NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 - Fort Sill...Hecting a tactical and organizational de-NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 3 out to the mutual satisfaction of all con-cerned. Now we are confident that

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954

UNITED STATES ARMYTHE CHIEF OF STAFF

26 Novemb"er 1954

Dear General Lemnitzer:

I am very happy to learn of the forthcoming merger ofthe Antiaircraft Association and the As~ociation of the UnitedStates Army, and of the union of their respective journals. Ibelieve that this merger will promote better understandingamong the members of all elements of the Army, and that itwill serve thereby to give us greater unity and strength.

I am confident that the talent and enthusiasm which havemade possible the great contributions of the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL and the COMBAT FORCES JOURNAL in the past will,in combination, contribute even more to the benefit of the Armyin the future. You have my best wishes for every success inyour objective, which we all share, of making the United StatesArmy a single instrument of great strength and readiness toshoulder whatever responsibilities our nation may place uponit. t~ncerly.

M •. RIDGGeneral, United States Army

Chief of Staff

Lieutenant General Lyman L. LemnitzerPresident, United States Antiaircraft Association631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.Washington, D. C.

--THE UNITED STATES

ANTIAIRCRAFTASSOCIATION

OFFICERSLT. GEN. LEROY LUTES

LT. GEN. JOHN T. LEWISHONORARY PRESIDENTS

FOUNDED IN 1892Published from 1892 until 1922 as

THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERYPublished from 1922 until 1948 as the

COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

LT. GEN. LYMAN L. LEMNITZERPRESIDENT

~IAJ. GEN. WILLIAM F. l\IARQUATVICE-PRESIDENT

VOL. LXXXXVII NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954

CONTENTS

No.6

~Ubli~hed bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive offices, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, ~.'\".,ashlngton 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year. Single copies, 75c. Entered as second.class matter

1\ Washington, D. C.; additional entry at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1954, by the United StatesAntiaircraft Association.

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THEEXECUTIVE COUNCIL

MAJOR GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGEMAJOR GENERAL BRYAN L. MILBURN

COLONEL JOHN S. MAYER

COLONEL DARWIN D. MARTIN

COLONEL GEORGE V. SELWYN

LIEUTENANT COLONEL JOHN E. CONNORLIEUTENANT COLONEL OTHO A. MOOMAW

The purpose of the AIJociation shall be topromo1/! the efficien(y of the Antiair(raftArtillery by maintaining its standards anil tra-ditions by diIJeminating profeIJionai knqwl-,dge, by insPiring greater effort toward theimprovement of materiel and methods oftraining and by fostering mutual understand-ing, resput and (ooperation among all arms,bran(hes and (omponentJ of the RegularArmy, National Guard, Organiud Reserves,.nil Reserve Offi(ers' Training Corps.

The JOURNAL prints articles on subjects ofprofe.sional and zenera) interest to per.oonel 01the Antiaircraft Artiller,. in order to stimulatethoucht and provoke discusaion. However,opinion. expressed and conclusion. drewn inarticle. are in no aense official. They do not re.-fleet the opinions or conclusion. of any officialor braneh of the Department of the Army.

The JOURNAL does not earr,. paid advertisinc.The JOURNAL pays for original articles uponpublieation. lIIanuseript should be addressed tothe Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsiblefor manuscripts unaccompanied by returnpo.ta ..e.

PUBLICATIOK DATE: DECEMBER I, 1954

COVER: The United States Antiaircraft Association Seal.WE l\IOVE AHEAD. By Lt. Gen. L. L. Lemnitzer 2COMMENTS ON THE MERGER 4THE FIRST YEAR-36th AAA ,\IIISSILE BN.

By Captain Palll S. VantllTe 6WHAT'S THE SCORE. By Lt. Col. Earle lvlollntain 8THE TIPSY CRadar Set ANjTPS-ID). By Lt. Col. Leollard M. Orman 13MOBILE ANjTPS-ID. By Capt. James C. Sample 15PREPARATORY FIRE PROCEDURES FOR THE AAFCS M33.

By Lt. Col. David B. McFadden 16THE STAUNTON ARTILLERY AT HENRY HILL.

By Lt. Col. John B. B. Trussell, Jr 22

EVERY MAN AN ARTILLERYMAN. By Capt. Joseph F. Loftus 25GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS BOARD. By Capt. James R. Fussell 26

THE VERSATILE M33. By Capt. Harry E. Widing andLt. Col. Daniel F. Gorman 26

BATTERY EFFECTIVENESS. By Dr. Francis H. Palmer alldCpl. Thomas 1. Myers 27

AA ENGAGEMENT IN FORWARD ZONE. By Capt. B. B. Small .. 29THIS CONCERNS YOU. By Maj. Gen. James C. Fry 32A NEW PRIME MOVER FOR THE I20? By Lt. A. R. Matthews .. 33UNIT ACTIVITIES 34FORT BLISS NEWS 49NEWS AND COMMENT 51MERGER AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION BALLOT 54LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 55BOOK REVIE\VS 57ANTIAIRCBAIT JOURNAL INDEX 63

BRIG. GEN. CHARLES S. HARRIS, USA, Ret., EditorM Sgt Fred A. Baker, Business l\1anager

SFC James E. l\1oore. Jr., Editorial AssistantSFC Paul :\1. Plumly, Cire. l\1gr.

sociation of the United States Army andyou will receive the Army Combat ForcesJournal for the unexpired portion ofyour subscription. In fact, for that periodyou will receive your Association maga-zine monthly rather than every othermonth, and at no additional cost to you.

General Harris, our editor, will serveas Associate Editor of the Combat ForcesJournal and will strive to cover Antiair-craft matters as thoroughly as he did inthe ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. This re-sponsibility is not his alone, however.The editors can publish good materialonly so long as you send it' to them. Ican assure you they are looking for goodantiaircraft material right now and willalways be seeking it. Here is your oppor-tunity to discuss antiaircraft and guidedmissile matters with the members of oth-er branches and to help the~ better tounderstand our problems and capabilities.

There may be some among the mem-bers of our Association who view thismerger with nostalgia or misgivings. Thatis certainly understandable, but to themI would point out that what is happening,does not mark an end but a beginning.It is another acceptance by us of our im-portant role as an integral part of theArmy combat team. It is not the end ofour Association, but rather it is a newstep forward in the development of alarger and much stronger Association,one that with our support can promotebetter teamwork and esprit among allelements of the Army.

In the same way, the merging of thejournals should be regarded not as the

WE MOVE AHEADBy LIEUTENANT GENERAL L. L. LEMNITZER, U.S. Army

President, U.S. Antiaircraft Association .

~TH this issue, the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwill cease to exist as a separatepublication. The merger between theAntiaircraft Association and the Associa-tion of the U.S. Army and their respec-tive journals, ovenvhelmingly endorsedby the vote of the membership of our As-sociation, has been consummated to themutual satisfaction of the ExecutiveCouncils of both Associations. Beginningwith the J anuary 1955 issue, the ArmyC01nbat Forces Journal will be publishedby a combined Association comprised ofwhat were the Infantry, Field Artillery,and Antiaircraft Associations, and willinclude members from all branches ofthe Army.

In the opinion of your Council, theterms of the merger (reprinted on page54 of this issue), are equitable and just.Each member of the Antiaircraft Asso-ciation will become a full-Hedged mem-ber in good standing in the Associationof the U.S. Army (AUSA). Your partici-pation will be limited only by the extentof your active interest in your new Asso-ciation. The nine members of our Coun-cil will become full-Hedged members ofthe AUSA Executive Council and everymember of the Antiaircraft Associationwill be eligible to hold any office or as-signment within the new Association. Inother words, we are now members of alarger and more comprehensive Associa-tion of the United States Army. Youhave the same rights and privileges aseverv other member.

Ydur subscription to the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwill be transferred to the As-

2 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNA

r~~~~~~loss of our own forum but the gaining of velopment which has in fact alreadya vastly greater audience. \iVe will no taken place within the Army itself, butlonger be telling our story only to our- we are doing our part toward making thatselves and thus convincing those already development more positive and effective.convinced. Instead we will now have a YVeare placing ourselves in a much bet-much greater opportunity to exchange ter position to learn more about the otherideas with members of all elements of branches of the Army, while at the samethe Army. time making it possible for our colleagues

To fulfill its purpose successfully, a throughout the Army to learn morejournal must be accurately attuned to about us.existing circumstances and the needs re- I feel, therefore, that this merger issuiting therefrom. YVe recognized this not only an adjustment to realities, buta few years ago when we changed our is an important advance toward theAssociation and JOURNALfrom Coast Ar- achievement of greater unity and team-tillery to Antiaircraft. Now there is no work within the Army. It is my hope,longer a Coast Artillery Corps or even and I know that this feeling is shared byan Antiaircraft branch of the Army. Our General Ridgway, the Chief of Staff, andofficers are members of the Artillery. by many other senior officers, that ourThere is now only one Artillerv career action will encourage members of othermanagement secti~n in the Department branches to join with us in building aof the Army and, more and more, artil- strong association that is truly represen-lery officers are being cross assigned. In tative of the entire Army. Such an asso-the near future all members of the Artil- ciation ,,,ould not only promote team-lerv will be familiar with the duties with work and help bring branches closer to-an)1 artillery 'weapon-be it surface-together but would permit all members ofsurface or surface-to-air guided missile the Army to speak with one voice whenor gun. the occasion demands.

The day when Coast Artillery and I would like to express for the entireAntiaircraft Artillery tended to function membership our deep appreciation of theas entities more or less independent of outstanding job done by Lieutenant Gen-the field army is long past. In vVorld eral John T. Lewis as our President dur-\iVar II; in Korea; and in the u.S. Army ing the past two y~ars. Our accomplish-throughout the world today, Antiaircraft ments during that period are largely dueArtillery has taken its place as a full- to his fine leadership and his great devo-Hedged member of the Army combat tion to the Association.team. The great firepower, the Hexibility Also, I would like to express the thanksand the accuracy of antiaircraft missiles of the membership to Brigadier Generaland guns have proved their great value Charles S. Harris and his fine staff ofagainst targets on the ground as well as Sergeants Fred A. Baker, James E. lVloorein the air and on the sea. The effective- and Paul .M. Plumly for all that theyness of our weapons and the capability have done for the Antiaircraft Associa-of our troops are fully recognized and tion and JOURNAL.highly regarded throughout the Army. Your Council has moved carefully in

Therefore, in joining the Association this matter because we ,,,anted to be 'cer-of the U.S: Army, we are not only retain that all terms and details were workedHecting a tactical and organizational de-

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 3

out to the mutual satisfaction of all con-cerned. Now we are confident that wehave a sound basis upon which to con-summate the merger. The agreementwhich \ve have reached with the Councilof the Association of the United StatesArmy is based on the principles of good-will and mutual confidence. VVeare as-sured also, that this merger will provepopular with and receive the full supportof all the arms, services and componentsof the Army.

The merger, however, will avail uslittle unless we enter it with spirit andthe determination to give our combinedAssociation and the Combat Forces Jour-nal the same loyal support that we havegiven our own Association and JOURNAL

in the past. That I am confident youwill do both in membership and in thecontribution of challenging articles inour fields of endeavor.

In conclusion, I believe that this merg-

er substantially furthers the interests ofthe United States Army. One of thegreat weaknesses of the Army has beenits inability to speak with a single voiceon any important issue. Too often our in-terests have been divided and much ofour effort has been dissipated because ithas been devoted to the narrower inter-ests of branch, service or component. Itmust be apparent to all those familiarwith present day problems confrontingthe Army that our future depends inlarge measure on our ability to close rankspromptly and effectively for the good ofthe Army as a whole rather than forseparate elements thereof. I sincerelybelieve that this merger represents a longstride toward the accomplishment of thatimportant objective. I hope that otherswill follow in a pattern through whichwe can attain the unity and strength thatwill best serve the interests of the UnitedStates Army in the future.

COMMENTS ON THE MERGERThe merger of the ANTIAIRCRAFT

JOURNALwith the Combat Forces Jour-nal brings to a close a chapter in thestory and the progress of AntiaircraftArtillery. In no sense is it a measure tobe mourned. Rather, the merger is aforward step in keeping with the goalof all of us-to continually advance andgrow. I am fully convinced that thisaction will assist greatly in presentingthe real importance of our service andits effectiveness before the other armsand the people.

It is my sincere hope that the officersand men of the Army Antiaircraft Com-mand will accept this merger as a chal-lenge to stimulate them into even great-er strides forward. There is so much tobe written on the subject of Air Defense,Guided l\llissiles and Atomic \Veaponsthat there should be a wealth of articlesfor your new journal.

4

Today we have, in the AntiaircraftArtillery, a component of the Army ofwhich the American people can be just-ly proud. As a member of the teamstanding guard against attack from theair, our antiaircraft battalions are readyto protect our vital population and popu-lation centers. NIKE guided missilebattalions are replacing or supplement-ing the standard 90mm and 120mm gunbattalions. The Skysweeper adds newcapabilities to the Army for the success-ful accomplishment of its vital mission.

vVe must now strive for the closestteamwork, not only with our sister serv-ices, but also with scientific and indus-trial leaders throughout the nation.

I feel in all sincerity that the Anti-aircraft Artillery has the character andthe capacity to give the nation just causefor pride. I am proud of the historywhich has been written in the pages of

the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. And now,as its final issue goes to press, I eagerlyaccept the opportunities offered by theCombat Forces Journal, and I am con-fident that the officers and men of theAntiaircraft Artillery will play a vitalrole in their new publication as theyhave in the old.

Best wishes to you in your new rolewith the Combat Forces Journal.

S. R. MICKELSENLieutenant General, USAArmy Antiaircraft Command

I was very pleased to learn that at lastour Association is joining with the As-sociation of the U. S. Army and theCombat Forces Journal. General Lem-nitzer and all the others who haveworked so diligently to accomplish thismerger are to be congratulated.

As you know, I have always been a

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

)!fong advocate for one association torepresent all of the officers of all of the.-\nnybranches. Ever since the integra-cionof Antiaircraft and Field Artilleryinto the one branch, the need for a pro-fessional Journal embodying all of thecombat arms has become increasinglyevident. The development of new weap-ons and techniques and the growingimportance of combined arms tacticsalso contribute materially to the needfor a comprehensive and all-inclusivepublication. -

I must confess, however, to mixedemotions when I realize that the nextissue of the AA JOURNALis to be thelast. Throughout my entire service,first in the Coast Artillery and thenlater in AAA, I have gro~n to esteemthe JOURNALfor its excellent technicalarticles and for its intimate news of ourAAApeople and units.

Although we shall all miss the friend-ly camaraderie of the AA JOURNAL,there can be no doubt that the mergerwill greatly benefit us as individuals.and create a better professional under-standing between members of allbranches of the Army.

I look forward with keen anticipationtothe new and more extensive CombatForcesJournal and to a united Associa-tion of the U. S. Army.

PAULW. RUTLEDGEMajor General, USACommanding the AA & GM Center

Your news that the merger of the.1NTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwith the Com-bat Forces Journal has been completedis received with mixed emotions. I amrery happy that the job is done ....Certainly from the point of view of theintegration of the two Artillerys and thedesirable close association between theArtillerys and the other branches, thismerger will be a long step in the rightdirection....

On the other hand, ... I am veryregretful that our ANTIAIRCRAFTJOUR-~AL comes to an end as a separate en-tity ....

MAJ. GEN. HOBARTHEWETTWestern Army AA Command

... I believe our merger is progress.\Ve bring the Army Combat ForcesJournal added strength and life. I haveno fear that AA and GM affairs willhe submerged. We are full-time mem-hersof the fighting forces and can hold


our own in all phases of joint activities.Even so, I can't 'witness the passing ofan old friend without a feeling of sad-ness.

MAJ. GEN. N. A. BURNELL,II56th AAA Brigade

. . . So far I have been able to restrainmy enthusiasm However, I can seethe advantage Good luck! But getmore Antiaircraft and Artillery in Com-bat Forces.

MAJ. GEN. JOHNL. HOMERUSA Retired

I bow to the inevitable, but I stillwant to see a lot about the AAA inyour JOURNAL....

BRIG.GEN. HARRYF. MEYERSUSA Retired

.. There is no room for narrow orconfined thinking in our complex Army,particularly in our Combat Arms; newweapons and weapon systems transcendbranches or arms. Particularly in theArtillery, where we are adapting our-selves to a merged career pattern whichincludes both antiaircraft and field ar-tillery assignments, I believe it is highlyimportant that we have the bond of acommon professional journal.

We should now be able to developthe most virile association we have everhad, with a better than ever magazinecombining the outstanding features ofboth parents. If I may offer a sugges-tion, it is that we confine ourselves inour magazine to those topics peculiarto our specific professional interests, thatis, matters of direct and probably ex-clusive concern to personnel of the com-bat arms....

BRIG. GEN. T. W. PARKERCommanding45th AAA Brigade

... I believe the Antiaircraft Artillerymembers will now benefit by the action.I am also convinced that this is a stepin the right direction toward the crea-tion of a more unified spirit among thearms and services, and for united effortas a team, the United States Army.

BRIG.GEN. TOM V. STAYTON

I very much approve. It is high timethat the various branches of the Armyclosed ranks into one association andpublished one journal devoted to theprofessional advancement of the entireArmy and representative of its interest.

BRIG.GEN. Loms T. HEATH53rd AAA Brigade

It was with real regret that I learnedof the passing of the ANnAIRCRAFTJOURNAL,even though we had beenalerted to such a possiblity. It is alwaysa shock to learn of the passing away ofan old friend, tried and true, such as ourtreasured AA JOURNAL.

Its place in our lives will be sorelymissed-the personal orders concerningthe movements and accomplishments ofold friends and companions as well asthe unit activity news which held theinterest of all artillerymen and provid~dinteresting and educational informationof the trials, tribulations and the accom-plishments of other AA outfits.

But most of all we will miss thestimulation and guidance of the tech-nical or semi-technical articles with theirdown to earth explanations of new de-velopments and techniques. These ar-ticles were always an inspiration and a"must" to every officer, young or old,but particularly so to the junior officersin their quest for more knowledge andartillery background. It is my sincerehope that sufficient space will be availa-ble in the new publication to carryonthis valuable service.

I would also like to express the thanksand appreciation of myself and officersfor your untiring efforts in promotingU "Jour OURNAL....

Best of luck in the new venture. I'msure Delaware will rally to.

BRIG.GEN. JOHNB. MOORE26lst AAA Brigade, Del. NG

With mixed feelings ... On theother hand, ... this merger will furtherassist in closing the ranks for a betterunderstanding between the arms, ...progress and a welcome change for thebetter.

In this connection the cross assign-ment and exchange of officers betweenFA and AA units is working in a gratify-ing manner and taken as a matter ofcourse in the Eighth United StatesArmy. This Brigade, in particular, hasfurnished many officers for FA assign-ments, and in turn, there is a largenumber of officers from FA units serv-ing in an outstanding manner in ourAA batteries and battalions.

COL. JOHN T. SNODGRASSComdg. 55th AAA Brigade

We in the 68th AAA Group,from a purely sentimental and selfishviewpoint, view the merger with some

(Continued on page 21)

5

The First Year 36th AAA Missile Battalion

6

FIN AL battery rosters are completedand all package NCO's are assigned adefinite slot by a job title. Equipmentbegins arriving, and is earmarked foreach battery'. The package repairs tothe fie!d for battery "proof tests": actualfirings to shake down both men andequipment. Three batteries proceed to\Vhite Sands Proving Ground underMajor 1\1lannes. A fourth battery, underMajor Victor J. Fadden, currently thebattalion S3,' goes 170 miles north ofthe Proving Ground in a desert vastnessIknown as Red Canyon Range Camp.near colorful Carrizozo, New Mexico, aname that conjures up visions of Billythe Kid and Pat Garret shooting it outin dusty streets. Near here, the 1stGuided Missile Group has erected atent city and installations necessary forbattery proof tests. This enterprise isnotable since for the first time AAA1

troops are undertaking the complete re-sponsibility for missile firings.

Eight fresh-faced second lieutenantSare dispatched by the 35th Brigade allthe way to the New Mexican desert to

assume the complex duties of launchingand battery control officers. They are


perience, and expected length of sen'iceHe considers, too, special qualification~and prepares a card file. \Vhen special "skills are demanded-as they consistent- \Iy are-consultation with the index dis-closes by name, rank, and serial num- •ber the plumber, painter, electrician, orheavy equipment operator sorely needed ,1

on a moment's notice. He interestshimself greatly in talented outsiders ex.pressing a desire to get "in" the package(e.g. expert generator repairmen). Ac-cess is gained to the missile graveyardat \Vhite Sands Proving Ground, andspare parts are collected. The card fileyields a master machinist who is in-stalled in a local machine shop to pro-ceed making cutaways of sections forfuture on-site training.

special transporter trailer, lent authorityto the fact that these distinguishedgentlemen and their respective com-mands were in the "missile racket" indead earnest.

The hard facts are that hanging upa new sign isn't all it takes to make amissile battalion. The 36th Battalionwould like to tell readers of the JOURNALwho may have an interest in such mat-ters, specific details of what transpiresto make a missile battalion out of a gunbattalion. Security considerations willkeep us from being over-helpful inthese pages, but difficulties will be in-dicated which will become apparent tothose essaying the task in the future.

One starts with a nucleus of officersand men, called a "package." Theseare brought together at Fort Bliss, Texas,under the command and administrationof the 1st Guided 1\1IissileGroup. Anenterprising officer, such as the packagecommander, Major Conrad O. Mannes,Jr., later to become executive officer ofthe 36th, culls over the package person-ne!, carefully noting qualifications, ex-

By CAPTAIN PAUL S. VANTURE

Lieut. Rae Trimble (right) confers on 36th AAA Battalion Nike problems withSergeants First Class Lonnie Morgan, James Hewett, and John Kent, all of whom

have since been promoted to become warrant officers.

THE United States Army gained thefirst tactical Surface-to-Air missile unitin its history on 25 January 1954 when,at Fort George G. i\leade, i\laryland,the 36th AAA Gun Battalion hung upa new shingle on the front lawn ofbattalion headquarters. The new signdiffered very little from the old: thelettering was still executed in artilleryred and even the new emblem displayedretained crossed cannons. One wouldhave had to look twice to notice thatthe word "MISSILE" had been sub-stituted for "GUN," and the ceremonymight have gone entirely unnoticed ex-cept for the fact that the sign-hangingdetail consisted of Brigadier GeneralTom V. Stayton, CG of the 35th AAABrigade, Colonel Stuart M. Alley, COof the 19th AAA Group, Lt. ColonelEarl R. Gooding and Major ConradO. Mannes, Jr., CO and ExecutiveOfficer of the 36th AAA Missile Bat-talion, respectively. The ceremony com-pleted, the participants took a deepbreath. Not twenty yards away, twosleek new Nike missiles, aboard their

7

Captain Vanture (rigbt) and crew in "Men from Mars" costume prepare to pouracid from drum to missile tank.

l.:onductedto their areas and literally.:ommanded, "Sink or swim!" \\Tithoutexception they swim, some even dis-~laving amazing speed in acquiring in-~~ate knowledge necessary for the per-lormance of their jobs.

