aggressive behavior, hallucinations, depression, suicidality
� Common drugs:
� montelukast (Singulair) – peds: may use at 6 mo of age (granule pkt)
� zileutin (Zyflo) – common drug interactions
� zafirlukast (Accolate) – common drug interactions
� Increased ACTH stimulates adrenal gland to synthesize & release corticosteroids (peak release in early morning)
� This is a negative feedback system
� If take exogenous hormones (ie, prednisone) then suppress the release of CRH & ACTH and thus, the adrenal gland is no longer stimulated to produce & secrete hormones and the gland begins to atrophy
� Must slowly taper exogenous hormones (ie, prednisone), so HPA axis “kicks back in”
� Stopping oral corticosteroids abruptly can lead to adrenal insufficiency or adrenal crisis and death
Corticosteroids
� Available forms: MDI, DPI, nebulizer, PO, IM, parenteral
� PO:
�Pediatrics?
� prednisolone (Orapred, Prelone) – oral liquid
� long-term use: alternate day dosing to reduce adrenal suppression & AEs
� Parenteral route for emergency situations:
� Considering admission to hospital: oxygenation low, tachypneic, tri-pod position,
accessory muscles
� Hospital IV steroids or IM Solumedrol
� Nebs, pulse ox, oxygen in office for a few hours
� Emergent hump?
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Corticosteroids
Inhaled
� Candidiasis
� Hoarseness
� Cough
� Headache
� Long-term use: increased pneumonia in COPD patients