Heroic efforts on the part of officersand men resulted in successful com-pletion of battery proof tests. The pack-1gewas pronounced qualified and readyto take to the field. A general exodusr;st followed the issuance of orders.

:'mival on site at Fort George G.\leade was anti-dimactic for both pack-ageand the old battalion personnel theyhad come to convert. Having but re-cently surmounted numerous obstaclesin proof tests in the desert, the former,a bit winded, were now faced with theequally formidable task of making itsneworganization completely operational-starting from scratch-by a stated dead-line now being widely heralded in thenation's press. The latter were disap-pointed to see that the men from thedesert eschewed space helmets and that

•there was a dearth of such expressionsas "Blast off!" etc., frequently bandiedbetween Captain Video and his stalwartcrew. "-fter giving voice to their mu-tualdisapprobation, the old and the newbanded together to "form a solidly homo-geneous group whose subsequent indus-trywould have caused envy in a beavercolony.

Areas were allotted the battalion byFort Meade for temporary site construc-tion. A consulting engineer was sup-plied by 2d Army Engineers, who ad-rised on special problems' within hissphere of knowledge and saw to it thatpurchase of necessarv construction ma-terials was expedited. Further engineer

Isupport was enlisted from the 19th Com-bat Engineer Battalion, commanded by~Iajor Denton, to furnish numbers ofgraders, dozers, and allied heavy equip-ment. Forests began to fall and hillsto be moved. The Post Ordnance Of-6cergenerously surrendered a large shop

t in which was established the assembly4and checkout section of the missile as-sembly site.

A BASIC plan evolved for the con-Struction of launcher areas. Essentiallyit was a road net for a single section oflaunchers consisting of two interlockingroadovals. By extending the net length-


wise, an additional section could be ac-commodated.

To furnish firm footing, speciallypoured concrete blocks were imbeddedbeneath the jacks of all trailers and vans.For the radar tracking trailers, theseblock forms measured 2' x 2' x I'. Forvans, the forms were made 18" x 18"x 18".

Improvisation has become a bywordin the 36th and will probably continueso. Some examples of this method ofoperation are demonstrated in solutionsprovided by the battalion when facedwith the following problems:

Problem: A special concrete hardstandand fueling pad is needed for missilefueling operations. It is imperative thatconstruction begin immediately to in-sure that no bottleneck will exist in theoverall battalion operation. A bitterperiod of weather sets in: snow, rain,and freezing temperatures. The con-sulting engineer advises abandonmentof the project until the onset of morefavorable weather. Higher headquartershowever advises that the battalion com-mander attain operational readiness im-mediately, despite all obstacles.

Solution: The battalion commanderdirects his assembly site officer to ac-company him up and down the lengthand breadth of the post. After severalstrikeouts, the abandoned concrete Hoorof a dairy barn is discovered in a re-mote area. The assembly site officer

agrees that the floor can be modifiedto make the necessary hardstand andpad. One day of good weather will makepossible the necessary shaping and goug-ing with a jackhammer and the pour-ing of new concrete on top of old. Theengineer officer suggests only that theold surface be thoroughly clean andthen doused. liberally with water imme-diately prior to the pouring. The 36thBattalion now possesses an extraordinari-ly good fueling area.

Problem 2: Owing to your proximityto the village of \Vashington, D. c.,and the fascination of your unconven-tional new weapon (well advertised inthe press), higher headquarters esti-mates you will be receiving continuousstreams of distinguished visitors. It istherefore directed that yoU locate abuilding capable of housing a securitybriefing, equip it with charts and dem-onstrations of a security nature, safe-guard it properly, then renovate it to adegree that will preclude your beingashamed to receive ranking dignitariestherein .

Solution: Down the block from bat-talion headquarters is an area once hous-ing hundred of POW's during World\\Tar II. One building is a maximumsecurity cell block possessing peculiarmerit. It is substantial and definitelysecure. 'I11e Post Engineer happily ac-cedes to your request for administrativecontrol over the building. The exec's

magic file produces painters, plumbers,carpenters, and electricians who attackthe ugly interior with great gusto, re-moving partitions, installing fluorescentlights, spotlights, and brightening upwalls and floors with paint. Result isthat to date countless dignitaries havespent an interesting and informativesixty minutes in the 36th's "hoosegow."

Epilogue

IN a few more weeks, the 36th Battal-ion will mark its first anniversary in thefield as the world's first tactical surface-to-air missile battalion. A fleeting lookover our shoulder rewards us with acreditable appearing record of accom-plishment: the officers and men of thebattalion have brought into being fourtactically operational firing batteries,complete in every impressive detail. Abusiness which dealt exclusively in therealm of science fiction a few short yearsago is now merely workaday routine tothe personnel of this battalion, all ofwhom are confident in their abilitiesto launch missiles in defense againstatomic attack if and when the occasionarises. This same conviction is sharedby official inspection parties who havesubjected the battalion to the minutestscrutiny and who have consistentlyawarded their highest approval to theaccomplishments of this pioneering unit.

High ranking dignitaries and otherswho have visited us in a semi-officialstatus ha\'e, in like manner, been im-pressed with the battalion and its newweapon. Even before the 36th hadfully emplaced its equipment at i\leadein the winter of 1954, a special briefingwas caused to be prepared at battalionlevel under the direction of the S3 andfrom its inception has proved popularwith no less than 1,200 visitors of allbranches of service. Many come pre-pared to be skeptical but the unclut-tered briefing, the informative tour, andabove all the opportunity to questionthe men who man the equipment neverfail to communicate the enthusiasm ofthe entire battalion for the new foundpotentiality of Nike. In short, they goaway believing that the men of the 36thmean business, no nonsense about it.

A statistic which enlisted readers willno doubt be interested in is the num-ber of top three graders of the originalpackage of 116 men who have gainedwarrant officer appointments, 1\'IOS 1184and 1185. At this writing, Lt. ColonelGooding has pinned WOJG bars on 70sergeants of the first three grades. Theapplications were screened and the ap-plicants subjected to rigorous interviewsbut the success was all theirs. The menperhaps had one great advantage in thatthey were without peers in the field oftactical experience with the Nike I

guided missile. Regrettably, many of t1.newly commissioned warrant officers ~to be surrendered to other Nike bat.ions forming in the field.

Other assistance has been given th lalast mentioned units by the 36th. ~ fli,

form has attracted considerable notiQ..l!since its recent beginning. It is refenet ,.to simply as "Cross Training" and is "method whereby gun battalions antici-~pating conversion to Nike receive r,hours of training under instructors fur (nished by the 36th Battalion at one cl dieour battery sites here at Meade. In 1;~ .hours the battalion S3 does not pretendto train maintenance men for the com.~'plex equipment; his desire to train~I

operators however has to date been sue.;'(icessful beyond original expectations. TIeburden of instructorship is placed on n:one battery at a time and one group of :aapproximately 25 personnel from One

gun battery are accommodated. ~This task is proceeding and its success~

indicates its continuance for some timeto come. pi

Summing up our year of tactical ex.j(perience we can say that duty with a

Nike battalion may be hard but cer.tainly never dull. And we have thesatisfaction of knowing that we haH ~helped in some measure to enable theArmy to gain a firm footing upon thethreshold of a new era of antiaircraftdefense, the era of the guided missile.

WHAT'S THE SCORE?By LIEUT. COLONEL EARLE MOUNTAIN

FOR the past two months I havebeen in charge of an AA firing range.Under most any circumstances, this canbe a harrowing experience, what withindependent boatmen cluttering up thefield of fire and stray fly boys wander-ing into the area from where the Lordonly knows. And it did not simplify

Lieut. Colonel Mountoin, 0 regulor con-tributor and formerly Inspector of Training,Eastern Army AA Command, now commandsthe 549th AAA Gun Battalion at Thule AFBose.

8

my problem a bit when along came afew battalions of National Guard andaRC Antiaircraft units for summercamp.

At anyone time there would be fromthree to five batteries waiting to fire,all anxious to complete their servicepractice. Then something would hap.pen, the plane couldn't fly because hisbase was weathered in, or, he wouldarrive and we would lose radio contactand he'd go back to base, or, his sleevecable reel jammed, and there would beno mission. There was always some-

thing. And then, there we would sit.A beautiful day, no ocean traffic, every'thing ready-but no plane. It was oneof these typical days that <1nofficer ap-Ipea red at the main tower and intro-Iduced himself as the liaison officer be-.tween my section and a new aRC unit I

fresh on the firing line. I immediatelymade him my assistant, with the im-pressive title of Assistant Range Officer.and quickly outlined his duties as per-tained to his units. His name was MajolBartlett, by the way, and at first thisdidn't mean anything in particular uncil


\I'f started to talk a bit about the gun-nery problems the units were experienc-ing.Then I remembered where I hadheard his name. "Say, aren't you the'lajor Bartlett who has been writing)fticlesfor the ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL?"I asked.

"That's right," he said.'Well, now, I've got just the prob-

lemfor you to tackle."Then I reviewed all the difficulty we

hadbeen having with the tow planes,the shipping and even the weather.

'What I want you to do, Major, istocome up with a workable solutionthatwill enable us to get the units onthe line through the required servicepracticeswith a minimum delay.". "Right! I'll have to do a little study-ingof the range records, but I think Icancome up with an idea."

The next morning Major Bartlett ap-pearedat my tent about an hour beforetherange was scheduled to open.

"Good morning, sir. About that littleproblemyou gave me yesterday, I havesomepretty definite ideas on how youcansolve some of your difficulties."

JUST then the field phone rang andIhad to interrupt him momentarily. Itwasthe main tower reporting that therow plane wouldn't arrive at 0830 as we,planned because the field, some 30milesaway, was socked in by early morn-ingfog. There would be.at least a threehourdelay, I knew by experience.

'Well, Major, I hope you have a so-lution,because here is a typical example.ofwhat I had in mind. The tow planecan'tget airborne for at least two hours,then considering travel time and timerequired to let out the sleeve, at leastanother hour will elapse. There goesthe whole morning shot to pieces. Asyoucan see, there isn't a small boat in~ght and the ceiling here is unlimited.Everything is perfect except for onething-no airplane."

"From a study of the records availa-ble," replied Major Bartlett, "it wasquicklyapparent that over 70% of thetimelost on the range is chargeable to)liStthis same condition. Closely re-kted is the loss of communication be-tween the ground and the plane. Ineither case, the result, as far as theAAAtroops are concerned, is the same-no shooting! Why don't you makeilloreuse of RCA1"s?"

tfOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954

"Oh, we tried that, but it didn't work.When we had the RCAT down lowenough for the 01 and O2 stations inthe record section to see it, the troopscomplained because the low fuze num-bers gave an unrealistic situation. Re-member, these guns are supposed to beengaging an enemy plane at least by25 fuze numbers, and with the RCATin close for the record section we wereending up with 7 and 8 fuze numbers.It was unsatisfactory."

"Do you have the auto-pilots?" ques-tioned the Major.

"Oh, sure, we've got them all right,but when we send the RCA T up to 13-14 thousand feet the controller can't seeit and neither can the records section.How are you going to score a practicewithout observing the bursts?"

"I've got that figured out, sir."This guy was getting my temper up

a bit. He seemed to have all the an-swers. Who in hell did he think hewas? We had been knocking ourselvesout for a couple of seasons trying tosolve this very problem and along comesthis two-week wonder with a pat solu-tion. Well, I'd soon find out.

"OK-let's hear it. We've got a cou-ple of hours yet before the plane canarrive-go ahead-give me the commer-cial."

"Let's divide the problem into twomain categories," he began. "CategoryOne is the control of the RCAT. Cate-gory Two is the scoring procedure whenusing RCA1"s.

"Now about controlling the RCAT.I notice that the battery on the line

•here from the regular AA units that arepresently on-site as part of the CONliSAir Defense System is equipped withthe FCS M33. That is a beautiful pieceof equipment. Its capabilities are enor-mous. I've had some experience withthe FCS M33 in an AAA unit near ourarmory and we have had several drillperiods at the AAA site. Then on mylast active duty tour I had an opportuni-ty to be assigned for a short period toan organization that had the M33.

"Here is my suggestion for control-ling the RCAT. Use any M33 that ison the firing line as the control station.On the horizontal range plotting boarddraw a line representing the course youwant the RCAT to Hy. This is locatedon the board normally in terms of rangeand azimuth from the directing pointof a battery but, for control of the

RCAT, set in zero parallax on the com-puter dials and the boards will thenshow the course with relation to theM33.

"On the lower section of altitudeplotting boards indicate the altitude youdesire the RCAT to maintain.

"The RCAT controller will thenlaunch his plane in the normal man-ner. He will bring it over the controlFCS M33 and Hy on a straight and levelcourse until the tracking radar is 'lockedon.' With a little practice and coordina-tion this is a simple feat.

"Once the radar is 'locked on' thecontroller moves into the van and manip-ulates his controls to keep the ReATHying on the predetermined course youhave marked for him. The plotting penson the horizontal and altitude boardsshow hill). exactly where the RCAT iswith relation to the M33 and he caneasily adjust his Hight to bring the planeonto the selected course.

"So much for the control of theRCAT." At this point I interruptedhim long enough to send for the ReATDetachment commander and the 83 tojoin the party and give their reactions.

"On the Category Two problem ofscoring a practice using RCA1"s I havesome very definite ideas, some of whichmay not exactly agree with your presentthinking, but I'll state them anywayand let you make your own choice.

"I find that even when using a towplane and a sleeve the record section hashad difficulty in picking up the sleeve.This is particularly true when the planeis at either end of the course and ismaking his turn. Time after time, oneof the Hank stations will be on targetwhile the 01 station at the guns is fran-tically searching for the sleeve. Manypasses of the sleeve are not fired uponbecause if the records section isn't 'ontarget' there can be no score and withno score there is no course. There's nouse in banging out the rounds if therecord section isn't on target. There isa stated amount of ammunition author-ized for each practice based upon theyearly allowance and further allottedby the number of courses to be fired.Firing courses without obtaining anyscore from the record section is uselessand adds little to the training of theunit.

"And why isn't the records sectionon target? Because the man on the ob-serving instrument can't see the target.

9

That is, he can't YisuaIly'see' the target.But here you have a marvelous pieceof equipment, the 1\133, which, once'locked on,' can electronically 'see' thetarget. Once in automatic track theradar sticks right with the target. Be-fore firing you have checked the col-limation of the radar and the periscope.

~~THEN you can state that what

the radar 'sees' electronically, the peri-scope allows the operator to 'see' visually.It isn't important that the operator ac-tuallv be able to 'see' anything becausehe knows that the center of the crosshairs on the periscope represents the po-sition of the target that is being trackedby radar. When the guns fire all thebursts should occur around the target;there's no argument there, I hope. Inother words, all the bursts should bepretty close to the center of the opticsin the periscope. All the records sec-tion has to do then is read the devia-tions of the bursts from the intersectionof the cross hairs in the track periscope.As long as the bursts are visible and theradar is 'locked on' it isn't necessarythat the target be visible. For all prac-tical purposes, the target is the intersec-tion of the cross hairs in the periscope.The observers from within the radarvan can read the aboves and belowsand the rights and lefts for each course.They will never be 'off target' and

b fi . "every course can e a rmg course."Now just a minute there," I inter-

rupted, "Let's drop back 5 yards andpunt that around a bit. Your conten-tion is that, once locked on a target,whether a plane, a sleeve or an RCAT,from then on the periscope is alwayspointed at the target and the target iscarried right at the intersection of thecrosshairs. Therefore, it is not neces-sary that the observer actually 'see' thetarget as long as he can 'see' the bursts?"

"That's right, sir. But remember now-I am making the assumption that partof the preparation for fire is to collimatethe radar and the periscope. Really,that is no assumption either, becausepart of the preparatory phase score isbased upon a present position check andin that check it will be possible to verifythat collimation has been accomplished."

"That's true," I said."Then," he continued, "as far as the

record section is concerned, deviations

10

in azimuth and elevation are read di- 207.1 of FM 44-4 published in Changt!rectly from the periscope reticles. The 1, dated 23 October 1952. 'It's in thedeviations are recorded, averaged, and book!'scored in the normal manner according "So now we are back to our p<x.to TM 44-234." soul, the BC with the mismatched guns.

"But what about range deviations?" It's not his fault. It's not the battali(l!I asked. commander's fault either. It's just fare

"That's the next subject," replied Ma- -and he is stuck with them. But comesjor Bartlett. "But first let's analyze the target pr~ctice and our friend getsbasic gunnery problem a bit. In my clobbered for score under the presentearly days as an AA officer we used to system. The range score is divided inlncalibrate our guns. We would attempt two parts. Range center of burst andto group them according to developed range spread from center of burst. Eachmuzzle velocity. Then we would re- is worth 12 points or a total of 24 pointscalibrate and ~lect a base piece. The for the range component.other guns would be adjusted to hit the "It would be quite possible for oursame spot in the sky as the base piece friend to have his guns correctly 0 &:by using a fuze calibration correction. S'd, his muzzle velocity exactly right,

"With better equipment like the have no personnel errors, in fact no er-M33 a unit can now fire velocity fire rors, period, and he would earn 12pointsand determine an accurate muzzle ve- for his range center of burst on targetlocity for each gun with a certain lot and lose, note that, he could, theoretical-of powder. If all guns in a battalion ly get a minus 10 (-10) points for hisfire with the same lot, then the com- range spreads from the average. Andmanding officer will have good data on what caused this range spread? Why,which to base a re-grouping of his the fact that he had all the 'dogs' in theweapons. If everything works out right battalion and, in accordance with FMthe guns will then be so closelymatched 44-4, did not use fuze calibration cor-that no fuze correction will be neces- rections. Perhaps you think he shouldsary. But, usually, one battery in a have fudged a bit and used the fuze cor-battalion will get stuck with all the rection, at least on the range. Butleft-overs.. The theory is that it is better notice this, he would then get whackedto sacrifice one unit in order that the on his lateral score.organization, whether battalion, group "This, gentlemen, is a revolting de-or defense, may benefit as a whole." velopment. I would say that the morale

"But what about this poor soul, this in this unit would take a big drop. Youbattery commander who inherits all the know darn well that all the men mayleft-overs? 'What can he do about it?" not know much about theory but they

"In mv day he would compensate for all do understand the final score. It ismismatched 'guns by fuze calibration. strictly unfair to Fnalize an excellen~corrections. But he was only kidding battery for followmg the best gunnel)himself. Fuze calibration corrections af- principles and that is what the rangefect time of flight to the burst point. component of the present scoring sys-In attempting to make the bursts occur tem does.at the same slant range from the guns "How do I propose to correct this?we told the fast gun to explode. the Again let us talk gunnery. Even withround earlier than the actual time the the guns grouped as well as possibletarget would arrive at the selected point we.will rarely have all guns with exact}yin the skv, while the slow gun would the same muzzle velocity. Thus, rarelyburst on 'line in range, but after the will all guns in a battery ever bursttarget had gone by. These guns have exactly at the same point in slant rangea small lateral error and with fuze when we use the MT feature of thecorrections applied you haven't much MTSQ 502 fuze. The most we car.chance of getting any hits. Consider expect is that tnere will be an equalalso, that with the present fuze we use, number of overs and shorts in range.we are going for a direct hit. Lateral For example there are four guns in aerrors caused by using fuze calibration certain battery. The MV's are 2690.corrections will reduce our probabilities 2696, 2715 and 2720. The Battery MVof hits in combat to an unacceptable .used on the computer will be the aver-figure. I suggest you read paragraph age, or 2705 foot seconds. It is apparent


that two guns will be generally overand two will be generally short. Oncelocked on target however, dispersionwill work in favor of the battery, caus-ing an equal number of over and shortbursts around the target. Thus, I claimthat as long as this battery has an equalnumber of over and short rounds theyhave accomplished their mission anddeserve full score in the range com-ponent.

"A battery that has the rounds all inone sense, either all over or all short,has not done a good job and shouldreceive a low score. In between, thereis room for the battery that has a pre-ponderance in one sense. The scoremust be variable depending upon howmuch the total sensings vary from theideal of an equal number of overs andshorts to the lowest score of all in onesense. Therefore, in my system meas-urement ?f the magnitude of the range,deviation is not necessary. Rather, wewill need only the 'sensing,' expressedas 'Over,' 'Short,' or 'Hit.'

'We obtain this sensing from any ofthe 'A' scopes on the tracking consoleof the FCS M33. You will recall thatthe target makes a definite 'pip' on the'A' scope. Also, you recall that the shell,en route to the target, also makes adefinite 'pip' and you can actually seethe shell travel out to the target.

"Any shell pip that explodes beforeit reaches the target pip will be called'short.'

"Any shell pip that enters the targetpip and doesn't come out on the op-

,posite side is sensed as a 'Hit.'"Any shell pip that goes past the

target pip is sensed as 'Over.'"You may argue that the observer

will have a hard time picking out thesensings, especially if four guns are fir-ing at once. My counter argument isthat even with visual observation therecordssection was fortunate to get 75%of the rounds fired and then, in addi-tion, there exists the very good proba-bility that personnel errors are made inreading the mil deviations.

"All my system requires is the overallsensings of most of the rounds. WeWant to know if the battery obtainedan equal number of over and shorts andif not in what sense did the majority ofthe rounds fall."

"How do you propose to determine anumbered score for the range com-


ponent, Major?" the S3 asked."My theory is to make use of a device

that probably most of you never heardof. It was used in my early days as arange officer in a seacoast artillery bat-tery. It was called the 'Bracketing Meth-od of Trial Fire.'

"I have improvised somewhat thevalue to be assigned to the intersectionson the chart. In general, I reasonedthis way, that the total of the two rangecomponents, center of burst and spreadsfrom center has usually amounted toabout 18 points out of a possible 24.This means that I consider that if therange center score was a maximum of12, a unit would rarely get below amiminum of 6 points for range spreads.Analysing many of the scores obtainedhere in the last month shows this hasheld pretty true. So I made my com-bined score a maximum of 24 pointsand minimum of 16 points.

"After recording the range sensingsof a course, it will be necessary to re-plot them on this chart I have preparedin order to obtain a numerical rating.Hits are plotted on the diagonal, oversare plotted on the horizontal lines andshorts are plotted always downwards onthe vertical lines. All plotting starts atthe upper left hand corner. It makesno difference to the final score as towhat order is used. For example 4overs, 2 hits and 7 shorts will give ascore of 24. So will 2 hits, 7 shorts and4 overs. So will O-S-S-O-H-S-S-O-S-S-O-S-H.

"As I said previously, the ideal shoot-ing is to have an equal number of oversand shorts. A hit is considered as equalto one over and one short. Thus, youwill note that if a unit fires a course inwhich 12 rounds of the 16 were sensed,and these were all 'over,' the score is16 points. That's like a score of 4 forcenter burst and a score of 12 for rangespread. Obviously, the center of burstwasn't on target because they were allover. That's where my scoring systemhits hard. You must have distributionaround'the target.

"My suggestion is that this afternoonwe try it out in conjunction with theregular scoring system and let's see howit works. It will work as well on asleeve as on an RCAT."

We agreed to give it a try that after-noon, I made sure that the Major hadno knowledge of the scores obtained by

the record section based upon visual ob-servation. In fact he stuck himself inthe M33 and I didn't see hair nor hideof him until the range closed for theevening. I collected from him his scoreson 14 different courses and then gath-ered up the records from the regularrecord sec~ion. I made a tabular com-parison and I was amazed at the results.It was just about as he had predicted.His system helped those who had anequal distribution of rounds in rangebut penalized those who had a prepon-derance in one sense. I thought that thesystem was pretty well balanced whenI considered that average of the varia-tions between the scores obtained byhis method and those obtained by theregular records section came out to zero.

DURING the balance of this timehe was with me, we continued to runcomparative tests and always with thesame results. His system gave a unit afair score and was valid for comparisonwith units that might be scored withthe present method.

Now as I am preparing to close upmy desk and shut down the range, Ihave been going over the study MajorBartlett made. It looks good to me.Certainly, it will save a lot of time onthe range when the target is out of sightof the record section.

Maybe some of your JOURNAL readerscould get it approved for target practice.

Proposed Scoring System ForAAA Target Practice

1. Problem: To devise a system ofscoring of the firing phase of AAA serv-ice practices when utilizing RCAT's.

2. Requirements: The final systemmust be simple to operate, valid in re-sults for rating, require no additionalpersonnel or equipment, and be ap-plicable on our firing ranges.

3. Discussion:a. The components and maximum

values used to arrive at a "firing phasescore; as given in Paragraph 41, TM44-234 AAA Service Practice, are:

RGM 28Lateral Center 12Vertical Center 12Range Center 12Lateral Spread 12Vertical Spread 12Range Spread 12

TOTAL 100

11

Course 1 represent'S plot for following reports of shots: O-O-O-O-H-H-S-S-S-S-S-S-S; score, 24. Course 2: H-H-S-S-S-H-H-S; score, 22.

OVER

Changing station?Don't forget to notify us of your

change in address.Simply send your namer old ad-

dress and new one to:

Circulation ManagerCombat Forces Journal

1529 18th St'r N.W.Washingtonr D. C.

range spread of the individual round$.the score for the range center of b~will be increased to 24 points. Thisimplies that as long as a unit obtainsan equal number of overs and shorts inrange, they have accomplished theirmission. Fuze calibration corrections,which would tend to make all roundsburst at the same range, are not cou-sidered sound gunnery. Therefore, anyvariation in muzzle velocity betweenguns now acts to give the unit a poarscore because of range spread betweenthe weapons. Once guns are groupedas well as possible based upon muzzlevelocity determination, there is nothingmore the unit can do to increase or de-crease score for range spreads. Thiscomponent is no longer valid. Thus,under this proposed system, more weightis given to getting the range center ofburst on target.

4. Solution:a. Control the RCAT from within

an M33 radar van. It may be the radarof the unit firing or an adjacent radar,

b. Once the radar is locked on tar.get, the operators at the tracking consolebecome observers for the purpose ofcalling out deviations:~ The elevation operator observes ver.tical deviations and calls the bursts asso many mils above or below .~ The azimuth operator observes lateraldeviations and calls the bursts as S()

many mils right or left.~ The range tracker observes the shelltrace in the A scope with relation tothe target pip and calls the round asShort, Hit, or Over.~ The record section furnishes the nec.essary recorders.

c. The scoring of the course is aspresently outlined in TM 44-234 exceptfor range deviations. Range deviationswill be re-plotted on, and the score ob.tained therefrom will be used as the com-ponent score for range deviations.

Course 1

h. The tracking console of the radarhas three A scopes. On each A scopeis presented the target pip in relationto the range from the radar. The targetpip is carried in a 100 yard notch whenthe radar is tracking automatically.

i. It is possible to see the shell tracemove across the A scope and note whereit burst with relation to the target pip.If it bursts before entering the targetpip, it is short in range. If it goes intothe target pip and doesn't appear onthe other side, it is a hit; if it entersthe pip and then reappears on the op-posite side, it is over in range. Theerror in calling hits is approximately+ 50 yards.

j. An analysis of past target practicesindicates that the record section is ableto obtain deviations on approximatelyonly 75 per cent of rounds fired on anycourse.

1. The sensing method using the Ascopes will obtain somewhat less, butwill indicate the general pattern of therange center of burst as over, short, orhit.

1. To compensate for not computing

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b. :0;0 change in the scoring valuesis involved.

c. The FCS 1\133is capable of "lock-ing on" to the RCAT.

d. The RCAT controller can, in factmust, control the RCAT from withinthe radar van utilizing the plotting boardand automatic plotting feature of theradar to determine the present positionof the RCAT, in both the horizontaland the vertical plane.

e. The records section cannot recordbursts because they cannot visually seethe target at the horizontal range theRCAT must Hy.

f. The radar can see the target elec-tronically and, once locked on, the targetis always in the center of the opticaltelescopes. It is not necessary that anyoperator actually visually see the target.The center of the telescope is alwaysthe target.

g. The radar scopes are graduated inmils, both vertically and laterally. There-fore, lateral and vertical deviations ofthe bursts can be obtained from withinthe radar van itself, once locked ontarget.

u

SHoRT

12 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

THE TIPSY(Radar Set AN/TPS-ID)

By LT. eOL. LEONARD M. ORMAN

Radar set ANjTPS-lD.

• factory for measuring the transmitterfrequency and checking the overall rad-ar performance.

f. The Radar Test Set ANjUPM-30is satisfactory for determining the trans-mitter pulse frequency spectrum andmeasuring the transmitter frequency.

g. The lVave and Power Meter SetTS-107 jTPM-I is satisfactory for meas-uring the radar RF transmitter power,and the built-in detector is satisfactoryto detect RF signals for measurmentpurpo~es.

h. The Directional Coupler ANj-TPS-I D is satisfactory for use in check-ing the transmitter frequency RF power,

. transmitter pulse shape, transmitter fre-quency spectrum and receiver sensitivi-ty and bandwidth.

i. The Dummy Antenna TS-235jUPis ~atisfactory for dissipating the RFenergy of the ANjTPS-ID.1\1ost of the technical limitations whichearlier models of the set had are believedto have been overcome in later modelsor by the application of Field Changes1 through 8 which are designed tobring earlier models up to the level of

RADAR",ODULATOR

AZIMUTHRANGE

INDICATOR

STACK NO 2 STACK NO I

Test Equipmenta. The Signal Generator TS-419jU

is used to measure the radar receiversensitivity and bandwidth.

b. The Tube Tester TV-3jU is satis-factory for testing most of the tubes usedin the ANjTPS-ID. The tubes whichcould not be checked with this testerwere the 371B (rectifier), 5C22 (hydro-gen thyratron), 5CPI-A (cathode-raytube), 7BP7-A (cathode-ray tube), IB27(TR tube) and the 5J26 (magnetron).

c. The Crystal Rectifier Test Set T S-268jU is satisfactory for testing theAFC and signal mixer crystals (lN21B).

d. The variac is used to age the radarmagnetrons.

e. The EdlO Box TS-172jUP is satis-

by similar agencies in the Navy andAir Force. Using units in some AAinstallations blessed with radar person-nel who understood the set have alsorealized the maximum potential of thisradar.

The main difficulties appear to havebeen:

(1) An inadequate generator(2) A lack of spare parts and test

equipment(3) Some technical limitations(4) Improper siting(5) A misunderstanding of the capa-

bilities and limitations of the set(6) A lack of skilled maintenance

men

Some of these difficulties have beenor are being overcome. The PU-104generator is being replaced by the larg-er, better PU-107. (In Europe a 7.5Kw diesel generator is being used. Forthe purpose, it appears superior to ourPU-107.) The Signal Corps is vigor-ously pursuing a program which is aimedat getting spare parts and proper testequipment into the user's hands. A listof the more important of these itemsfollows:

Colonel Orman, /ormerly a member 0/ AfFBd. No.4 at Fort Bliss has recently trans/erredto the Ordnance Corps with station at Aber-deen Proving Grounds, Md. For years aregular contributor to this 10urnol, and re-cently a visitor in Holland. he reports hisgreat pleasure in finding himsell recognizedthere among the AAA officers and engineersfor his articles in the lour no I.

ONE of the most widely used radarsetsin the U. S. Armed Services is theTipsy. Despite its wide use, it is oneofthe most maligned and misunderstoodpieces of electronic gear that the Armyhas. Because of its disrepute its maxi-mum potential is not being achieved..\fter being closely associated with thetesting of this set, I am convinced oftll'Othings.

(l) That it will do its job, and(2) It is not difficult to maintain,

comparatively speaking.

This article is written with the hopethat some of the misunderstandings maybe clarified and the Tipsy may begin,0 take its proper share of the AA de-fenseas a respected member of the team.

The belief that the ANjTPS-14 willdo its job is supported by the resultsobtained by OCAFF Board No.4, and


SummaryBattery commanders interested in

Tipsy's performance should take thefollowing steps:

1. Make certain that all spare partsand test equipment are available.

2. Try to expedite the Field Changes,particularly Numbers 7 and 8.

3. Be careful in choice of sites. Trythe most promising sites before makinga final selection. Keep line of site clearof obstruction.

4. Learn as much about capabilitiesand limitations of radar as possible.Know what to anticipate in performance.

5.' Encourage career soldiers to enterthe radar maintenance field.

MaintenanceThe Tipsy is not a complicated set:.

In fact it contains less than}3 the num-ber of tubes in an AAFCS M33. Theprincipal difficulty has been in themaintenance course. There hasn't beenone. In an effort to reduce the numberof separate courses the course for theANjTPS-lD was combined with othercourses at the AA & GM Branch of TheArtillery School. The theory was thatif an operator knew one radar well heshould be able to pick up another radareasily. In some cases a man got as fewas four days tacked on to the end of anM33 course, almost as an afterthought.The student was eager to leave after atough nine month grind. He probablyhad orders in his pocket. Chances wereonly about one in five that he wouldbe assigned to a Tipsy. Now changeshave been made at the school whichshould produce better maintenance menfor these radar sets. Ideally, what weneed is to build up within.the Army byusing career soldiers a solid backgroundof experience in this field. Even thougha career soldier did not possess the qual-ifications of a two year man, the prospectof long experience makes him a bettercandidate for these radar courses.

of this effect see the article "Surveillance J

Radars," in the Jan-Feb 1954 issue ofthe JOURNAL.)

The six major units can be stackedinto a single tower 14.5' high to sup-port the 4' x 15' antenna. The onlyadvantage to a single stack is the i~creased antenna height. The set ismuch easier to tune, adjust and main-tain if it is assembled into three stacks.

moved from the truck if desired. TheGSS-I's use is justified.when it is desiredto provide mobility comparable to fastmoving units.

SitingDespite these improvements-improp-

er siting continues to handicap the set.The best siting advice that can be givenis-try a few. In this respect we arefortunate. The Tipsy is small enoughso that it can be mounted {Ji.t1 a 2~, tontruck and operated from the truck itself.Several units in the field have done this.Some recent articles in the ANTIAm-CRAFT JOURNAL have described details ofputting wheels under this set. Oneforthcoming improvement of the Tipsy(except for Conus units) is ElectronicSearch Central AN/GSS-l. At presenta tent is issued with the set. As recentANnAmCRAFT JOURNAL articles havenoted, the tent does not meet all re-quirements. The need, for greater mo-bility and a better shelter has resultedin Electronic Search Central AN/GSS-1.This item is the Tipsy mounted in anenclosed, lightweight, cabin-type shelterwhich can be carried on a flatbed truck,cargo, 2~ ton, 6 x 6 LWB, M35. Inaddition to the radar the unit containsa Plotting Board, PT 171/TPS, a gaso-line heater, mounting brackets for 2radios, and chairs for 4 operators. Itcan be used as an emergency battalioncommand post. The Tipsy can be op-erated in the shelter or can be takenout. It is advisable to leave it in theshelter. The entire shelter can be re-

later sets. A list of these Field Changesfollows:

1. Duplexer Change.

2. Replacement of reflex Klvstron lo-cal oscillator by lighthouse tri~e. Misunderstandings

3. Addition of spare magnetron. Unfortunately an aura of mystery still4. Modification of antenna drive to continues to hang over radar and all

allow the antenna to be rotated in wind electronic equipment. Some officershavevelocities up to 60 mph. made no effort to leam even the most

rudimentary facts about radar capabili-5. Replacement of 1B27 TR tubes ties and limitations. One does not need

by 6322 TR (tunable over on wider • to be an electrical engineer or even arange of freq.). dgra uate of a radar maintenance course

6. Modification of power supply to to know what to expect from his radarprovide correct B voltage for lighthouse sets. The inability to trace an electron'striode. path through a complex circuit should

7 & 8 Changed various parts of the not keep battery and battalion command-L.O. cavity and improved the suspension ers from trying to leam a little aboutof the L.O. assembly. AFC Tuning this vital tool of AA defense. A recentcircuits eliminated. The overall per- inspection of an AN/TPS-ID surveil-formance of the radar, especially the lance station disclosed that although theMoving Target Indicator performance, antenna was rotating, the PPI scope waswas greatly improved as a result of these totally dark and the operator was asleepchanges. in his bunk. The set had been inopera-

tive for days. No attempt was beingmade to repair it after initial effort hadproved ineffectual. The battery com-mander believed the set to be operatingbecause the antenna was rotating.

One unnecessary difficulty which sup-ply channels caused Tipsy performancewas recently uncovered. The set con-sists of six units. When factory checkedthe system was aligned as a single unit.It was believed that the units werecompletely interchangable between sets.It has now been found that the Tipsyperforms better and has less maintenanceproblems if the units of an individualset are kept together. Steps are beingtaken to implement this policy.

Tests show that performance is al-ways less than normal in clutter freeareas when MTI is used. This effectincreases as a function of range. Hence,if interested in detecting targets at maxi-mum range MTI should not be tumedon until needed.

The set has a pencil beam antenna.Coverage is not solid. Like all longrange sets it has nulls. A target flyingat constant altitude will be detected andbe lost in the nulls only to be redetectedas it passes into the beam again. Thewidth and number of these beams is afunction of several variables. An opera-tor who remains in one location longshould gain a firm idea of where theymay be expected. For a fuller discussion


r MOBILE AN/TPS-IDBy CAPTAIN JAMES C. SAMPLE

52, ?Ist AAA Battalion

..1.:+=.=

Interior view of converted ANjTPS-lDshowing power supply and signal com-

parator.

tion of new sites to rapid and efficientexpansion of existing radar networks.

are used as in a ground installation.

3. The supporting rack from the an-tenna mount is extended in diameterat least 12" to form a walk for the main-tenance personnel to work from.

4. Positions of individual units in thevan are so grouped towards the front,left and right side of the van to permitcables to be extended through the frontvan port hole for antenna base connec-tion. These units however, can be ar-ranged to suit the installers particulardesire.

5. Cables W-7, W-IO and W-II areextended to necessary length to enableproper hook up.

The overall conversion, without re-moval of or damage to any parts of theexisting equipment, makes it much moredesirable than any such converted mo-bile unit in use today and varied usesof this mobile unit range from evalua-

Iri'"-terior view of the converted ANj-TPS-l D showing Indicator, Modulator

and Receiver Transmitter. Converted mobile AN/TPS-ID radar set and repair van, 71st AAA Battalion.


I. An inverted "7" shaped frame isconstructed from 3" scrap angle ironfor support of the antenna mount andantenna base and is bolted to the truckframe and front van body as shown inphotograph.

2. Leveling jacks III antenna mount

A CONVERTED mobile AN/TPS-lD radar set and repair van combinedhas been constructed for the 7Ist AAA~lissile Battalion by WOJG EugeneJohnson and his men of the 7th SignalDetachment. It has been used to greatadvantage because it not only is capableof replacing the inoperative AN/TPS-lD on site but has the radar repaircrew and spare parts available at the;ame time in one complete mobile unit.

The AN/TPS-ID is installed on andin the standard M 109 or M34 2Y2 tonOrdnance repair shop type truck andincludes the use of one standard oneIon type trailer for hauling the PU107jU generator with extra oil and gas.

The major modifications and steps forconversion are as follows:

Preparatory Fire Proced~~es to:- ~_~eAAFCS M33By LT. COLONEL DAVID B. McFADDEN

AT the present time there is confu-sion within AAA units as to properpreparatory fire techniques to be followedwith the MFCS i\B3. The purpose ofthis study is to present the feasible tech-niques of preparatory fire, apply thesetechniques on the basis of the situationat hand, and give an evaluation of theirworth and effectiveness.

When the AAFCS M33 was firstreceived by the AA & GM Branch ofT AS in early 1951, a system of prepara-tory fire (trial fire) called the Bell Lab-oratory System was outlined in the as-sociated manuals and operating instruc-tions. This particular technique wasdesigned to be used in conjunction witha portable unit chronograph whichwould measure the muzzle velocity ofeach round fired during the preparatoryfire phase. At the completion of theproblem, the average velocity was to beapplied to the computer and correctionsto the meteorological message were thenmade by manipulation of the per centfuze, denSity, wind, azimuth and windspeed dials of the computer. There havebeen many variations of this proceduresuggested in an attempt to derive morevalid corrections to the met message.

As the chronograph was never devel-oped for this system, that omission ledto the development of the modified BellLaboratory System of preparatory fire.This system recognized the nonavaila-bility of a unit chronograph; therefore,a complete reversal of basic assumptionswas made, namely, that the density asrecorded on the met message is con-sidered valid, and muzzle velocity beingunknown would .be manipulated untilthe time of Right equalled the measured

Lieu!. Colonel McFadden, Citadel graduateand on airborne AAA veter.,n of WW IIin the Southwest Pacific, has just completeda three year tour as an instructor in theGunnery Deportment of the AA & GMBranch of the Artillery School. He is nowa member of AFF Boord No. 4 at Fort Bliss.His sound and timely article bears the stampof approval of the School.

16

time-to-burst. In addition to the muzzlevelocity dial the wind azimuth and windvelocity dials on the MFCS 1\-133com-puter correction panel are also adjustedto make the firing elevation, firing azi-muth and time of Right servos read theoriginal pointing data obtained beforefiring the trial fire problem. Also thed% F (fuze spot) is varied until thefuze servo dial again indicates the re-corded value which it registered duringtrial fire. These values will normallyhave to be adjusted once the problemrounds have been fired and average de-viations obtained, as the radar must berepositioned on the center of burst inazimuth, angular height and slant range.

After approximately a year's use ofthe modified Bell Laboratory procedure,the School developed, in 1952, a furtherpreparatory fire technique known asvelOCity fire. This system is based uponthe principle that, given a valid andcurrent met message, a properly pre-pared gun and range platoon, a validvelocity can be determined. The com-puter is, in effect, merely a universalfiring table which when given certainbasic ingredients will produce a result-ant provided the laws of mathematicsare adhered to. Therefore, it may beemployed to solve for an unknown suchas velocity provided known conditionshave been applied. The only unknownrecognized in the velocity fire procedureis velocity. All other elements have beendetermined; therefore, the computer cansolve for the unknown velocity. Ve-lOCity fire recognizes that the major fac-tor for all prediction within the com-puter is time of Right, and since timeof Right is directly affected by changein muzzle velocity (among other fac-tors), this setting is vital. The real so-lution of the AAA gunnery problem isdependent upon passing a projectilethrough the future position of the targetor causing a shell to burst at that futureposition, concurrently with the arrivalof the target. If the gun and ammuni-tion develop a velocity different fromthat set on the computer, the projectile

will not arrive at this future poS1l1onsimultaneously with the target, in addi.tion to other deficiencies.

The time-to-burst integrator incorpo.rated within the MFCS M33 has madeit possible for the AAA to measure ac.curately with organic equipment, thetime it takes a projectile to travel a givendistance. With a known time obtainedfrom the time-to-burst integrator, andan accurate range obtained from thetrial fire indicator for that time, thepreparatory fire procedure of velocityfire can be employed to determine anaccurate velocity. Further refinementof velOCity fire resulted in developmentof procedures for determining correc.tions for VT or PD fuzed rounds. Thismeant that a unit could conduct pre.paratory fire with all types of fuzes inits basic combat load of ammunition.This was an extremely important devel.opment because all other techniques upuntil that time were dependent uponsecuring readings on an MT burst. Itis now known that the exterior ballisticsof VT fuzed projectiles are differentfrom those of MT fuzed projectiles:therefore it was essential to secure cor-rections for VT or PD fuzed rounds.Another technique, which no doubt hasbeen employed in the field, has been theapplication of conventional trial fire pro-cedures as used with the SCR 584 M9or MlOcombination to the AAFCS M33.

A FURTHER procedure employedto detect gross errors within a fire unitis that of verification fire, commonlyknown as a burst problem. This is avery simple procedure in which lateral,vertical, and range deviations from theTSP are determined, and if time per-mits, eliminated through rechecks ofpreparation of gun and range platoon.If engagement is imminent, normal pro-cedure has been to apply spots for thesedeviations. This particular procedurenaturally can be used to verify to a cer-tain extent, corrections secured from theabove preparatory fire techniques.


Up to recent years another techniqueknown as calibration fire was employedto resolve individual gun differences inorder to make them shoot at the samerange, azimuth and elevation with afuze correction to compensate for muz-zle velocity differences. However, itwas finally realized that this fuze cor-rection affected the time-to-burst of theprojectile, therefore a lateral, or alongcourse error still existed when engaginga moving target. In other words, al-though it was feasible to cause the pro-jectile to pass through the predictedpoint, it was not possible to cause theprojectile to pass through that pointsimultaneously with the target. In addi-tion, a fuze correction to compensatefor muzzle velocity differences is a flatcorrection and will be valid only for theparticular altitude and range at whichit was determined. Firing at longerranges results in an under correction,and at shorter ranges in an over correc-tipn. Since calibration corrections tofuze to compensate for MV differencesof guns upset the vital time of arrivalfactor, this technique was discarded andwill not be discussed any further in thisstudy.

THE following factors must be con-sidered when making a choice of apreparatory fire technique to be em-ployed with the AAFCS M33.

a. Since time is of the essence, thetechnique must lend itself to rapid com-pletion with the minimum amount ofeffort and consumption of time.

b. It must produce corrections whichare valid for considerable periods oftime. It should secure corrections hoursand even months before, which will re-main valid in fire for effect at somelater date.

c. It must be a system whose use isfeasible under restricted firing condi-tions such as in large metropolitan areasunder ARAACOM, where unrestrictedtrial shot problems cannot be fired.

d. It must be a simple procedurewhich can be accurately performed byinexperienced personnel when necessary.For example, it should not be too de-pendent upon experience of the individ-ual performing it. It should not requirea knowledge of "hip-pocket gunnery"to be used successfully.

e. The technique should exploit to


the maximum the capabilities of the ma-teriel provided the fire unit. For ex-ample, all components of the M33 whichlend themselves to securing correctionsshould be put to full use when they arein proper operative condition.

f. It must produce data which isvalid, not only for the selected point atwhich the preparatory fire was con-ducted, but throughout a full 6400 milarea about the battery, from minimumto maximum ranges, and from mini-mum to maximum altitudes of engage-ment.

g. To be acceptable it must be ableto produce corrections which are validfor each combination of shell and fuze.Any technique which is limited to useonly with MT fuze cannot be a fullyacceptable technique and must be re-garded as an emergency method only.

h. Procedure selected should lend it-self to solution employing the computerof the M33. A technique which requiresthe construction of trial shot charts iscertainly time consuming and less de-sirable than one where the solution canbe secured from the computer itself, aswell as being replete with opportunitiesfor error.

i. The technique selected should bea cut and dried one which the rangeofficer can follow step by step, and onewhich two or more individuals can em-ploy and obtain the same correctionsbased on identical raw data.

j. Any technique, to be fully <;1ccepta-ble, must be one which recognizes theextreme importance of time of flight ofthe projectile to, and hence time of ar-rival at, the predicted point.

k. It should be a procedure whichclearly delineates velocity from otherexternal ballistic factors.

1. It should possess the maximumamount of flexibility in order to permitits application to a variety of situationsand conditions.

m. It should eliminate the require-ment for succeeding preparatory fires.It should permit on-site units who arenot allowed to conduct preparatory firein position, to displace and conduct thisfire elsewhere employing rounds fromtheir basic combat load of ammunition.Following this preparatory fire the unitshould be able to return to their on-sitelocation with valid corrections whichwill enable them to enter fire for effect

without further conduct of preparatoryfire.

n. It should not be dependent uponvisual observation of bursts.

With the above requirements in mindlet us examine the following feasibletechniques of preparatory fire:

Trial Fire Procedure as Outlinedin Current FM 44-4

This is a well established procedurewhich is currently applied to the SCR584 M9 or MID combination and canbe applied to the AAFCS M33. How-ever, there exists an erroneous conceptthat the trial shot problem is conductedfor the purpose of determining correc-tions for unknown, undiscovered and in-determinate errors in the system. Thisconcept has resulted in many attemptsto shoot out errors in meteorologicaldata. It must be emphasized that trialfire is an acceptable procedure for unitsnot equipped with a means of deter-mining time of flight; however, theconcept of using this form of prepara-tory fire as a means of determining cor-rections for undiscovered, indeterminateerrors has developed through a miscon-ception of its purpose. In the conductof trial fire, units were prone to ignorethe accuracy and validity of met mes-sages. Furthermore, this procedure en-couraged "sloppy" preparation in thatsome hoped to eliminate errors due toimproper level, orientation and syn-chronization by this procedure. Theproper concept is that trial fire is em-ployed primarily to determine the muz-zle velocity for guns with particular lotsof ammunition in units not equippedwith an accurate means of determiningtime of flight. In order to ~etermine anaccu.rate velocity by means of trial fireit is necessary that an accurate and validconcurrent met be available. Since themet is valid and errors in fuze runningtime may be minimized by selecting aTSP at a range and altitude where theeffect on slant range of fuze runningtime errors is at a minimum, it is possi-ble to interpret all the range deviationsas being due to muzzle velocity. Itwill benoted that nothing was said above aboutdetermining corrections which will com-pensate for unknown, undiscovered, orindeterminate errors. This particulartechnique contained in FM 44-4 couldbe applied to the M33. However, it hasthe following objectionable features:

17

(1) It fails to make use of the time-to-burst integrator system.

(2) It is a time-consuming techniquewhich requires the construction of atrial shot chart.

(3) Since it is dependent upon read-ing on a burst, its use is limited tomechanically fuzed rounds with theirfuze running errors as well as errors ofobservation.

(4) Its solution is not accomplishedon the computer.

(5) The TSP must be observed vis-ually.

(6) Corrections determined are goodfor only one point in the sky. If thecorrections determined are large it maybe expected that major deviations willoccur after corrections have been appliedand shots are red at other points. inother quadrants.

The trial fire solution for muzzle ve-locity, as was pointed out above, didcontain fuze running time errors; how-ever it is reasonably accurate for thedetermination of muzzle velocity whenused in conjunction with valid metdata. Accuracy is greatly improved whena sufficiently large number of trial shotproblems are fired, and the TSP is se-lected at a range and altitude wherefuze running time errors are at a mini-mum. It is recognized that trial fire hasa secondary purpose under certain con-ditions, in that it may be conducted todetermine corrections of the momentimmediately prior to firing for effectwhen valid met data is not available.The corrections thus obtained and ap-plied to the computer will assist in plac-ing the center of burst on the target onlywhen fire for effect is conducted at therange and altitude at which trial firecorrections were determined. This pro-cedure is not a satisfactory one to followwith the M33 for the reasons above. Inthe case of a fire control system in whichthe time-to-burst integrator system isnot working, this preparatory fire tech-nique could, in an emergency, be em-ployed to gain corrections which wouldgive reasonably accurate fire for effect.However, this is strictly an emergencytechnique.

Bell Laboratory System forTrial Fire

This particular procedure presupposesthe availablity of a chronograph to de-termine the muzzle velocity but no

18

such chronograph is available. It pre-supposes incorrect and invalid met data,and corrections to firing data are deter-mined in terms of density, wind azimuthand wind speed. This procedure hasthe following favorable characteristics:

(1) It permits a rough derivation ofa met message, but only for the zone inwhich the trial shot point is located.

(2) It makes use of the computer ofthe M33 to solve the trial shot problem.

It is considered that this procedure isnot a fully acceptable one for the fol-lowing reasons:

(1) It fails to exploit to the maxi-mum the capabilities of the M33 inthat it does not make use of the time-to-burst integrator system to determinea velocity for a combination of guns,propellant, projectile and fuze. It mustbe pointed out that no requirement foran external chronograph ever reallyexisted since the M33 itself can anddoes function as a "giant'; chronograph.

(2) It fails to produce correctionswhich are valid throughout the field offire. This cannot be denied because cor-rections to the met message are deter-mined only for the altitude zone inwhich the trial shot point lay. A studyof met records shows that there may bematerial changes in met conditions be-tween adjacent or close altitude zones.This is particularly true in the case ofwind velocity and wind azimuth. Inorder to derive satisfactory correctionsemploying this technique, it would benecessary to repeat this preparatory firethroughout a number of zones. Fur-thermore, it produces corrections whichhave range and altitude effects due toair density error and rear wind errorintermixed, unless wind azimuth isknown and direction of fire selected ac-cordingly. However, the system presumesan inaccurate met so wind azimuth isunknown.

(3) This is not a simple procedure.It requires considerable skill on the partof the individual solving the problemto successfully perform the complicatedmanipulations of the muzzle velocity,wind velocity, wind azimuth, and %fuze di~ls of the computer. A consider-able amount of "hip-pocket gunnery" isrequired to arrive at a solution.

( 4) It is time-consuming in that afterthe six rounds are fired at the trial shotpoint, it is conceivable that as many as

nine additional manipulations are re-quired to solve the problem on the com-puter.

(5) Range and altitude effects dueto density and range wind cannot beseparated; therefore, an accurate metmessage cannot be derived from thecomputer except by accident.

(6) One of the greatest deficienciesin this procedure is that it will not se-cure corrections which are valid for allcombinations of shell and fuzes. It re-quires the use of the MT fuzed round.It is not feasible for the VT fuzed roundsince azimuth and elevation deviationscannot be determined unless a burstoccurs in the vicinity of the trial shotpoint. It is known that differences infuze weights exist and produce a markedchange in time of £light and the timeof arrival at the predicted point. Therebeing no bursts, the Bell LaboratorySystem will not detect these time offlight differences for VT fuzes, and un-satisfactory fire will result when VTfuzes are used in fire for effect.

(7) This technique is not consideredto be a simple one which will enabletwo or more individuals to obtain thesame corrections from identical raw data.One individual will manipulate one dialto a greater extent than another individ-ual. Again,. this points to the compli-cated nature of this entire procedure.

(8) Since this procedure is basedupon firing immediately before an attackto determine met conditions, correctionssecured are good only in a limited areaand only for the moment. Hence, thereis a requirement for a succeeding pre-paratory fire and a recurring expenditureof ammunition.

(9) It does not lend itself to securingvalid corrections for a fire unit at anoff-site position, such as the firing range,which could be used when the unitreturns to its on-site location.

(10) This procedure lends itself tothe encouragement of improper prepara-tion of the gun and range platoon. In-dividuals are prone not to check outminor errors in level, orientation, andsynchronization since they hope that inthe solution of the trial shot problemthese errors will be compensated for.lt is entirely possible that a portion ofcorrections charged to met conditionswould really be chargeable to inaccuratelevel and orientation and synchroniza-tion.


Modified Bell Laboratory Systemof Preparatory Fire

This procedure was developed to takecareof a situation where a chronograph\Vasnot available. The technique pre-supposes the existence of errors in themet message and determines correctionsin terms of muzzle velocity, wind azi-muth and wind speed. This proceduredoes use, to a certain extent, the com-puter in solving the trial shot problem,and does determine time of Hight to thersp. It does not correct the met mes-sageto the extent that the Bell Labora-tory System did, since no attempt ismade to correct density. It must beborne in mind that it is extremely likelythat a considerable portion of the cor-rection to time of flight is required be-causeof a density error, yet the correctionismade in the form of a muzzle velocitycorrection.

Velocity Fire System of Prepar-tory Fire

The AAA gunnery problem is solved,through careful and accurate preparationoffire. This preparation of fire includespreparation of personnel, preparation ofmateriel (level, orientation, synchroni-zation, and necessary equipment checksand adjustments), and preparation offiring data to include computation ofballistic corrections based on accurate-'ly obtained met data. However, eventhough the guns and fire control havebeen meticulously prepared and ballisticcorrections applied, inaccurate fire willresult if the muzzle velocity setting onthe computer does not reflect the ve-

'locity being developed with the guns,propellant, projectile and fuze. Theprojectile and the target will arrive atthe predicted point simultaneously onlywhen all of the requirements of prepara-tion for fire are met. Velocity fire is aprocedure which provides a simple meth-od of obtaining an accurate velocity foruse in fire for effect. Since velocity fireis conducted with concurrent and validmet data, and time of flight deviationsare accurately determined in conjunc-tion with the time-to-burst integrator sys-tem of the M33, it is possible to makecorrections in terms of muzzle velocity.This permits an accurate derivation ofthe actual developed velocity for thegun-propellant-shell-fuze combination. Itis considered that the following arefavorable characteristics of velocity fire.


(1) The technique lends itself torapid completion. In actuality, just assoon as one round has passed throughthe 500 yard expanded pulse of thetrial fire indicator, the succeeding roundmay be fired. In practice, a well trainedunit can complete a velocity fire prob-lem, including its solution on the com-puter, within approximately five min-utes.

(2) It produces velocity correctionswhich are valid until further firing hasworn the tubes to the extent that a newvelocity determination is indicated. Em-ploying this technique, on-site units maydisplace their guns to the firing pointand conduct velocity fire with their com-bat ammunition. Then, upon returnto site, and with a valid met message,they are ready to enter fire for effectwithout further preparatory fire. Thisis a simple procedure which can be ac-curately performed by relatively inex-perienced personnel following a step bystep check list. It does not require aknowledge of ''hip-pocket gunnery" tobe used successfully.

(3) It exploits to the maximum thefull capabilities of the AAFCS M33.It is pointed out that by means of ve-locity fire, the system is exploited be-yond the intent of the designers in thatit is now being used as a "giant" chrono-graph, whereas Bell Laboratories thoughtthat a chronograph would have to bemade a part of the system.

( 4) Velocity fire produces correctionswhich are not only valid for the selectedpoint at which the preparatory fire wasconducted, but are valid as well through-out a full 6400 mil area about the bat-tery, and from minimum to maximumranges of engagement. It is recognizedthat the above statement is true onlywhen a valid met message is available.

(5) This is the only method of pre-paratory fire known by which the veloci-ty of VT or PD fuzed ammunition canreadily be determined by a fire unit it-self. It gives better practical resultsthan a chronograph, since velocity firerecords the shell's behavior from themuzzle to the trial shot point, whereasthe chronograph studies its behavior overa short distance close to the muzzle. Theround fuzed with the heavier VT fuzemay show little difference at the muz-zle from the MT fuzed round. How-ever, this difference results in a differenttime of Hight generation, and this time

of arrival difference at the TSP is easilyand vividly detected by the velocity fireprocedure.

(6) The velocity fire solution is rap-idly completed on the computer of theM33 without the construction of trialshot charts, wind component charts, orinvolved 1!lanipulations of various dials.The computer solution is simply a turn-ing of the muzzle velocity dial to makethe time of Hight, as read on the timeof Hight servo, agree with the averagetime of flight of the six valid roundsfired in the problem.

(7) Velocity Fire is set up on a sim-ple step by step procedure easy to fol-low. Two or more individuals can solvethe problem on one or more computersand obtain the same corrections whenthe fire control system has been care-fully prepared and a check made toinsure that the computer is receivingthe proper radar range.

(8) Velocity fire is based on recogni-tion of the extreme importance of timeof flight to, and hence time of arrivalat, the predicted point.

(9) The techniques employed in ve-locity fire clearly delineate velocity fromother external ballistic conditions pro-vided no errors exist in met data orpreparation.

(10) The velocity fire procedure isflexible and lends itself to various situa-tions and conditions of equipment.

(11) The TSP need not be visibleto the fire unit.

(12) The procedure eliminates therequirement for succeeding preparatoryfires until the wear of the gun tubesaffects the muzzle velocity. A changein combat ammunition would not nec-essarily cause additional velocity firing,since it is possible to transfer compara-tive velocity determinations betweenlots of ammunition from fire unit tofire unit. For example, one unit mighthave expended all of Lot X, and wouldbe issued Lot Y, on which it has no ve-locity data. However, another unitmight have velocity fired both Lot Xand Lot Y and obtained comparativevelocity data between the two lots. Allthat would be necessary in this situa-tion would be the transfer of the com-parative data from one fire unit to an-other.

There is, however, a mandatory re-quirement for current and valid mete-orological data. That demands more em-

19

phasis on the training and supervisionof the met station crews.

PERHAPS the merits and draw-backs of the various techniques of pre-paratory fires can best be presented bycreating certain situations and point-ing out which techniques yield the bestsolution.

Situation No.1: The fire unit, bymeans of prior velocity firings, knowsthe velocity of its combat ammunition,it has been furnished with a valid metmessage, and trained personnel haveproperly prepared the fire unit ..

Solution: The solution in this situa-tion is the principle of velocity fire. Allelements of data to be applied to thecomputer are known, and when appliedthe unit is ready. A sharp range officerwill have prepared computer settings forall altitude zones of expected attack, andhence will be ready to change such set-tings promptly if necessary.

Situation No.2: A known velocity, avalid met message, some reason to sus-pect that the gun platoon and/or thefire control platoon have not been prop-erly prepared.

Solution: Verification fire is consid-ered the solution for this situation inthat a rapid check may be made for theexistence of any gross errors within thefire unit. When time is available thereal solution is to eliminate inaccuraciesby a series of careful checks of prepa-ration.

Situation No.3: An unknown veloci-ty for ammunition to be employed in firefor effect, a valid met message, and anaccurately prepared fire unit.

Solution: Execute a velocity fire prob-lem. This problem will derive a velocitywhich will be applied to the computerprior to entering fire for effect.

The continuation of current andvalid met messages enables the unitsto enter subsequent fires for effect with-out any further conduct of preparatoryfire. The time consuming and compli-cated nature of the Modified Bell Labo-ratory System has eliminated it fromany consideration as a solution in thissituation. Furthermore, since a currentvalid met message is available, there isno requirement to attempt to correct themet message. Old trial fire procedurehas been eliminated since it obviouslydoes not make full use of the capabili-

20

ties of the M33 system. If the fire unitcommander feels that he has sufficienttime prior to entering an engagement,he could conduct verification fife fol-lowing velocity fire if he so desired.

Situation No.4: An engagement isimminent, an accurate velocity is knownfor both the combat ammunition andMT fuzed ammunition based on priorvelocity fires, the fire unit has been ac-curately prepared and checked, how-ever, a valid met message is not avail-able.

Solution: In this situation it is feltthat the most rapid emergency techniquewhich would provide accurate correc-tions for the expected point of engage-ment is the proper one. It is necessaryto determine corrections for the un-known met conditions. The answer inthis situation is still velocity fire eventhough valid met is not available. Brief-ly, the technique to be followed is con-duct of a modified velocity fire problemwherein range deviations and time ofHight are determined by means of thetime-to-burst integrator system of theM33, and lateral and vertical deviationsare determined by means of optical spot-ting. By employing a modified velocityfire technique the human error in rang-ing is eliminated in that time of Rightover a known distance is accurately de-termined as in the case of normal ve-locity fire. An MT fuzed round wouldbe employed with the fuze hand cut atthe range to the TSP. By ranging withthe time-to-burst integrator system, fuzerunning time errors would be elimi-nated; however, the burst would be nec-essary in order to secure lateral and ver-tical deviations. Corrections resultingwould be in the form of an Ef correc-tion, an azimuth correction, and a muz-zle velocity correction. The procedureto be followed would be to correct time(t) with muzzle velocity, then correctelevation with an elevation spot so asto equal orginal Ef minus the verticaldeviation in mils, and finally apply anAf spot to correct for the convertedlateral deviation. It is realized that thismuzzle velocity correction would be anerroneous one resulting from unknownmet conditions and, furthermore, thatthese corrections would be valid only inthe neighborhood of the trial shot point.Upon receipt of a valid met message,the above erroneous corrections wouldbe immediately stripped from the com-

puter and corrections based on the ac-curate met applied in lieu thereof. ~order to secure corrections for VT fuzedammunition, it would be necessary tohave comparative velocity data availablefor both MT and VT fuzed ammuni.tion. The lateral and vertical correctionsderived from the MT fuzed roundswould be employed with the VT fuzedrounds in conjunction with the com-parative velocity data. It must be rec.ognized that the Bell Laboratory pro-cedure (unmodified) could be appliedto this situation. Since velocity is knownon the basis of prior velocity fires, andit is necessary only to correct the metmessage, it is felt that the procedurewould provide fairly accurate correc.tions which would remain valid in a"doughnut" area about the nre unit.Likewise the Modified Bell Laboratorytechnique might be employed; however,its choice would be a poor one since inthe situation we have stated that veloci-ty is known. On further analysis, itis obvious that none of the above pro-cedures really provide valid correctionswhich will hold all about the battery.If the actual altitude, range, and direc-tion of attack were different from thatat which these preparatory fires wereconducted, the accuracy of the firingcorrections would probably drop.

Situation No.5: Neither an accuratevelocity nor a current and valid metmessage is available to the battery. Itmust be pointed out that this is a situa-tion of the worst order and one whichshould certainly not exist at anyon-siteunit. To further complicate the situa-tion, the assumption can also be madethat the state of training of personnelis not up to the standards required,thus errors in preparation could existwithin the fire' unit. It is also presumedin this situation that engagement isimminent and that corrections must besecured as quickly as possible.

Solution: The modified velocity firetechniques as outlined under situationNo.4 seem to offer the most rapid solu-tion and would be followed for bothMT and VT fuzed ammunition. It isapparent that in this solution velocityerrors would be intermingled with er-rors resulting from unknown met condi-tions. Time of Right to the TSP wouldbe corrected by means of the muzzlevelocity dial, and lateral and verticaldeviations corrected in the form of Et


and azimuth corrections, as pointed outin situation No.4. The Modified BellLaboratory procedure could of coursebe applied to this situation, but wouldrequire more time to complete. Bothtechniques fail to provide correctionswhich would remain valid all about thebattery.

Situation No.6: The time-to-burstintegrator system of the AAFCS M33is inoperative, an accurate velocity forthe combat ammunition is not availa-ble, the met message is not current andvalid, however, the trial fire indicatoris functioning properly.

Solution: Since the time-ta-burst in-tegrator is not functioning it is not pos-sible to secure time of Rights to theTSP; however, it is possible to securereasonably accurate corrections by rang-ing with the trial fire indicator and spot-ting the bursts through the optics. Thegraphical "Trial Fire" solution techniquewould be employed to secure the abovecorrections. Obviously the above tech-nique does not eliminate fuze runningtime errors, and it is open to humanerror in ranging and spotting bursts.Also there would be marked intermin-gling of corrections due to velocity errorsand corrections required by met condi-tions. Corrections so derived would cer-tainly only be valid within very narrowtransfer limits ~bout the trial shot point.Also this procedure cannot be used todetermine corrections for VT or PDfuzed rounds.

Situation No.7: The time-to-burstintegrator system of the AAFCS M33is inoperative, an accurate velocity isnot available for combat ammunitionthe trial fire indicator is functionin~properly, and a valid current met mes-sage is available.

Solution: The solution as outlined forSituation No. 6 is applicable to thissituation. However, since the problem isfiredwith a knowledge of meteorologicalconditions, it is possible to derive areasonably accurate velocity for MTfuzed rounds. (Lesson Plan No. 2008,AA&GM Br, TAS, Jan 54 gives detailsof this technique.) Since a fairly ac-CUrate velocity was derived for MTfuzed ammunition, and a current andvalid met message is available, fire foreffect would be accurate all about thebattery rather than within narrow trans-fer limits.


Conclusionsa. One of the most important conclu-

sions to be drawn from this study is thefact that valid meteorological data isessential both to antiaircraft preparatoryfirings and to effective AAA fire foreffect. Any system of preparatory firewhich presumes a lack of knowledge ofcurrent met conditions cannot be a fullyacceptable one since it cannot producecorrections which will permit effectivefire for effect throughout the field offire. Since this knowledge of met condi-tions is so essential for the delivery ofantiaircraft fire, then it is mandatorythat AAA units be provided with cur-rent and valid met.

b. The only technique of preparatoryfire which is fully acceptable with thisfire control system is that of velocity fire.This conclusion is based on the follow-ing factors.

(1) This procedure best fulfills thecomputer requirements for settingswhich will permit it to develop gun lay-ing data which is accurate throughoutthe spherical field of fire.

(2) It is the only system of prepara-tory fire which takes fully into accountand corrects for the major error in anti-aircraft fire, namely: the failure of theprojectile to arrive at the predicted pointsimultaneously with the target. Othermethods will enable the fire unit, witha reasonable degree of accuracy, to placethe projectile at a predicted point; how-ever, they fail to place the projectile atthis point at the time the target passesthrough the point. This is a vital factorfor high speed targets. The M33, whichmay be used as a "giant" chronograph,will measure the time of flight accurate-ly to the TSP. Furthermore, it willmeasure the slant range to the TSPwith a high degree of accuracy, thuspermitting the derivation of a valid ve-locity.

(3) It is the only method which canbe used to secure valid corrections forVT or PD fuzed rounds.

(4) The velocity fire procedure elim-inates the errors of visual observationwhich exist throughout all other formsof preparatory fire.

(5) The velocity fire procedure is theonly technique of preparatory fire whichdoes not demand recurring firings. Itgives valid corrections that will hold for

today, tomorrow, next month.(6) Velocity fire is simple in applica-

tion and does not require a lot of ''hippocket" gunnery.

c. All other preparatory ure proce-dures, including modified velocity fireprocedures, are only emergency methodssince they do not produce correctionswhich wm- hold throughout the spheri-cal field of fire of a battery. None ofthese procedures are acceptable as aprimary method of preparatory fire forthe AAFCS M33. Techniques in thisclassification have the serious failing ofmaking corrections of the moment andin most instances these corrections arevalid only within narrow transfer limitsfrom the TSP.

Comments On The Merger(Continued from page 5)

regret. To quote Lt. Colonel Pentecost,Commanding Officer of the 96th AAABn, "I have been reading the ANTIAIR-CRAFTJOURNALand its predecessor, TheCoast Artillery Journal, for twenty-fiveyears. It's almost like one of the family."However, we believe that the mergerwill be of great benefit to the readers,and that ... it should help in broaden-ing the professional knowledge of theAntiaircraft officer....

The Combat Farces Journal has beendoing a fine job. We all look forwardto some excellent material in the fu-ture ....

COL. GEORGEF. PEIRCE68th AAA Group .

... I kind of hate to see our old JOUR-NALmerge with the Combat Forces Jour-nal, but I believe in the long run it willbe better.

COL. THOMAS F. MULLANEY374th AAA Group, USAR

... We extend to you and the ANTI-AIRCRAFTJOURNALa sincere salute ....Am sure that the spirit it imbued willnever die .... Consider the merger withthe Combat Forces Journal emblematicof our continuing efforts to make ournation's fighting forces unified ....

COL. H. S. TUBBSComdg. 65th AAA Group

... In professional interest the com-bined magazine will insure broader cov-erage and be of wider interest ....

CoL. ARTHUR ROTHComdg. 31st AAA Brigade

(Continued on page 60)

21

The Staunton Artillery at Henry HillBy LT. COL. JOHN B. B. TRUSSELL,JR.

BATTLES may be fought by armies,but they are won or lost by individuals.Over and over again throughout mili-tary history, the determination and val-or of the men of a single small unit,holding their ground at the crucial placeand at the crucial moment, have pro-vided the extra margin of strength whichtipped the balance toward success fortheir side. Naturally, no single organ-ization can justly claim credit for vic-tory in battle, but sometimes the actionof such a unit, even a small one, hasbeen the factor which made it possiblefor an army as a whole to win. AndAmerican artillerymen can take pridein the fact that frequently the unitwhich has made the difference has beensome artillery battery.

Partly, this has been true becausecannon have always been importantsymbols to men in combat-the loss ofguns is an index of defeat, the captureof enemy pieces a measure of the scopeof victory. Especially in the wars of thepast century-when shorter ranges meantthat the batteries were, for all practicalpurposes, on the line of contact itself-some of the most deadly fighting tookplace as the tide of battle surged backand forth across some battery position,the men fighting desperately to take orhold the cannon.

Artillery's great firepower has some-times given even a small unit an impactout of proportion to the unit's numer-ical strength. On occasion, the stead-fastness of three or four gun crews inthe face of an enemy assault has brokenthe force of that enemy attack, allow-ing the defenders to seize the oppor-tunity to launch a counterattack anddrive the enemy from the field, win thebattle and the campaign and therebyinfluence the whole pattern of history.

A clear example of such a case wasprovided by Captain John D. Imboden'sbattery, the "Staunton Artillery," at theFirst Battle of Bull Run in July, 1861.

Bull Run was the first real test ofthe Union and Confederate armies in

22

the Civil War. It took place at a timewhen both sides, their armies still un-blooded, were overconfident. The col-umns of the newspapers were filled withbombast and boasting and their extremeclaims were echoed by every orator, ofwhom there were many. The rank and£Ie in the armies were as cocksure asthe rest of the population.

The military leaders on both sidesknew better. Only a small leaveningof experienced soldiers was available ineither of the armies, however; the vastmajority of the forces, while willingand enthusiastic, were without experi-ence and virtually untrained.

General P. G. T. Beauregard, theConfederate field commander in north-ern Virginia, and General Irvin McDow-ell, the commander of the Federaltroops around Washington, would haveliked most of all to put their commandsthrough an extensive period of unittraining. But neither could ignore thethreat posed by the other. With thecapitals of the United States and theConfederacy lying only a hundred milesapart, and in view of the widely heldconviction that the capture of a capitalcity by the opposing army would endthe war, Beauregard had to maneuverto guard Richmond and McDowell feltcompelled to protect Washington.

This reasoning led the Southern gen-eral to concentrate his troops east ofManassas, an important rail junctionabout 25 miles southwest of Washing-ton. There he could protect the mostdirect approach to Richmond and atthe same time threaten Washington.On the Virginia side of the Potomac,McDowell held a line of defenses run-ning from the Chain Bridge north ofWashington to Alexandria on the south,and kept his troops busy in an unend-ing program of training and drill.

Rail Movement Concealed

THESE were not the only significantconcentrations in the area. The Con-

federate General J. E. Johnston hadabout 9,000 troops at Winchester, someforty miles northwest of Manassas, andthese were supposedly being watchedby 18,000 Union soldiers under Gen-eral Robert Patterson.

Knowing that his men were far fromcombat-ready, McDowell did his bestto stave off the growing demands inthe press and from politicians and thepublic that the Army attack the Con-federates. But the pressure groups putfor~ard a strong argument-the enlist-ments of many of the short-term Volun-teers who made up the bulk of Mc-Dowell's force were about to expire, andfurther delay would soon leave him withonly a shadow of the strength he nowmustered. Accordingly, on July 16, 1861the blue columns headed out from theWashington defenses toward Centre-

. ville, about seven miles northeast ofManassas.

Between Manassas and Centreville,however, lies a rolling area of woodedhills and farmlands, cut by a number ofstreams. Of these, the most formidableis Bull Run. It was along the westbank of this stream that Beauregarddeployed his troops, in position to holdeach of the crossings, from Union MillsFord, almost due east of Manassas, tothe Stone Bridge, on the north, wherethe Warrenton Turnpike crossed BullRun. There were other fords stilIfarther upstream, but Beauregard darednot cover them also for fear of spreadinghis strength too thin.

At the same time that his brigadesbegan moving into position, Beauregardmade good use of a new military tool-the telegraph. Reporting McDowell'smove to Richmond, he asked for rein-forcements. President Jefferson Davisimmediately telegraphed orders to Johns-ton at Winchester to move to join Beau-regard, and Johnston, also making useof a strategic innovation, put the bulkof his command on the nearest train andmoved it by rail to Manassas. To screenhis movement from the Federal cover-


ing force he detached cavalry under J.E. B. Stuart, who was so successful thatPatterson was completely unaware ofthe Confederates' departure. But as ex-tra insurance against the chance of aUnion pursuit, Johnston detailed a forceto function as a rear guard, moving byroad so as to be able to fend off anyenemy follow-up.

Part of this rear guard was the Staun-ton Artillery, a component of the bri-gade of General Bernard Bee. Bee wasa veteran officer and West Point grad-uate who had learned his trade on theWestern frontier. Imboden, command-ing the Staunton Artillery, had no mili-tary experience but he had inherentqualities of leadership, and before theend of the war he was to wear thewreathed stars of a Confederate general.His 140 cannoneers, too, were a superiorgroup. They were young, keen, alertand vigorous, and they were spoilingfor a :fight.

Their march toward Manassas musthave had something of a picnic air.They had no idea of the bloody reali-ties they went so gaily to meet, and tomake the picnic atmosphere even morecomplete, they halted at a town on theway to eat a meal set for them by thetownspeople. It was the last food anyof them would eat until after the battle.

Johnston's men began pulling into, Manassas on July 20, and as fast as aunit arrived it was put into position tosupport the forces already on the line.Imboden's battery reported at one o'clockon the morning of July 21 and biv-ouacked near Manassas Junction.

Meanwhile, the Federals had movedcloser. On July 18 they had reachedCentreville. From there, McDowell hadthrown a detachment forward to testthe defenses, only to have it driven backin some disorder. Rather than make afrontal assault, therefore, he decided togo around the Confederate Hank. Whileone element made a demonstrationagainst the Stone Bridge, McDowellhimself would lead the main strikingforce northward along the east bank ofBull Run. At Sudley Springs, well be-yond the Confederate left, he wouldcross the stream and then drive south-ward to strike the Southerners' Hankand rear. It was a good plan, if some-what ambitious for such inexperiencedforces.

While the blue masses were moving


out of Centreville, Imboden's men weresunk in exhausted sleep. But hardlythree hours after they had bivouackedthey were suddenly awakened by thesound of a loud explosion-a round froma Federal battery had struck close by.Almost immediately they were orderedto move to the Stone Bridge to helpcover the left Hank. The infantry ofBee's brigade would follow.

While the Confederate gunners weremarching, the Federals on the Warren-ton Turnpike east of Bull Run werehaving their troubles. The columnwhich was to make the secondary at-tack against the Stone Bridge was stillon the road when the column underMcDowell began to move. Since Mc-Dowell's force had to follow along theTurnpike until it reached a point whereit could branch off to the right, itsmarch was delayed until the leadingcolumn cleared the road, and by thetime McDowell reached Sudley Springshe was two hours behind schedule.

To make matters worse, the Federalattack at the Stone Bridge was beingpushed so halfheartedly that the Con-federates quickly suspected it of beingthe diversion which it was. The com-mander of the left-Hank unit of theSoutherners' line, Colonel NathanEvans knew that any serious threatwhich would develop would be fromhis left. Accordingly, with the right ofhis unit serving as a hinge, he drewback the remainder of his force so thatit faced northward. Now the Confed-erate line as a whole took on the shapeof a hook as its left Hank elementcurved westward from the Stone Bridge.

It was a courier whom Evans hadsent back to report the new develop-ments who, as he raced past along theSudley-Newmarket Road, shouted toCaptain Imboden and the StauntonArtillery that the whole Yankee Armywas marching north up the other sideof Bull Run. Spurring to the top of oneof the nearby hills, Imboden lookedout over the rolling countryside. Wher-ever the thick vegetation did not blockhis view, he could see Federal troopsmoving. At once he reported to Gen-eral Bee. Leaving the battery behind,Imboden and the brigadier galloped for-ward to the next hill. A quick look at itssteep approaches and its nearly level top,and Bee told Imboden that where they

stood was the battle:field. The Captainmust go back to bring up his gunsquickly. Bee would pick out a goodposition.

Artillery Battle

WITHIN twenty minutes, withhorses straining to make the hill, thebattery came up. Imboden galloped onahead to :find the General. Waving hissword with his cap on its point, hesignalled to the cannoneers to showthem where to go.

The site Bee had chosen was in facta very good one. Imboden unlimberedhis four brass six-pounders on a gentlereverse slope near the northern side ofthe hill's Hat top, about a hundred yardsnorth of a house belonging to a familynamed Henry. The crest of the risewhich gave them cover broke at a pointabout :fifty yards to the front. Movingat the double, the cannoneers sprangto their positions and began ramminghome powder and shot.

It was none too soon, for not quitea mile away, across the WarrentonTurnpike, Captain James B. Ricketts'Battery I of the 1st Artillery of theRegular Army had unlimbered and wasbeginning a wicked counterbattery fire.Ricketts had six Parrott riHes, whichfor range and accuracy could easily out-shoot the Staunton Artillery's smooth-bores. But the Confederate guns, theirrounds clearing the crest in front ofthem by less than a foot, were protectedby their de:filadefrom much of the Fed-erals' Hatter-trajectory :fire.

Hardly had Imboden's :first roundsbeen :firedwhen a new threat developedfrom Captain Charles Griffin's BatteryD, 5th Artillery, considerably closer andfrom farther to the left. Griffin notonly had six riHed cannon but-far moredangerous to the Confederate gunners-he had two twelve-pounder howitzersas well. Nevertheless, the Staunton Ar-tillery stood fast, trading shots with thetwo Union batteries and also deliveringa telling :fire against the masses of Fed-eral infantry which were advancing to-ward the Confederate position.

In the meantime, having ordered Im-boden to hold on where he was, Gen-eral Bee had joined his brigade and thetroops under Colonel Franci~ Bartowwith Evans' force and had marchednorthward across the Turnpike to strike

23

the enemy approaching on the rightfront. In the fighting which developedthere, the Confederate infantry wasdriven back, hopelessly outnumbered,but it retired stubbornly and very slowly.

Still other Federals were driving downfrom the left front. There was nothingto keep them from overrunning HenryHill, bypassing Bee's force completely-nothing, that is, but Imboden's foursix-pounders and the 140 sweating, de-termined men of the Staunton Artil-lery. Alone and unsupported th9ughthey were, the gunners stood theirground. For more than three hours acontinuous storm of cannon fire burstaround them. Although the rise to thefront masked all but the heads of thecrews, casualties mounted rapidly. Onepiece was disabled by a Federal round.Before long, more than half of thehorses were down. But still the South-ern cannoneers held on.

Trying to peer through the denseclouds of smoke, Imboden moved wellto the front, failing to realize that hewas beside the muzzle 'of one of theguns. The blast from its dischargeknocked him down and deafened him,but he was on his feet again in an in-stant, urging the men on to fire stillmore heavily.

In spite of the deadly effect of theStaunton Artillery's shooting, the mas-sive blue lines drew steadily closer.Still there was no word from Bee, soImboden stood firm. The Southerners'firing was so steady and so rapid that af-ter a time the tubes of their guns becametoo hot to' be loaded without danger ofbursting the breeches. By this time onlythree rounds were left in the ammuni-tion chests. With the Federal infantrynow less than five hundred yards away,Imboden ordered his men to fall backto the right rear with the three undam-aged pieces.

Jackson Forms Stone Wall

WHILE Bee, Bartow and Evanshad been stubbornly resisting the Unionadvance on the right front and Imbodenhad been holding back the attackers onthe left, Thomas J. Jackson and his bri-gade had been given time to come up.They took position a few hundred yardsto the rear and waited in reserve. Asthe Staunton Artillery reached this linein their withdrawal, Imboden protested

24

oI

angrily and with profane feeling toJackson about the lack of infantry sup-port for his cannon. Jackson, the de-vout churchma;n, rebuked the Captainfor his language. But Jackson was anold artilleryman himself. "Unlimberright here," he said; "I'll support you."Then, as other batteries came up, Jack-son told Imboden to check the layingof their pieces and the cutting of theirfuzes.

By this time, Bee's force had fallenback to a point only a few hundredyards to the front of Jackson's line.They had been marching since beforedawn and fighting hard for severalhours. They had reached the point ofmaximum endurance and were begin-ing to break. It was then, when Beesaw the lines faltering and about todisintegrate, that he shouted, "There'sJackson, standing like a stone wall. Rallyon the Virginians!" Bee was soon to fallmortally wounded, but his words livedon as the sobriquet of one of America'sgreatest military commanders.

Hard fighting still lay ahead. TheUnion troops whose advance Imbodenhad so stoutly resisted were reachingthe flattened top of the hill. Rickettsand Griffin, their guns combined intoa single large battery, had moved to thewestern edge of the hilltop itself. Butthe counterattack of Jackson's freshtroops swept the Federals back. Thefighting swirled to and fro around the

10001c:J

two Union batteries. Ricketts, gravelywounded, was taken prisoner. Finallythe Union forces gave up. Without dis-order, they began to withdraw downthe hill, working their way toward theTurnpike.

It was only later, when their avenueof retreat was blocked by a wagon over-turned on the bridge across one of thebranches of Bull Run, that the Federaltroops were seized by panic and theirwithdrawal degenerated into a demoral-ized rout. The Confederate forces, how-ever, were too exhausted and the situa-tion was too confused for a vigorouspursuit to be possible.

The Staunton Artillery had little partin the final stage of the battle. Withits ammunition virtually all expended,the battery was ordered to the rear. ButImboden's cannoneers and their foursmoothbores had played a vital part inmaking possible the final Confederatesuccess. If it had not been for theirsteadfastness and determination, HenryHill would surely have fallen quicklyto the Federal columns approachingalong the Sudley-Newmarket Road. Thedelay which Imboden's battery imposedupon them bought precious time forJackson's brigade to move into the posi-tion from which it was able to strike sodecisively at the crucial instant. The gal-lantry which kept the artillerymen inposition until the last possible momentwas certainly of the highest order. In


justice to Bee, it should be pointed outthat he never intended to abandon thebattery, and in fact sent word for Im-boden to fall back as the infantry with-drew from the Turnpike. But the courierwho bore the message, struck down byenemy fire, never reached the battery'sposition.

The influence of the First Battle ofBull Run on the course of the war was

considerable. If the battle had endeddifferently, with a Federal victory overtroops who made up the bulk of theSouthern forces then in Virginia, it ispossible that Richmond might have beentaken soon afterward. Whether the lossof their capital would seriously have af-fected the Southerners' will to resist is,of Cl;mrse,open to question, but the warwould certainly have developed along

considerably different lines. In anyevent, the contribution of Imboden'sbattery to the outcome of the battle andtherefore to the whole shape of the waris undeniably significant. And in theessence of this unit's deed-in the cour-age, the determination and the gallan-try which it displayed-there is inspira-tion and just cause for pride for allAmerican artillerymen.

EVERY MAN AN ARTillERYMANBy CAPT. JOSEPH F. LOFTUS

753rd AM Gun Battalion

CORPORAL Joe Doakes, assignedto the 753rd AAA Gun Battalion Per-sonnel Section, carries a primary MOSappropriate to the position he occupies,and he is considered to be an alert,conscientious and thoroughly competentspecialist in his area of assignment. Now,if he can be classified as an expert inhis job, if his personal conduct is good,and, if he shows enthusiastic interest inhis work, what more can his battalioncommander ask from Corporal Doakes?

Battalion SOP Section 300-1 pub-.lished 31 December, 1953, outlines the. additional requirements that CorporalDoakes and all other personnel of theorganization must meet if they are toqualify now as completely successfulmembers of this AAA battalion. Onthat date Corporal Doakes could dem-onstrate on a moment's notice that hewas a well trained, thoroughly able per-sonnel specialist, and at that time helogically enough thought of himself andreferred to himself as a "personnel man."

On 16 March, 1954, our young non-com still performing expertly as a mem-ber of the Personnel Section, if asked todoso, could have discussed intelligently,and with evident first-hand knowledge,the capabilities and characteristics of theSCR 584; he could have demonstratedhis knowledge of stoppages and imme-diate action in the case of the caliber.sO machine gun, which weapon healso could have disassembled and as-sembled, naming correctly all groupsand parts; he could have furnished ac-Curate information relative to the effectOn range, altitude and slant range of


conditions that affect the artillery pro-jectile in its flight; and he could haveindicated his complete familiarity withelements-of-data symbols, and, by dia-gram, could have located a fixed pointin the horizontal plane, in the verticalplane and in the horizontal and verticalplanes combined. He could, in. fact,have given a good practical demonstra-tion of his full qualification as a SecondClass Artilleryman.

Why the big change? Although thedesirability of complete training as an ar-tilleryman for each man assigned to anAAA battalion has long been recognized,the battalion headquarters man has some-times squirmed, wriggled, begged oralibied his way out of meeting any suchrequirements. To him artillery quali-fication is a matter for firing batterypersonnel. And besides he is a specialist.This same attitude has also reacheddown in a lesser scale to some of thepersonnel in firing batteries. The bat-tery clerk is a clerk; the cook is a cook;and the supply sergeant is a supply spe-cialist.

So, it required a bit of firm, emphaticand talented indoctrination on the partof the battalion and battery commandersto put over the idea that a member ofthis particular antiaircraft battalion was,therefore, an antiaircraft artilleryman.His status as an artilleryman, his levelof achievement, of expertness, dependedentirely upon himself. Regardless ofgrade held he was a basic artillerymanuntil by authorized examination he dem-onstrated, in order, that he was a quali-fied Second Class, First Class and Ex-

pert Artilleryman. The battalion com-mander amplified the SOP about artil-lery qualifications. Promotion to thenext higher grade must be dependentnot only on a time-spent factor but alsoon the extremely important requirementthat the soldier be qualified for the nexthigher grade as an artilleryman.

PRIOR to promotion to the grade ofE4 the private first class must have quali-fied as a Second Class Artilleryman;for advancement to the grades of E5 orE6 the status of First Class Artillerymanmust have been attained; and the mastersergeant must be an Expert Artillery-man. During the first six-month periodof the program there have been au-thorized exceptions to these require-ments, particularly when an individual,through circumstances beyond his con-trol, has not had an opportunity tocomplete all sections of the requiredexamination. However, in each of thesecases the artilleryman had already dem-onstrated some appreciable progress incompleting the examination.

What's the score to date? How didthe originally reluctant artilleryman taketo the program once it was put intomotion? The early birds, facing facts,soon made their bids, and on 9 February,1954, battalion special orders announcedthe qualification of two headquartersbattery men, including a tracked-vehi-cle mechanic, as Second Class Artillery-men; 10 artillerymen in A Battery hadearned the badge, and more from allother batteries. Twenty-five qualified

25

Second Class Artillerymen had beenadded to the Battalion's ranks.

Most of the original six-month periodwas devoted primarily to the examiningof Second Class Artillerymen candidatesfor an obvious reason. FM 44-19, Exam-ination for Antiaircraft Artillerymen,lays down the requisite that the candi-date for the first-class examination musthave qualified previously as a SecondClass Artilleryman, and the potentialExpert Artilleryman must be a qualifiedFirst Class Artilleryman. By the end

of March the battalion had qualified atotal of 206 Second Class Artillerymen.That number has now climbed to 335.Not all who had gained the first dis-tinction would take the next step, quali-fying as First Class Artillerymen, butthose who were noncommissioned of-ficers and those who were to be thefuture noncommissioned officers werealready training for the next event. -

The emphasis on gunners instructionand qualifications originated with Brig-adier General Eugene F. Cardwell, Com-

manding General, 40th AAA Brigade.Procedures for the examinations havebeen prescribed and lesson plans formost of the. instruction courses havebeen carefully applied.

At the present time the examinationsfor First Class Artilleryman are proceed-ing full blast? and Corporal Doakes,who at this time has passed four sec-tions of the first class examination, isstill a "personnel man" performing com-petently. But he is also something more;he is a qualified artilleryman.

GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS BOARDBy CAPTAIN JAMES R. fUSSELL

32nd AAA Battalion

IN its mission of air defense an auto-matic weapons battalion is; of necessity,often deployed to widely separated areas.The problems of operational control andbalanced defense become more difficult.A few weapons out of action by enemyaction or otherwise might seriously im-pair the balance and effectiveness of adefense.

The 32d AM Bn (AW), command-ed by Lt. Colonel H. G. Cummings inthe air defense of Japan, has evolved amethod whereby its commander and hisstaff may tell at a glance what the de-fense is in any area at any time.

Formerly the status board in the bat-talion AAOC indicated the number ofweapons in action in each defendedarea and also by position number whatweapons were out of action. This wasnot on a map and it was not easy todetermine how or where the area de-fenses were unbalanced without refer-ring to a map or overlay of the defense.

After months of experimentation wehave settled upon a status board which

portrays geographically the current sta-tus and distribution of weapons. Thisboard shows scale drawings of each de-fended area together with weapon sitesby number, type of weapon and fieldsof fire. This status board is constructedof plexiglass and internally lighted. Alldrawings are done in grease pencil onthe front of the board. The best colorsto use on the board are pastel shades.Walls behind the board are black. Thiscombination of colors makes the draw-ings and plots on the status board standout. Sites out of action are cross-hatchedon the back of the board with a whitegrease pencil.

The Battalion Commander or Opera-tions Officer can determine immediatelyfrom the status board the disposition ofall weapons in the battalion and whatsites are effective. He can direct move-ment of weapons to constantly insurebalance. He can also note balance orimbalance in the primary fields of fireof the weapons. The status board canalso be used to assist the Battalion S3

in checking the effectiveness of opera-tions. By plotting on the status boardaircraft approaching a defended areafrom a certain direction, that will indi-cate what weapons should track or fireat the approaching aircraft. If the re-ports do not conform, he can start im-mediate check. Or, if the reports do con-form, he has the pleasure of noting thesplendid results at once.

The status board is used in conjunc-tion with plexiglass situation and opera-tion boards. The boards are mountedvertically adjacent to each other and,with the exception of the status board,are used in the standard manner. Theremainder of status, to include AAOO,weather and conditions of the sun andmoon are shown on another board. Sinceall plotting is done in grease pencil,there is no need for issued tables, raidstands, arrows and other plotting equip-ment. A similar board has been devel-oped in each battery AAOC for its par-ticular defense and is used in the samemanner.

THE VERSATilE M33By CAPT. HARRY E. WIDING and LT. COL. DANIEL F. GORMAN

S02nd AAA Battalion

UNTIL the Skysweeper, T-38, isequipped with a time-ta-burst integrator,gun battalions will occasionally be called

26

upon to furnish an AAFCS-M33 whenit is desired to determine the velocityof a lot of ammunition and the 75mm

gun. All gun battalions that have beencalled upon for assistance know thatbesides furnishing the radar and crew,


they must become involved in a ratherlengthy and somewhat complicated setof mathematical computations.

The usual procedure is for the Sky-sweeperpersonnel to prepare their equip-ment and to furnish the Skysweeperpointing data, A" Eo, and Do, to theM33 personnel who take the Sky-sweeper pointing data, determine theparallax from the gun to their radar, andthen figure the M33 pointing data, A,',Eo', and Do', in order to point the M33at the same position in the sky.

Take the following example:Skysweeper radar pointing data: A, 6100

mils; Eo 284 mils; Do 3640 yds;Parallax, Skysweeper to M33: West 40,

South 85, Up 3;Required: M33 pointing data, A,', Eo',

Do'.The AA&GM Branch prescribes a math-ematical solution by standard surveymethods.

All of the long computations indi-cated can be eliminated by using theM33 computer to solve the problem. Thefollowing procedure is recommended:

1. Set the M33 computer to "LO-CAL" and "TRACK TEST."

2. Position the M33 track antennaat the Skysweeper radar pointing datawhich in this case are A, 6100, Eo 284.The azimuth and elevation servo dialsat the M33 computer should read A,6100 mils and Eo 284 mils.

3. Set the M33 track range computerat the Skysweeper radar value for slantrange, Do 3640 yards.

4. Set the parallax into the M33 com-puter in the reverse sense. Parallax forthis problem was figured to be S 85, W40, U 3. The M33 computer parallaxdials should be set at N 85, E 40, andD 3.

5. Record the fuze, azimuth, eleva-tion and time of Hight on the servo out-put dials of the M33 computer whichin this ,~aseare: F 4.195, A 6118, E 278,T 4.06. The azimuth and elevationvalues are two of the three elements ofthe required M33 pointing data. Do' isrepresented at this point by fuze andtime of Hight. The value of Do' willnow be determined. (Note: An M33Dwas used for this problem. The C Modelused with 90mm guns will give dif-ferent values for fuze and time of Hight.Of course, the values which appear onthe F and T servos of the M33 modelbeing used are the ones to use in solvingthe problem.)

6. Remove the parallax that was setinto the M33 computer.

7. Reposition the M33 track antennaso that it is pointing at the azimuth andelevation obtained in step 5. The azi-muth and elevation at the M33 com-puter should now read Ao' 6118 miland Eo' 278 mil.

8. Observe the fuze and time of Hight

dials at the M33 computer and operatethe track range handwheel until thesedials return to the values recorded instep 5 above. The M33 track rangecomputer dial will now read Do' whichfor this problem worked out to be 3707yards.

9. The, AAFCS-M33 is now pointingat the trial shot point.

A number of problems were solvedby the authors mathematically and us-ing the method outlined above on 3different M33Ds. The values of azi-muth and elevation always agreed tothe mil and range was in agreementwithin' an average of 1 yard. Duringactual firing with 2 Skysweepers theecho received from the 75mm shell waslarge and clear and the time-to-burstintegrator was stopped by every round.

[From the School we get the follow-ing comment: "The mathematical solu-tion should be used when time permitsbecause of possible errors if the M33 isnot properly trimmed .... In utilizingthe velocity fire technique with Sky-sweeper the gun should be layed bygunner's quadrant. The velocity fireproblem as conducted with the M33will provide an accurate time of Hight.However, the solution for velocity mustbe accomplished with the Skysweepercomputer. Tolerances in the computerare such that variances of from 20 f/sto 40 f/s may be experienced."-En.]

BATTERY EFFECTIVENESSAssessment of Comparative Performance

Sy DR. FRANCIS H. PALMER and CPL. THOMAS I. MYERS

EVERY artilleryman knows that thereis a difference between the operating po-tential of a radar gun system and thesystem's actual performance when menare operating it. The vital point is thesize of the difference. In a sense thejob of the commander, whose missioncan be fulfilled only through use of sucha system, is to develop the skill of themen he has available so that the machinepotential and the man-machine potentialof the equipment differ as little as pos-sible.

The commander cannot shoot higheror farther or with greater accuracy than'


his equipment system permits. He candevelop the efficiency of his men to levelswhere they approach the maximum po-tential of the machine.

Just what are the personal elementsthat contribute to the differences be-tween potential and actual performance?This problem is being studied under thesponsorship of the Chief of Army FieldForces. Extensive observations of leader-ship techniques and administrative prac-tices, along with their relation to theperformance of units, are being madein this general research program.

This article is the first of several on

the AAA studies. The research is beingperformed by Human Research UnitNo. 2, OCAFF, Fort Ord, California.

In any effort to determine what factorsinfluence the performance of a group ofpeople, one of the first considerations ishow to measure that performance, ac-curately and in meaningful ways. Theproblem of developing such measuresexists in all sciences and is commonlyreferred to as the "criterion" problem-usually the toughest question in any re-search design. If you are interested instudying the personalities of outstandingcombat riflemen, you must first identify

27

the actions essential to outstanding com-bat performance and, on the basis ofthese actions, single out the men to bestudied. If you are interested in studyingthe characteristics of a good antiaircraftbattery, you must determine what per-formances are essential to the fulfillmentof the unit's mission, and then developtechniques with which those perform-ances can be measured.

This article describes the first step insuch a program: that is, the developmentof realistic measures which can identifyhighly efficient and less efficient antiair-craft batteries. A second purpose will beto discuss the extent to which the severalmeasures of performance are related-tosee, for example, if a unit which 1S highlyproficient in artillery maintenance is like-ly to be as successful in radar pickup andother essential activities.

IN the early spring of 1953, the re-search staff discussed the project withColonel Walter Murray, 30th AAAGroup; Colonel Adam Buynoski, 2dAAA Group; Colonel Darwin Martin,19th AAA Group; and Colonel WarrenSpann, 18th AAA Group; as well as Lt.General John T. Lewis and BrigadierGenerals Robert W. Berry and Harry F.Myers. In each case staff members, rep-resentative battery commanders, and op-erations center personnel were includedin the conferences. The aim of thesediscussions was to identify the activitieswhich a battery must perform success-fully in order to accomplish its mission.

The military advisers on the researchreached general agreement that the es-sentials for satisfactory battery perform-ance were these:

1. A battery should be able to pick upincoming targets on its radar at a rangecommensurate with the maximum po-tential of its equipment.

2. A battery should be prepared toengage an incoming target when the tar-get comes within gun range.

3. A battery should maintain its equip-ment in a manner which insures its be-ing prepared to fire on a few minutes'notice.

In addition, several commanders point-ed out the importance of some measurewhich would reRect the extent of a unit'sadverse personnel actions. The environ-ment of the on-site battery in the ZI issufficiently complicated by such factors

28

as relations with civilian commumtIesthat a measure of this sort seemed justi-fied.

When these critical activities had beenidentified, the researchers worked outmethods of evaluating units on the ele-ments of performance implied. Thesemeasures were:

1. Range of Radar Pickup2. Firing Range Scores3. Radar Maintenance4. Artillery Maintenance5. Defense Commander's Rating6. Adverse Personnel ActionsThese six activities were measured in

the following manner.Range of Radar Pickup. A large num-

ber of tracking missions were Hown un-der the direction of the operations officerof the defense concerned. The strikescomposing these missions were Hown atan altitude of 15,000 feet or higher.Units were not scored for strikes wheremasking significantly interfered with pos-sible pickup. For each strike the batteryconcerned reported the time, coordinate,slant range, and azimuth at the point oflocking-on with the track radar of theM33. These reports were checked againstthe track "maps of each strike developedby the MOC, and the battery was scoredfor each strike. Battery performance overthe many strikes was averaged out sothat an individual score of average pick-up was available for each unit.

Firing Range Scores. Firing rangescores were decided upon as the bestapproximation for a direct measure ofbattery preparedness for engagement.The last official score the unit had re-ceived during range firing was used.Such a score is of course not completelyadequate as a measure of preparedness.However, the ratings necessary to ascer-tain specifically whether a unit was pre-pared to engage at maximum fuze wouldhave been uneconomical in terms of per-sonnel and time. For the purposes of thestudy, then, the range scores were ac-cepted.

Radar Maintenance. Three methodswere worked out to evaluate radar main-tenance.' In the first method, the ord-nance team responsible for each unit'sradar was asked to examine its job ordersfor the three previous months. Each joborder was judged, in the presence of asupervisory technician, with regard towhether the repair had been made nec-essary by inadequate maintenance or by

fair wear and tear. When a repair was...attributed to inadequate maintenance,further judgments were made about theseriousness of the repair and the extentof poor maintenance. The scores for thismeasure, then, were made on the basisof judged relationships between poormaintenance and repair incidents.

The second method also was basedupon the job orders. The orders werecounted, without reference to the condi-tions precipitating the repair. This scoretherefore indicated how often ordnancehad worked on each set.

The third method used the MOCrecords and the unit repair reports toevaluate maintenance. Each day the unitwas considered out of action because theradar was inoperable was tallied, and ascore for each unit determined.

Artillery Maintenance. Artillerymaintenance was scored by a methodsimilar to the first method listed for scor-ing radar maintenance. The ordnanceteam responsible for the unit's equip-ment made judgments about the precipi-tating causes of repair, and a batteryscore was determined.

Defense Commander's Rating. Thedefense commander instructed his staffto keep records for several activities overa three-month period. The ten activitiesspecified were: Sl functions, S2 func-tions, S3 Artillery and Operations, S3Training, S4 Food Service, S4 Supply,communications, generators, vehicles, ra-dar.

Evaluations were based upon a scoreof 4 for superior, 3 for excellent, 2 forvery satisfactory, 1 for satisfactory, ando for unsatisfactory. The unit's scorewas an average of its scores in the teninspection areas. The range of averagescores for the batteries was from 3.41 to1.00.

Adverse Personnel Actions. Thismeasure was based on episodes expressedby General Courts Martial, SpecialCourts Martial, Summary Courts Mar-tial, and entrances in the battery punish-ment book during the previous threemonths. The seriousness of the offensewas weighted on a 4-3-2-1 scale. The re-sulting score might be called a "punish-ment score." A separate analysis wasalso made on number of AWOLS.

These six measures were applied to

AM units of three defenses-San Fran-cisco, Seattle, and New York.

For each defense the batteries were


ranked from high to low, according totheir scores on each of the measures. Re-lationships between the batteries' rank-

, ings on every possible pair of measureswere evaluated by methods of statisticalanalysis known as the "correlation tech-nique." These procedures were used todetermine the presence and extent ofany relationship or co-variation of thebatteries on the various measures; theyalso permit identification of measuresupon which the same battery tends toscore high or low.

By using this means of analysis then,the following relationships or co-varia-tions were identified.

~ When the battery rankings for rangeof radar pickup were paired with theranking for the other measures, rangeof radar pickup proved to be related tothe defense commander's rating. Rangeof radar pickup was also related to radarmaintenance when maintenance wasmeasured by either the second method(total number of job orders) or the thirdmethod (days out of action because ofradar failure) but not when it was meas-ured by the first method (repairs judgedby ordnance personnel to have been ne-cessitated by inadequate maintenance).Range of radar pickup was not relatedto firing scores, artillery maintenance, ad-verse personnel actions, or AWOL rate.

~ The defense commander's rating,when paired with the other measures, didrelate to range of radar pickup, and toradar nutintencmce as measured by thesecond and third methods. In addition,

the defense commander's rating was re-lated to the AWOL situation, in that thegreater the number of AWOLs, the poor-er the rating given the unit by the com-mander. It did not relate to any of theother measures.

~ Artillery nutintenance, personnel ac-tions, and firing scores did not relate toradar maintenance, radar pickup, or com-mander's rating. AWOL did not relateto any measure other than commander'srating.

Thus three ratings-radar mainte-nance, when measured with certain pro-cedures, range of radar pickup, and thedefense commander's rating-are related,in that when a battery is high on one itis likely to be high on the other. Withthe exception of AWOL, the other meas-ures do not show any relationship tothese three, nor do they relate to eachother.

The relationship between defense com-mander's rating and AWOL is particu-larly interesting when one considers thatthe AWOL rate did not relate to any ofthe operational measures. It suggeststhat a commander considers AWOL ratewhen making a unit's composite rating,but that AWOL is not one of the factorsdetermining the unit's actual operationalperformance.

AnalYSis of the techniques of leader-ship and administration in the unitsshould clarify the lack of co-variation orcorrelation between some of these meas-ures of performance. Data on leadership

and administration practices were col-lected while battery performance wasbeing evaluated, and practices whichidentify highly efficient units and inef-ficient units will be described in sub-sequent reports now being prepared.

Results of this phase of the studymay be summed up thus:

~ Available measures for comparisonof the performance of antiaircraft unitshave been shown to be reliable and ac-curate.

~ In regard to efforts to predict unitefficiency, this point has been estab-lished: The fact that a unit rates wellon one performance measure does notimply that it will have a high rating onall such measures. A degree of general-ization is justified from range of radarpickup to radar maintenance and theway a commander ranks his units. Thereis nothing, however, to suggest that aunit which ranks high on these threemeasures will rank high on range firingscores, personnel action indices, or main-tenance other than radar.

Future evaluations of unit perform-ance should take these findings into ac-count. A "good" unit is a composite ofmany attributes; often a unit may havesome of these attributes and not haveothers. Performance of any given typeshould be evaluated by observing thatparticular activity. For the most part, aseparate measure should be used for eachactivity which a commander considersimportant for assessment.

AA ENGAGEMENT IN FORWARD ZONEBy CAPTAIN B. B. SMALL

THE experiences of Korean combatare already fading rapidly from ourmemory. In some cases that may bejust as well, for some of those experi-ences only developed or emphasized cer-

Captain Small, formerly a frequent con-tributor to these pages from the 82nd AAAAW Battalion (SPJ with the Second InfantryDivision, has recently graduated at the AA& GM Branch, TAS, and is now stationed atthe Air Force Missile Test Center, PatrickAF Base, Fla. In this article he presents hisown personal views.


tain bad habits which that peculiar warallowed us.

There the AA found itself a muchused and respected ground combat arm.During our actions we learned manythings about our strengths and aboutour weaknesses too. Generally, we madethe same mistakes of field soldieringthat every other arm did; we tended toignore our facility for mobility; we dis-regarded camouflage and concealment;we often sought the complex solutionrather than the .simple one. We knew

these things were wrong but we couldget away with them ~nd so the badhabits persisted. The AA also learnedsome new things the wrong way; weaccepted the eminence of our fire powerand began to ignore other considerationsin its application, tending rather to sub-stitute a brash aggressiveness for tac-tical subtlety. Most of our ground sup-port operations were run as if we wereauditioning for the lead arm in a train-ing film. We drove out in our half-tracks, pulled up in a roughly jagged

29

line in direct line of sight some severalhundred to a thousand yards from theenemy positions, turned on our powerchargers and blasted loose with ourmultiple mounts for the duration of theoperation. If we got shelled in returnit was a shock and distressing to ourplans, something we had not fully an-ticipated. As a result, we usually com-pleted our missions against odds greaterthan they needed to be.

There were also some things whichwe did not learn at all. Among theseis at least one basic operational error inthe conduct of our AA operations-anerror which is now becoming too deeplyrooted in doctrine. This error was inthe clearance procedure for antiaircraftfiring by AA units in the forward com-bat zones-the definition and applica-tion of our "rules for engagement" ofhostile aircraft.

We did not fire at many aircraft inKorea. The Air Force's interception pro-gram kept the enemy far north of thebattle lines and few AA opportunitiesoccurred. Those that did occur, aroseat night in the rear areas, where singleharassing enemy planes scattered arounda small amount of relatively ineffectiveexplosives and then quickly retired. Thecity of Seoul received the large per-centage of even these. Operating atnight, the "bed check" planes were sel-dom seen, their hostile identity usuallyonly indicated by electronic means orby the failure of their Bight plans tocheck out with known friendly Bights.Their identity was usually confirmedby the collection and identification ofordnance fragments at the scene after-wards. Thus, the average divisional SPbattalion A'\.-man probably spent hisentire tour in Korea without ever see-ing, let alone shooting at, an enemy air-craft. The AW battalions up front withthe infantry divisions added their shareto the National Debt with the millionsof rounds of ..50 caliber ammunitionfired by their M 16's, but aside from theservice practice sessions at the InchonAA Range outside Seoul, very few ofthese millions of rounds were fired atanything but ground targets.

SOME experience in firing at highperformance aircraft would have beeninteresting and valuable, both in battleexperience and as a reminder of our

30

lagging equipment development. Foranyone who has seen a low-level jetroar overhead with a sound somewhatsimilar to an incoming artillery shelland with about as much warning, therebegins to stir some doubt as to whetherany AA fire would be effective againstsuch a target-especially if the plane isusing its own fire power.

The present SP equipment availablefor use is almost solely the improved,but basically decade-old M16, and bar-ring some miracles in weapons develop-ment, it or something similar will con-tinue to be the mainstay of the AWbattalion designed for a dual groundand AA mission. Based upon threeyears of Korean experience, the M16has been confirmed as a dependableand effective weapon in ground actions( even though we admit it is a little toohigh and has no overhead cover), butthe question of the equipment's servicea-bility in its primary antiaircraft missionremaif1s not only unanswered, but per-haps dangerously ignored, consideringthe speed of today's war planes. Thecontinuing emphasis upon the SP'sground employment success, only in-creases the misfocus.

It is traditionally military to doggedlyretain a comfortable old procedure orweapon simply because it is familiarand has been useful. The English kepttheir longbows down into the earlyseventeenth century after the wideadoption of firearms on the continent."Old" soldiers in our army can still befound who commend the '03 Spring-field rifle over the Ml. If we are toprogress against such inertias, at least alarge percentage of us must be pre-pared to slough off any outmoded tech-nique or equipment without sentimen-tal reservation, and all of us must beable to accept and master the new onesas fast as they are developed.

Accordingly, it appears that we AA-men should do some thinking about theprocedures under which the AW unitstried to accomplish their antiaircraftrole in the forward combat zones ofKorea.

There, self-propelled battalions ad-hered to rules of engagement establishedin the interest of preserving the AirForce against accidents of mistakenidentification. Because of the friendlyair superiority, it was highly unlikelythat an enemy aircraft would appear.

Consequently, AA units were not al-lowed to fire at aircraft merely uponlocal identification as enemy, nor werethey allowed to fire at attacking aircraftif they appeared to be friendly. Gen-erally the rules allowed engagementonly after two requirements were met.First, the aircraft had to commit anhostile act; second, the aircraft had tobe identified as not a friendly type.Thus the friendly climate of the airsituation and the restricting rules ofengagement combined to produce aperhaps realistic, but certainly undesir-able, attitude in the AA-men-they re-laxed. Knowing that they could not fireuntil after some positive hostile act, andeven then only after some negativeidentification was made, inaction or in-decision rather than action was theirusual response to an aircraft overhead.

THE rules of engagement might havechanged if the likelihood of air attackhad been greater, but as it was thousandsof AA-men with Korean experiencewere conditioned to inaction in air de-fense situations. Now with present-dayaircraft speeds, the first sighting of aplane is likely to be the last chance theAW crew will have to get their weap-ons on target, and so they must be readyto begin engagement at that instant.

Of course it is important to protectfriendly aircraft, but to enforce thisrule takes too much engagement timeaway from the defending AA. In the-front-line areas, there isn't any timefor discussion or indecision. The onlyrule for AA engagement should be thatan aircraft has begun a fly-over at aprohibited (i.e. low-level) altitude, orthat its Bight path indicates such an in-tention. Identification should not evenbe a consideration for the forward areaAA fire unit commander.

Anyone at this point disturbed byvisions of the friendly air support fight-ing its way through friendly as well asenemy ground fire into its close supporttargets should relax, for that situationwill not follow at all. What is proposedis to remove from the forward area AAfire unit commander the unreasonableand time consuming responsibility ofidentification. This can be managed bytwo simple procedures. First, the AirForce should observe Bight paths overforward areas at non-menacing altitudes.


Second, when this is not desirable foroperational reasons, we should be givenadvance warning of the flight paths theywill take. This latter could be in theform of temporary hold-fire commandsfor certain AA sectors.

Formerly, the field artillery used asimilar system of hold-fire plans to sup-press their time fires, or all of their firesas necessary, when friendly tactical air-craft were operating through the rangeof their weapons. Likewise, whenfriendly aircraft are making close sup-port strikes within our range, that in-formation could be Hashed to our unitsand our fires could be suppressed bythese temporary hold-fires, imposed andlifted by the authority controlling theaircraft. At all other times, we shootany aircraft within range. This appearsperfectly reasonable with existing com-munications and organization. Nothingneeds to be changed but the procedures.

Some persons will argue that if therehad been any serious enemy air threatin Korea the AA would have had lessrestriction in firing. They feel that therules of engagement must change alongwith the situation. The thesis here is .that the rules for engagement should.not change, that they must remain the.same wherever there is a commitmentof strength to AA defense. If there isno possibility of enemy air attack. thenremove the AA fire units. If there is aneed for AA defense, then give that de-fense force the means for its efficientemployment.

THERE will be no excuse for anywild uncontrolled spraying of the airby irresponsible fire unit commanders.Already we allow the decision of fire torest with the fire unit commander. Onlynow we make his job so difficult ofdecision, that a reasonable man wouldhesitate to take any initiative. There aresixty-fourfire unit commanders in the di-visional SP battalion. In Korea each oneof these men had the responsibility sep-arately of making an identification-and also of making an error. Would itnot be simpler to centralize this iden-tification task back in the rear some-where in a single authority where itcan be more reliably controlled?

Surely this suggested procedure ispossible. Already in the division's lightaircraft operations, the liaison pilots Hy


out to their observation sectors throughcertain prescribed routes, returning overothers. In the defense of the continentalUnited States, the Air Force requiresall air traffic to adhere to certain pre-scribed paths in altitude, location andtime, allowing very little deviation tocause a very large suspicion. The ad-herence to similar rules by the friendlyTac Air in the zone of operations wouldgreatly increase the antiaircraft artil-lery's effectiveness there.

Thus, there are controlling reasonsfor removing the requirement of for-ward area identification before engage-ment. The first of these is that if theAW AA is to become effective, it mustbe allowed to immediately engage tar-gets at the first opportunity, and thismust not be under certain conditionsand circumstances, but under all.

A second fact is that the instances oferroneous attack by friendly aircraftagainst friendly ground locations is rare,and so there would be few instances offriendly aircraft likely to be damagedby the ground fire of friendly AA units.Therefore, why negate the AA in orderto secure against a remote possibility?

IN Korea, some pilot errors did occur,mostly when aircraft were operatingwithout "Mosquito" control. The pilotsevidently believed they were attackingtargets far into the enemy rear areaswhere Air Control Party coordinationwas not required. By actual experiencethese were rare. To be fair to the pilots,it was not always their fault. Improperreports of locations by the ground units,incorrect directions being given by theACP, improper marking of targets bythe "Mosquito" controller or by the ar-tillery, and a few other reasons causedsome of these unfortunate accidents.

But the basic question is not of who-did-what-to-whom in such cases. It issimply a matter of tactical efficiency forthe divisional AA weapons to be ordi-narily "guns free" during active opera-tions. Any planes at a low level in theforward areas must be suspect in theinterest of accomplishment of the AAmission. It is conceivable too, from pastexperience, that the enemy will makeuse of our own types or similar appear-ing types of aircraft, as the Germansdid during World War II. Then too,at present aircraft speeds, visual iden-

tification from a stationary ground postis not extremely reliable as the sole basisfor judgment of their status. Thesereasons make it desirable to place theburden of identification somewhere elsebesides the engaging fire unit.

If we. are to secure the maximum ef-fect from .our weapons, we must be al-lowed to train for immediate engage-ment of all aircraft acting in an hostilemanner. No confusion, a single simplerule-track all targets and fire whenthey are in range unless their appear-ance has been previously cleared.

Evidently, intelligence assurancewere strong enough in Korea to makeit safe to restrict AA engagement in themanner it was. However, because ofthis, thousands of our AA crewmenwere trained to an improper hesitatingresponse. To shoot down modem planeswe must put up every round we can firewith the greatest accuracy we can mus-ter. Under the rules we observed inKorea we were in effect forbidden todo this.

[The author's controversial proposalmerits study for its application in for-ward areas. However, let no one forone moment underestimate the absolutenecessity for strict and effective AAAfire discipline. It is imperative to gainand hold the confidence of our friendlyAir Force units, and other ground forceunits, too.

When the Tenth Army made the as-sault upon Okinawa in 1945 we hadveteran Army AAA battalions from Ley-te with the XXIV Army Corps andlikewise veteran Marine AAA battalionswith the III Marine Corps; however,these units had not worked togetherbefore as a team. In the bay and on thebeaches Naval gunners also mannedthousands of antiaircraft weapons onthe main vessels of the Heet, trans-ports, LST's, LCI's, other landing craft,and what have you. They were veterans,too, but they fired with a vengeance,and few were squeamish about rangeor low angle of fire. Also there was stillanother antiaircraft force ashore thathad sprung up like Topsy. In the sup-porting air and grounds units, beachparties, Seabees, Engineers, Port com-panies, et aI, men had corralled machineguns and mounts and they fired themwith no control and little regard foridentification.

The first enemy air attack drew a ter-

31

rific and indiscriminate volume of fire,most of it completely out of range andso much at low angles that life, work,and the pursuit of war ashore and aboveground became unbearable. Shortly af-ter that, two 1\'larine pilots were shotdown in a sad and demoralizing fiasco.One gunner opened up and others herd-like followed suit. And it didn't allevi-ate matters because the disasters were

obviously due to troops other than reg-ular AAA. Antiaircraft commanders atall levels took the responsibility and theauthority to control the fire of all anti-aircraft weapons in their areas. \Vithpersistent efforts antiaircraft fire disci-pline was soon established.

Soon the Marine fighters had thesituation well in hand so that seldomdid any Japanese pilot succeed in get-

ting through to the AAA defense in Idaylight; so we were not perturbedmuch about the daylight rules of en-gagement. By night, however, the de-fense was largely the responsibility ofthe AAA. \Ve persisted and securedrules of engagement to permit unre-stricted 'fire, except when specifically or-dered otherwise.- En.]

By MAJOR GENERAL JAMES C. FRY

THIS CONCERNS YOU

THE An;t)' Journal offers the meansby which a great deal of information ofvital importance to officers can be dis-seminated around the world. Questionsconcerning schools, promotions, stabili-zation, category renewal, transfers, con-current travel, and a multitude of simi-lar personnel problems reach the CareerManagement Division almost daily. Inthe next year we will endeavor to con-centrate answers to most of the ques-tions that are uppermost in officers'minds. I shall in this article touch light-ly on a few subjects that will be handledin more detail later.

Eligibility for and probability of at-tending military schools account formany communications. An officer willattend only one of the five senior schools.The National War College, The ArmyWar College, the Industrial College ofthe Armed Forces, the Naval War Col-lege, and the Air Forces \Var Collegeare all on the same educational level.Graduates of these schools all receiveequal consideration for promotion andassignment.

Selection for military schools beyondthe advance Branch Course is competi-tive, Career Management making theselections based on an evaluation ofeach officer's record in the zone of con-

General Fry finished up World War II inthe Mediterranean the.ter in 1945 as as-sistant commander of the 88th Infantry Di-vision. Since then he has commanded theTactical U. S. Farces in Austria in 1951 andthe 2nd Infantry Division in Korea in 1952.In between time he has worked in two tourswith the Army General Stall in the Pentagon,where he is now Chief of the Career Man-agement Division, TAGO, and an authorityin that field.

32

Major General Fry

sideration. -An officer's efficiency, com-bat record, troop duty, command duty,staff duty (all types) and instructorduty are all weighed and totaled todetermine the final qualification scorewhich determines relative standings.

Too much emphasis is being givenin the field to attendance at top schools.Less than 45% of Regular officers andonly a token percentage of Reserve of-ficers can attend the Command andGeneral Staff College. Only a fractionof that number will go on to attend thefive senior schools. Eligibility does notqualify a man for attendance, nor doesgraduation insure promotion. There aremany general officers who have neverattended any school except their branchschool.

REPRESENTATIVES of the Careeri\'lanagement Division will visit eachArmy Area on the average of once every

three months. They are familiar withall policies and procedures involvingpersonnel and can supply answers topractically every personnel problem.

Many officers seem to think that theway to secure preferential treatment isthrough influential friends. This rarelyresults in other than routine action.If officers will contact their CareerBranches, they will receive courteousand prompt consideration and exactlythe same assignment as if they hadsought intercedence by friends. A cur-rent and carefully prepared PreferenceStatement is the best type of communi-cation. It is always considered beforeorders are issued. Don't be afraid tospell out the exact reasons that are re-sponsible for requests.

The term, "Career Management," hasa strange appeal and there is indicationthat many officers feel Career Manage-ment is at fault if they fail to receivethe promotion or assignment which theyseek. It should be remembered that theprimary mission of the Career Manage-ment Division is to insure the smoothand efficient operation of the Armythrough the wise assignment of appro-priately qualified officers to all incre-ments of the Army.

World-wide assignments cannot berun from a duty roster as a first sergeantsupplies kitchen police. The reasonsare obvious-the qualifications neededfor each job are different. Another pointgenerally overlooked is that money hasa great influence on every move that ismade. The moving of officers' depend-ents and household goods must be justi-fied on the basis of Army requirements.

I cannot stress too much the impor-


t,,l

l

tance of command eA-perience. There isalways room for the officer who seeksresp~nsibility and who is anxious to dem-onstrate possession of command qualifi-cations. There is no type of humanendeavor where it is so important thatthe leader understand all phases of hisjob as that of the profession of arms.A military commander is vested with ahigh degree of authority which extendsinto matters normally considered indi-vidual and personal. Everything con-cerning a soldier's existence, ability,potentiality, professional knowledge, aswell as those matters which influencehis personal life such as his food, cloth-ing, comfort, promotion, and in time ofwar his very life, depends upon his com-mander's knowledge and appreciation ofthe importance of all phases of his work.The ability to command is alwaysweighed heavily in every personnel ac-tion-particularly promotions.

I would like also to emphasize theneed for accurate and detailed descrip-tive comments when efficiency reportsare prepared. The implication of theabsence of a clear word picture in thespace reserved for descriptive comments

is that the reporting officer didn't con-sider the officer rated of any specialimportance. Descriptive comments onefficiency reports are generally the deter-mining factor in selecting officers forpromotion and are of invaluable assis-tance in making appropriate assignments.It is unfortunate that many officers failto take the time to give a clear andconcise description of the qualificationsand potential of officers who have servedthem loyally and efficiently.

It should be clearly understood thatthe Career I\hnagement Division canonly influence officers' careers whenthey are changing stations. This is verylittle in comparison with the oppor-tunities available to commanders in thefield. Department of the Army policyas spelled out in TM 20-605 specificallymakes commanders responsible for devel-oping officers by rotating them throughtheir staffs and through command as-signments. The chief of every staff sec-tion in every headquarters has an op-portunity to assist and urge complianceand appreciation of such policies. Somecomman'ders are reluctant to give op-portunities to officers who have not al-

ready qualified for a new duty assign-ment. This is basically why at the be-ginning of \\Torld 'Var II we foundsubstantial numbers of officers who werequalified to perform only one assignmentand could not meet the broad organiza-tional and administrative demands ofwar. Men grow and develop with addedresponsibilities and if selected for anassignment on the basis of indicated po-tential, few mistakes wiII ever be made.

My closing comments are that theDepartment of the Army requirementsremain paramount and able officers areneeded to supply the needs of MAAG's,Missions, and troop assignments in 74different nations. A man's career isgenerally in his own hands. He shouldseek good assignments, avoid prolongedpleasant tasks at the expense of oppor-tunities to demonstrate comman'd andorganizational ability, and turn in apattern of performance of duty on everyassignment that wiII insure a good re-port, regardless of what or where thejob may be.

A NEW PRIME MOVER FOR THE 1207By 7 sf LT. A. R. MATTHEWS, USAR

FOR the past few years moving the120mm gun has presented constant head-aches for various reasons. The most pre-dominant trouble has been its primemover, especially where road and weightrestrictions are imposed.

The !VI6 tractor (38 tons), presentsnot only a problem in size, but alsorequires extensive maintenance for min-imum operation. Various wheeled ve-hicles are capable of pulling the 120,though not over difficult terrain, andof these, only the M20 (12 ton 6 x 6)is available in sufficient numbers forissue to units. In addition, these vehi-cles are slow and difficult to handle.It would seem, then, that the answerto the problem would be a prime mov-er, wheeled to allow travelling on im-proved roads, and powerful enough topull the mount over rough terrain forshort distances. Such a vehicle hasbeen designed and two prototype modelsproduced by the Mack Manufacturing


Corp. This vehicle has been designatedTruck, Cargo, 10 ton, 6 x 6, M 125w/winch (see picture). This vehicleis presently being considered for use as'a prime mover for heavy artillery wheretracked vehicle operation is not advisa-ble. What better prime mover for the120mm gun, where travel by improvedroad is necessitated by the characteris-tics of the fire control system van?

The !VI125 is powered by an over-head valve, V type, 8 cylinder, watercooled engine developing 296 h.p. at2600 r.p.m. and manufactured by Le-Roi. The transmission is manufactured

by Mack, and has five forward speeds.A transfer and power-take-off are alsoprovided. Here the designers have re-turned to completely manually operatedcontrols, even to include front wheeldrive. Although the driver does all theshifting himself, air brakes and powersteering simplify control of the vehicle,making it almost as easy to handle asthe 5 ton now used to pull the 90rnmgun. An interesting component of thisvehicle is its front-mounted 45,000 lb.winch. In addition to the standarddrum and roller assembly, it has a levelwind device to roll the cable properlyon the drum, and a cable tensioner tokeep the cable tight. Two functionsformerly performed manually are nowcontrolled by the winch itself. [The au-thor's plausible views are presented toarouse thought and discussion. In theWW II amphibious war in the Pacific

- D8 bulldozer was the favorite AAAprime mover for the 90mm guns.-Eo.]

33

UNIT ACTIVITIES

HQRS. ARMY AA COMMANDLt. Gen. S. R. Mickelsen, Comdg.Integration of Army AA Command

activities into the Continental Air De-fense Command has proceeded almostunnoticed, since in actuality the crea-tion of CONAD merely formalized aworking arrangement which actuallywas already in force.

Lieut. Gen. Stanley R. Mickelsen,Commanding General, Army Antiair-craft Command, has been active infurthering the Army's support of theaccomplishment of the mission of airdefense of the United States. He isplanning a series of field inspections toAA units in the near future.

Four key officers of the ARAACOMstaff have been placed on duty inCONAD Headquarters. They are: Col.R. S. Dingle Jr., Col. Leslie J. Staub,Lt. Col. Marcus L. Parsons, and Lt.Col. Lawrence H. Tyree. Successorshave not been announced, but Lt. Col.Sanford J. Butler has been acting G1and Col. Fred Dixon acting G2.

New arrivals to ARAACOM includeLt. Col. Arthur B. Chapman, Jr., fromFort Bliss, Ordnance Officer; Major P.Genero, from Iceland; Major Milo Igers-heimer, from Fort Bliss; Capt. WallaceN. King, from Germany, and Capt.Jesse J. Mayes, from Fort Bliss. Thelatter four have been assigned to theG3 section.

CWO James W. 'V"allin, senior old-timer at ARAACOM, will be assig:t:l;edto Panama in January.

CENTRALARMY ANTIAIR-CRAFT COMMAND

Col. Donald J. Bailey, Comdg.Our headquarters is now located at

Grandview AF Base, Mo., 12 milesSouth of Kansas City. There we arelocated with the headquarters of ourjoint team partner, the Central Air De-fense Force. Our responsibility extendsover the vast 26-state central and south-ern region ranging from North Caro-lina to Arizona in the South; from Wis-consin to Montana, in the North.

34

The command now includes the 531stAAA Battalion at Ellsworth AF Base,South Dakota, and the 546th AAA Bat-talion at Carswell AF Base, Texas. Bothof these Skysweeper battalions have ar-rived during the year and have beenvery busy building up their sites andfacilities for living and also in estab-lishing friendly relations with their newneighbors.

Projected for the near future, thecommand will be reinforced by Nikeand gun battalions, more Skysweepers,and group headquarters.

In point of continued service ourcommander, Colonel Bailey, is the seniorofficer in the Army AA Command, hav-ing joined early after the command wasformed in 1950. Other key staff officersinclude: Lt. Col. Joseph P. McElligott,S3; Captain Guy J. Marzari, S4; andCWO Albert E. DeParis, S1.

531 sf AAA BattalionLt. Col. John B. Maynard, Jr., Comdg.

The Battalion has recently completedits second service practice at the ScenicBadlands Bombing Range, S. D. BatteryA took top honors with a score of 94.05.

The 531st has demonstrated great re-sourcefulness and energy in all its tac-tical constructions. Troop labor has beenused due to delay in obtaining Engineercontract labor and to the early. onsetof winter weather. Fifth Army, FortCarson, and the Engineers have helpedwith construction equipment and sur-vey teams. Operating its own "loggingcamp" for foundation pilings, t!hebattal-ion is busy from dawn to dusk erectingprefab hutments, access roads, batterystreets, gun sites, and shelters for radarsand generators.

Lt. Col. Phillip J. Gundlach, the orig-inal commander, has left for Germany.After temporary command by MajorCharles E. Murello, now Executive, Lt.Col. John B. Maynard has arrived andtaken command.

Other key officers include: Maj. Ar-mond M. Kolesar, S3; Capt. Charles M.Beckwith, Adjt.; Capt. Lincoln E. Ost,

Radar 0; and Battery Commanders: Hq,Capt. Enis H. Pike; A, Capt. James C.Moore; B, Capt. Wendell E. Franklin;C, Capt. William J. Connors.

546fh AAA BattalionLt. Col. Wm. A. Brinkerhoff, Comdg.

The 546th arrived at Carswell AirForce Base, Fort Worth, Texas, lastJuly, after completing its training atFort Bliss. Some trouble was anticipatedin getting all the gun sites there, due tothe density of population and housingin that area. However, because of theopen-arm reception the battalion receivedfrom the Fort Worth and Dallas citi-zenry, the outstanding public relationsactivities of the battalion and the ,mag-nanimity of the property owners, allOf the sites were acquired without anycondertmation proceedings.

Colonel Brinkerhoff and the entirebattalion have been outstanding in es-tablishing friendly relations with theirneighbors. Recognizing this, Lt. Gen.Mickelsen, Army Antiaircraft Com-mander, sent Colonel Brinkerhoff a let-ter of commendation for his public rela-tions efforts. In part, the letter said,"Large segments of the American publicdo not fully understand the Army's roleas an instrument of National Defense.As soldiers stationed in the back yardof our civilian neighbors, Army Antiair-craft Command is in a position to honorand preserve a high heritage by beinggood neighbors, by being exemplary sol-diers and by informing the communityof its role."

The battalion is now conducting anexperiment in air movement.

It is shuttling its skysweeper gunsand crews, one battery each week, bySAC's huge C-124 aircraft 600 milesfrom Carswell Air Force Base to FortBliss, Texas, for its first service practicesince joining clris command. Since thereis no suitable AA range near Carswell,it was necessary to move the battalionto Fort Bliss. So, arrangements weremade with SAC to try the air movement.Two skysweeper guns (weight, 19,500pounds each) and crews were loaded


into each G 124 at Carswell and un-loaded by the 546th Battalion's advanceparty at Fort Bliss. Battery C's six sky-sweeper guns and crews were Hown toFort Bliss on 8 November. After 'finish-ing its practice on 14 November, thebattery will be airlifted back to Cars-well on 15 November where the threeC-124's will pick up Battery B's gunsand transport them to Fort Bliss. On20 November, Battery B will be returnedto Carswell and Battery A will be trans-ported to Fort Bliss. It is planned tofinish the target practice on Friday, 26November, and airlift Battery A back toCarswell on that date.

The 546th, like the 531st AAA Bat-talion, has been actively engaged in anambitious troop construction project. Ithas moved the guns to their on-site po-sitions and is in the process of erectingprefabricated buildings at each site, con-structing revetments and ammunitioncaches for the guns and improving ac-cess roads leading to the positions. The546th is also active in training, includ-ing a comprehensive Integrated FireControl School for all its fire controlpersonnel under the supervision of theSperry Engineers attached to the bat-talion.

Other key personnel in the Battalionare: Major Emory 1. Goggans, Jr., Ex-ecutive Officer; Major William J. Johns-ton, S3; Major Hjalllilar 1. Standal, S4;Captain Carl C. Campbell, Adjutant;Lieutenant Robert C. Lutz, Jr.;Hq Btry;A Btry, Capt. Cyrus E. Garland; B Btry,Capt. Samuel A Miller; and C Btry,Lieutenant Dennis 1. Norell.

31st AAA BrigadeCol. Arthur Roth, Comdg.By Capt. William E. Hewes

Colonel Arthur Roth recently as-sumed command of the Brigade whichis headquartered at McChord AFB, T a-coma, Washington. Colonel Roth cameto the command from duties with G3,Department of the Army.

The Brigade is staffed by ColonelRobert A Claffee, Executive; Lt. Colo-nel Clinton Feeney, S3; Lt. ColonelEdward Strongin, S4; Major LeonardO. Peterson, S2; Major Martin A Small,Jr., Signal Officer; Captain William D.Reich, MTO; Captain Frederick A Gad-well, SI; Captain Solomon W. Slaugh-ter, NIKE Project Officer; WOJG LeroyW. Homer, Assistant S4; WOJG Bruce


A St. Clair, Meteorological Officers; andCWO James A Killebrew, PersonnelOfficer.

Currently attached are Lt. ColonelArthur E. Holt, Western Army AACommand Liaison Officer to 25th AirDivision and Major Albert H. Beebe,Western Army AAA Command LiaisonOfficer to the newly activated 9th AirDivision at Spokane, Washington.

10th AAA BN {LT<7SMM)MBUMajor R. 1. Sweeney, Comdg.

Lt. Col. Samuel May, who has com-manded the 10th AAA Battalion sinceDecember, 1952, recently left for over-seas duty. He will be succeeded by Lt.Col. Stockton D. Bruns, who is now atschool in Fort Bliss. Major Robert 1.Sweeney is the present commander.

Major Albert H. Beebe, former Ex-ecutive, is now the Western Army AA .Command Ligison Officer for the 9thAir Division at Geiger Field, Wash.

1st Lieutenant Russel F. Thommen,Assistant S3, has been supervising thepractice loading of a C-124 "Globemas-ter" with a 75mm Skysweeper and othermobile equipment in cooperation withthe plane crew and detachment fromLarson AFB, Wash.

Two former prisoners of war receivedawards recently. They were: Sgt. Al-fred A Goforth, BSM, and Pfc GeneR. Patton, Commendation Ribbon.

1st Lieut. Richard A Ehlert, B BtryCommander, has been advised that hisGun Section No. 1 has been selectedas the "Best 75mm Gun Section of the31st AM 'Brigade" for the month ofOctober, 1954. Sfc. Rollo 1. Overholtand his gun crew have now won thisaward for the third consecutive month.

30th AAA GROUPCol. P. H. Wollaston, Comdg.

The U. S. Weather Bureau and theArmy have joined to expand the serv-ices of the U. S. Weather Bureau atMetropolitan Oakland International Air-port.

Formerly, both the Weather Bureauand the Army had been sending aloftradiosonde balloons and pibal balloons,the latter used for determining winddirection only, at about the same timeseach day.

Army meteorologists of the 30th Anti-aircraft Group, previously based a shortdistance away on Government Island',

Alameda, have now moved to theWeather Bureau station where all upperair data is collected jointly.

The result is that the number ofradiosonde observations available to eachservice has been increased from twoto four daily. This provides upper airdata on. temperature, barometeric pres-sure, dew point and humidity, as wellas wind direction through tracking withradio direction finder equipment.

The Army provides automatic radiodirection finder equipment, which elim-inates the need for tracking the bal-loons manually. The radiosondes aresent aloft each day at 1 AM. and 1P.M. and 7 AM. and 7 P.M. The in-formation is transmitted to forecast cen-ters throughout the nation, and to thearmed forces.

E. P. Norwood, meteorologist in chargeof the Oakland station; Col. Wollaston,Commanding Officer of the 30th AAAGroup; Major Joseph Stoltz, operationsofficer of the 752nd AAA Battalion; andWarrant Officer Paul Chong workedout the details of the plan.

5th AAA GROUPCol. William H. Vail, Jr., Comdg.By Major Alfred J. Roman, PIO

Colonel William H. Vail, Jr., has as-sumed command of the 5th AAA Groupvice Lt. Col. Gersen 1. Kushner, whois now Executive Officer.

Lt. Col. Arthur E. Holt, former Exe-cutive, has been transferred to the West-ern AA Command with duty at Head-quarters, 31st AA Brigade, as LiaisonOfficer with the Air Force.

Major Ellery R. Rogers has been as-signed as Group S3, following the re-assignment of Major Donn C. McCannto Europe. Major Rogers comes toGroup from the 67th AAA Battalion,where he was S3.

Captain Ellsworth Rhodes has beenassigned as Aviation Officer.

Captain Lester B. Leigh and MjSgt.Howard Bolton were honored at retire-ment ceremonies at Camp Hanford, 24September 1954.

The personnel of the 5th AAA Groupstood "tall" for the inspection made byColonel Arthur Roth, 31st AA BrigadeCommanding Officer, recently.

The personnel of the 83d Missileand the 519th Gun Battalions gave 108pints of blood to the Yakima RegionalBlood Center when their Bloodmobile

35

18th AAA Battalion on the firing range at Camp Claybanks, Mich.

visited the forward area at Camp Han-ford.

The personnel of the 83d i\lissile Bat-talion have been kept busy showing theNike missile to the public at the SeaFair in Seattle; Central \VashingtonFair at Yakima; Air Fair at \Valla \Valla;Benton-Franklin Count)' Fair, Kenne-wick; and the Fire Prevention Paradein Richland, \Vashington. Lt. Co!. C. F.Coffey is the Battalion Commander.

A Basic C\V Operators School hasbeen initiated by 5th Group under thecapable direction of 1st Lt. Troy D.Hopson, Commo Officer and M/Sgt.James J. Cravens, Jr., Group CommoChief.

Battery B, 518th AAA Bn, was award-ed the Best Gun Award from bothGroup and the 31st AA Brigade forthe month of September, while BatteryA, 519th AAA Bn won the Best RadarAward from both Group and 31st AABrigade.

Members of the 519th AM Battal-ion are now sporting a bright new redand green fourragere on their left shoul-der of the dress uniform. This decora-tion was given by the Belgian Govern-ment for the meritorious defense of theCity of Antwerp and Antwerp Harboragainst the V bomb blitz in World WarII. I-laving been awarded two Croix-de-Guerre, the Battalion wins the Four-ragere. The Battalion motto, "To HoldThe High Road," sprang from that his-toric defense.

Lt. Co!. Edward W. Mclain is theBattalion Commander. Major RobertK. Routh is Executive and Major Fred-erick M. Daly is S3. The 519th hasrecently returned from the Yakima Fir-ing Center where all batteries achievedSuperior scores. Battery A was highwith a score of 97.87, and Batterv 0only a fraction behind. '

45th AAA BRIGADEBrig. Gen. T. W. Parker, Camdg.

The Brigade Headquarters now func-tions also as Headquarters 5th AA Re-gional Command, in which capacity itcontrols all the AAA units in the FifthArmy Area.

\Vork has begun on the establishmentof the AM defense for Milwaukee,Wisconsin. Mayor Zeidler and GeneralParker held a meeting recently in thei\Iayor's Office, which was attended bythe military officials involved and the

36

/I

j

cit)' and county officials. Steps are underway to procure the necessary sites.

Colonel A. J. Cooper, Jr., has departedfor Headquarters Fourth Army and wassucceeded by Lt. Co!. Lee H. Burnhamas Executive. Major Harry J. Taylor,Jr., became S3.

Recent arrivals at Brigade Headquar-ters include Major Ralph H. Cross, S4,and Captain John H. Hoffman in theS3 Section.

The 734th AM Battalion under Lt.Co!. Theodore \V. Panneck recentlycompleted a fine target practice seasonat Camp Claybanks, Michigan. BatteryA led with an overall score of 98.5.

28th AAA GROUPCal. Walter C. Conway, Camdg.

By Capt. Edmund C. Jones, Adjutant

All battalions of the 28th AAA Grouphave completed successfully the ArmyTraining Tests as well as Service Prac-tices while at Camp Claybanks, Mich.

The 99th AAA Battalion is currentlyleading with an overall battalion aver-age of 97.3% in the firing phase of theirService Practice. All batteries wereabove 97% with scores as follows: Bat-ter)' A, 97.5; Battery B, 97; Battery C,97.5; and Battery 0, 97. This sets ahigh goal for the other units to surpassduring their practices this fal!.

The accomplishments of our units atthe range are proof of the success of the

28th AM Group Transition Schoolmentioned in the September-October is-sue of the AAA JOURNAL. Betweenclasses on artillery subjects, courses inMethods of Instruction for non-commis-sioned officers are being conducted. Thisis a one week course with 36 hours ofinstruction and 4 hours of studentclasses.

Between Service Practices the 18thAAA Battalion has qualified 112 menas 2d Class Gunners, 18 men as FirstClass Gunners and 5 men as Experts.The 99th AAA Battalion has qualified176 2d Class Gunners. The 504th AAABattalion has qualified 103 2d ClassGunners, 65 1st Class Gunners, and 3Expert Gunners. The battalions arepresently conducting examinations inExpert, 1st and 2d Class Gunners withthe ultimate goal of qualifying all 1stthree graders as Expert, all corporals as1st Class and all privates and privatesfirst class as 2d Class Gunners.

New officers who have joined theGroup are: 28th AAA Group Headquar-ters-Lt. Co!. Stanley R. Kelley, Proj-ect Officer; Captain John Fabrick,- AsstS3; and CWO Charles Jackson, AsstS4; 18th AAA Bn-2d Lt. William Pear-son; 99th AAA Bn-2d Lt. Hinman;504th AAA Bn-Lt. Co!. Rolland D.Appleton, Capt. Henry C. Aslin, and2d Lt. Beck; 516th AAA Bn-Capt.Strong, returned from GM School, andC\VO Blanks.


37

by the public. This has been an out-standing contribution enhancing unitand community relationship.

Units of the 19th AAA Group wereincluded in a telecasting film entitled'The Defense of Washington" to be re-leased in the very near future by theBig Picture.

Lt. Co!. Reed J. McCracken assumedcommand of the 14th AAA Gun Battal-ion vice Major John H. Norton whodeparted for duty in Europe.

The 14th AAA Gun Battalion, forthe sixth time in eleven months, won theGroup Battalion of the Month Plaque.

Lt. Gen. Mickelsen speaking with SFC Otto Kuapp of Btry C, 14th AA Gun Bn, as1st Lt. David Lacy, BC (center) looks on.

19th AAA GROUPCol. H. A. Gerhardt, C01lldg.

The 19th AAA Group has played hostrecently to Assistant Secretaries of theArmy Frank H. I-liggins and CharlesFinucane, Lieut. Gen. S. R. Mickelsen,Brigadier Generals O. H. Kyster andT V. Stayton, and twenty-one officersof the Mississippi National Guard.

The Big Picture telecasting film, "SteelRing," has been used extensively byunits of this group. The showing, madepublic, is accompanied by an officer whois available to answer questions raised

SFC Woolfolk, 14th AAA Battalion, instructs a group of Virginia Guardsmenof the 125th AAA Battalion in the operation of the 120mm AAA gun in the

defense of W'ashington.

Capt. Henri Wrobleski, 504th AAABn and Capt. William D. Cox, 516thAAA Bn haye returned to civilian life.

Brioadier General T. \\T. Parker, CG<>45th AAA Brigade visited units andsites of the Group in September.

28th AAA Group awards were pre-sented as follows: "Equipment i\lain-tenance Award" to 18th AAA Bn, "Safe-ty Award" to 516th AAA Bn, "Besti\less" to C Btry, 99th AAA Bn, "Driverof the Month," to Cpl. Donald i\liller,Hq Btry, 99th AAA Bn.

Left to rigbt: Brig. Gen. Tom V. Stay-ton, CG, 35th AAA Brigade; Capt.Fred T. Colhard (rear) 71st AAA Mis-sile Bn; Ass't. Sec. of the Army FrankH. Higgins; Col. Harrison A. Ger-

hardt, CO, 19th AAA Gp.

Major George H. Kimball, recentlyreturned from England, is now RadarOfficer vice Captain Murray L. Rich-man, who is now the assistant.

Major Richard H. Betts, recently fromKorea, is Brigade S2.

Major Arthur J. vVard, recently fromGermany, is now assigned to the 35thAAA Battalion in the 17th Group.

Recent winners of awards for ,meri-torious service in Korea: '

Bronze Star Medal: WOJG PaulLanggle, Personnel Officer, 17th AAAGroup.

Army Commendation Ribbon: Sgt.Alexander Howath, Battery C, 35thAAA Battalion; Cp!. William Keagy,Hq Battery, 602nd AAA Battalion.


Brig. Gen. Tom V. Stayton, Comdg.Lieutenant General Stanley R. Mick-

-elsen, commanding the Army Antiair-craft Command, visited the Brigadeheadquarters and units in defensive po-sitions in late October.

Colonel E. A. Chapman, command-ing the 17th AAA Group in Catonsville,Md., has been ordered to the ArmyWar College.

35th AAA BRIGADE

---------

.Mess Hall, A Btry, 450th AAA BN.

The 14th AM Gun Battalion hasundertaken the task of aiding the 125thVirginia National Guard AM Battalionin maintenance and training as theywork together in the defense of \Vash-ington.

SFC Herman E. i\liller, Hq Battery,14th AAA Gun Battalion was selectedas the outstanding soldier of the lvlili-tary District of \Vashington. He wins,among other privileges, a complete issueof the new Army Blue Dress Uniform.

Lt. Co!. Earl R. Gooding and his36th AAA Missile Battalion observedOrganization Day recently with a bar-becue beef and pork roast for membersof the Battalion, their families andguests.

This battalion became the first tac-tical i\lissile Battalion in the UnitedStates Army last January.

Lt. Co!. \Villiam E. Barkman is nowthe Commanding Officer of the 70thAM Gun Battalion.

Battery D, under the Command of 1stLt. Robert B. Brown, recently registereda 97.1 % score in the seasonal servicepractice firing at Bethany Beach, Dela-ware.

The 75th AAA Gun Battalion, undercommand of Lt. Co!. Frederick C. Stan-ford, on 4 November, 1954, was official-ly redesignated the 75th AM MissileBattalion. Lt. Co!. Stanford has madenumerous successful appearances in con-nection with the public showing of thetelecast film, "Steel Ring."

Lt. Co!. Emery E. Bellonby, CO,601st MA Gun Battalion, served tem-porarily as Group commander duringColonel Gerhardt's absence.

Major Jack T. Harmon is now Ex-ecutive 601st AAA Bn., having replacedMajor Robt. V. Marye, Jr., who de-parted overseas.

The 601st and the 75th have alreadystarted the scheme of paying twice eachmonth.

Major Sam L. Davies is now Com-manding Officer, 71st AAA Missile Bat-talion. The battalion baseball team wonthe Fort Belvoir Championship for thesecond consecutive year under 2d Lt.i\lichael A. Davis, coach.

1st Lt. James C. Sample, S2, wasrecently promoted to captain and Eu-gene J. Estes exchanged his stripes forwarrant officers bars.

38

3rd AAA GROUPCo/. M. G. Weber, Comdg.

By Pvt. H. A. Dawson, Jr., PIO

Through the courtesy of AdmiralJerand \Vright, Commander in Chief,Atlantic Fleet, a few officers and menof the Group will be selected for theprivilege of going on 5-day cruises withthe Reet on either a battleship or cruiser.

A return invitation for personnel ofthe Navy to spend some nights on thealert detail at our sites has not met withthe same enthusiastic response. How-ever, many Navy personnel, from Ad-mirals down, visit our sites for quicktours.

Brigadier General R. L. Tilton, for-mer Coast Artillery commander at FortMonroe, is now the Civil Defense Co-ordinator in Hampton, Virginia.

CWO Edward J. Fosse, 56th AAABa'ttalion Adjutant, recently won the$1,000 First Prize in a Chicago SafetySlogan Contest. His slogan: The great-est safety device in every car is the driver.

Private Francis A. Devine, Hq. Bat-tery, 56th AM Battalion, recently gavehis 40th pint of blood to the Red Crossat Fort Monroe.

Courses of Instruction on AAFCSM33

Captain Donald S. Judkins, the Groupradar officer, has instituted a self studyplan for officers on the M33 in orderto enable them to accomplish this studyon site. This self study course com-prises twelve lessons. Nine of the les-sons have written work sheets and threelessons practical exercises, to be accom-plished as the study assignment is cov-

ered. The course serves as a basic coursefor those officers who have not gone toFort Bliss and as a refresher for thosewho have.

A somewhat more extensive coursehas been conducted for all "Varrant Of-ficers and selected key NCOs, in orderto qualify them to operate the AAFCSM33 and supervise the firing of a gunbattery.

As a post graduate part of this train-ing these qualified men are give~ theopportunity to fire a trial shot problemand one course on the firing range. Thisphase of the training is being accom-plished by staging an additional day onthe range.

The additional day at the range isalso utilized to permit men of the guncrews to gain experience during firingin various alternate positions. Also menlike cooks, supply people, etc., participatein the firing as cannoneers.

The Group Headquarters and the179th Opns. Detachment are now busi-ly preparing buildings on the NorfolkNaval Supply Center as the futureGroup site. We hope to move in byChristmas.

Lieut. Co!. Christopher B. Cushing,J r., former executive, has departed forEurope. Major Edward J. Sterken, Jr.,is the Group 83.

Major Milto D. Kert is the new Ex-ecutive of the 56th AAA Bn. CaptainFrazier M. Conway has been assignedas 83 of the 56th. Captain David C.Bergeron is the new 83 of the 550thBn., and Captain Edward 1"1.Jordan isthe new S3 of the 38th Bn.


56th Trains National GuardThe 56th AAA Battalion, Lt. Col.

\Villiam Y. i\kCachern, commanding,has begun giving weekly training tothe 710th AAA Battalion, Virginia Na-tional Guard, commanded by Lt. Col.George C. \Viatt. Each battery of theNational Guard Battalion conductstrainino with its "sister" battery of theRegula~ Army. The full benefits of thisprogram are expected to be realized later{)n when the 710th takes over the gunsites as we convert to NIKE.

vVe were visited recently by BrigadierGeneral J. \V. Squire, CommandingGeneral, 107th AAA Brigade, and Colo-nel Shepherd Crump, Assistant Ad-jutant General of the Virginia NationalGuard.

Two of the. battalions of this Groupare still firing 90mm gun service prac-tices at the Bethany Beach Range. The550th just concluded another round offiring. This battalion, Lt. Col. Frank E.Terrv commanding, turned in a battal-ion ~verage score of 97.7 Average bat-tery scores as follows: Able Battery, 1stLt. Clifford T. Herzberger commanding,98.3; Baker Battery, Captain John L.Murphy, Jr., commanding, 97.7; Char-ley Battery, 1st Lt. James P. Beck com-manding, 97.4; and Dog Battery, 1stLt. Edmond J. Wells commanding 97.3.

In April Colonel Terry's battalionachieved an average battery score of 97.9.

In May the 56th AAA Battalion un-der Lt. Col. Mark Selsor, Jr., achievedan average battery score of 98.1. Wethink that is about tops for any Group.

Virginia Guardsmen of the 710th AAAGun Bn get some fine points from Sfc

Parker, 56th AAA Bn.

NOVEMBER~DECEMBER, 1954

52d AAA BRIGADEBrig. Cen. W. H. Hennig, Comdg.

By Major William N. Kenney, Jr., PIOThe AAOC, manned by the 511th

Operations Detachment, has recentlybeen completely revamped. Major Leon-ard Hawk, commander, and his menhave been commended by the BrigadeCommander for their work. The newarranoement utilizes a large vertical plot-ting board constructed of lucite. Vu-graphs have been eliminated by theinstallation of a new communicationssystem.

During the past two months, sevenbatteries, Battery "A," 98th AAA Bat-talion Batteries "B" and "0," 737thAAA ' Battalion, Batteries "A" and "B,"69th AAA Battalion, and Batteries "B"and "C," 12th AAA Battalion, completedservice practice at the i\'1ontauk Pointrange. Battery "0," 737th AM Battal-ion, commanded by Captain Francis R.Stephenson, attained a score of 95.6, thehighest score recorded at the rangeduring the past year.

In connection with a review held atFort \Vadsworth on 4 October, GeneralI-Iennig presented a Commendation Rib-bon to M/Sgt. Albert E. Lewis, Opera-tions Sergeant of the Brigade, for out-standing service in the 55th AAA Brig-ade in Korea ..

On 19 October a review was heldat Fort \Vadsworth honoring ColonelHenry 1\'1. Spengler, departing 80th1\AA Group Commander. Colonel Spen-ler has been assigned to \Vashington.

Colonel Douglas B. Murray has ar-rived from his station in the Pentagonand has assumed command of the 80thAAA Group.

For the third consecutive month, the749th AAA Battalion, commanded byLt. Col. George Kenna, was selected asthe Best Battalion of the Month in the52d Brigade. Because the 749th wonthe trophy three times in succession, itwill retain the Battalion of the Monthtrophy permanently.

53d AAA BRIGADEBrig. Cell. Louis T. Heath, Comag.

Lt. Edmund F. Flannery, PIO

The biggest news here concerns ourrecent move. On 8 September, theBrigade Headquarters Battery movedfrom Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, to itsnew station at Ravenna Arsenal, Apco,

Ohio. The Arsenal is an Ordnance am-munition assembly plant turning out,among other things, 90mm rounds.After much searchin'g, most of the mar-ried personnel have found homes, butthey are widely scattered around thecountryside.

The new facilities, just completed,consist of two single story buildingswhich provide living quarters for theenlisted personnel, day room and mess-ing facilities, together with offices andsupply room. The new living quartersare quite sharp; each man has a separateroom, all Roors are covered with lino-leum, and the mess hall has completenew equipment including 4-man tables.Needless to say, the men are quite happywith their new home.

Concurrent with the move, reorgani-zational changes occurred within theBrigade. Command of the 24th AAAGroup (Philadelphia) was turned overto the 35th AAA Brigade and the 2dAM Group (Niagara-Buffalo) waspicked up from the 56th AAA Brigade.

Planning for the Cleveland defenseis still going forward ..

Colonel Kenneth I. Curtis, formerExecutive, departed for the Army WarCollege in late August. He had beenwith the Brigade a long time and hischeerful presence will be missed. Hisable replacement is Colonel John Lock-ett, up from Legislative Liaison in thePentagon.

Lt. Colonel Robert S. Reilly, formerCO, 74th AAA Battalion, recently joinedthe Brigade staff as Planning and Con-struction Officer for the Cleveland de-fense.

Major Robert G. Tippett, Jr., for-mer CO, 513th Operations Detachment(Philadelphia), is now Radar Officer.

Captain Joseph T. Dommer, just backfrom the 32d AAA in England, is nowMotor Officer.

34th AAA BRIGADEBrig. Cen. F. C. McCOIlnell, Comdg.

Colonel Julian S. Albergotti, BrigadeExecutive Officer, has departed for astateside assignment at Fort Bliss, Texas.Colonel Albergotti came overseas withthe 34th AAA Brigade as Executive Of-ficer in 1951, and has served over three"ears in this capacity. A farewell cere-~ony with honor guards from the 62dand 95th AAA Battalions and the 33dArmy Band was held in the vicinity of

39

the Mannheim Officers Club. Uponconclusion of the ceremony, a cocktailparty in honor of Colonel Albergottiwas held at the Mannheim OfficersClub. Lt. Col. Eric A. Rundquist hasassumed duties as the Brigade ExecutiveOfficer after serving as the Command-ing Officer of the 91st AAl\ AW Bat-talion.

Recent changes of battalion com-manders include: Lt. Col. Paul A. Har-mon, assuming command of the 27thAAA AW Battalion from Lt. Col. OliverJ. Helmuth; Lt. Col. L. C. Brown is thenew CO of the 7th AAA AW Battal-ion. Lt. Col. Matthew J. McGuire, for-mer CO of the 7th AAA AW Battalion,has joined the brigade staff prior to de-parture for the ZI. Lt. Col. B. G. Brown,formerly stationed at Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina, has been assigned to the 8thAAA Group but is currently on tem-porary duty at Brigade Headquarters asthe Brigade Reenlistment Officer in con-junction with the USAREUR Recruit-ing drive. Other new arrivals includeLt. Col. Fred D. Bendler, Jr. assigned tothe 1st AAA Group and Lt. Col. Alex-ander A. Zaresky assigned to the 12thAAA Group.

Lt. Col. Richard W. Owen, Com-manding Officer of the Brigade's Toden-dorf AA ranges on the Baltic Sea, andformer Associate Editor of the ANTIAIR-CRAFTJOURNAL,was named HistoricalOfficer of the Seventh U. S. Army.

Through the cooperation of the Edu-cation Adviser at the Sullivan BarracksEducation Center, a class in conversa-tional German has been started at theBrigade and nearly all officers are at-tending. It is believed this schoolingwill aid in carrying out the duties ofofficers and aid materially in German-American relations.

The major field training actIvItIesfor the 34th AAA Brigade in 1954 werecompleted with the VII Corps exercise"West Wind."

From January through October, unitsof the brigade devoted more than one-quarter of their training time to fieldwork. This includes tactical field exer-cises at each echelon from the battalionup to the Field Army, and also thetrips to the AAA firing ranges. Toden-dorf, the 90mm range, as an example ofthe distance traveled, is situated on theedge of the Baltic Sea and the roundtrip mileage is close to 1,000 miles.

40

Some of the major maneuvers andCPX's were, "CPX Summertime," con-ducted by Seventh Army, exercise "Fall-ing LeaP' conducted jointly by 12th AirForce and 34th AAA Brigade, exercise"Indian Summer," conducted by VCorps and the VII Corps exercise 'WestWind."

The diversification represented by theabove type exercises has insured train-ing in all phases of antiaircraft opera-tions in the field and all units are im-bued with the fact that they can operateunder any and all combat conditionsand give a good account of themselvesif called upon to engage in actual com-bat.

1st AAA GROUPCol. Walter M. Vann, Comdg.

The Group has just completed a veryactive field training period through theearly Spring, Summer and Fall. Thisheadquarters gained a lot of experiencein 51 days and nights of tactical fieldproblems participating in Army, Corps,Brigade and Group exercises.

Home station defense exercises havealso been conducted several times month-ly when the Group and battalions wereat their kasernes. They gave particular-ly valuable detection phase tests.

Improvement over last year has beennoted in the Army Training Tests ofall units, with special mention rated forthe 67th AAA Gun Battalion in its fir-ing phase and for the 302nd OperationsDetachment and the Group Hq Bat-tery in their tests.

The 45th Gun Battalion and the 27thAW Battalion have been transferred tothe 12th Group.

Major W. J. Coonly, Group SI, andMajor F. O. Hayward, S3, have departedfor the States.

The following have joined the Groupstaff: Lt. Col. Winston S. Brooks, S3;Major John J. Glutch, Jr., SI; MajorRoy O. Enemark, Asst S2; Captain Sid-ney Blum, Radar; and Major BrownRolston, CO, 302nd AAAOD.

8th AAA GROUP,Colonel Lauri J. Hillberg, Comdg.The Group staff now includes Lt. Col.

Frank J. McCabe, Executive Officer;Major Thomas A. Dorrough, Jr., SI;Major Roy R. Carpenter, S2; MajorLouis S. Francisco, S3; Major ThomasT. Rutter, S4. The Communications

Officer is Major Nelson B. Carey andthe Radar Officer is Captain James R.Jess.

Units comprising the 8th AAA Groupare the 509th AAA Opns. Detachment,commanded by Major John P. Bodkin;the 5th AAA AW Bn, commanded byLt. Col. Norman E. Fisher; the 40thAAA Bn (Gun 9Omm), commandedby Lt. Col. William H. Hubbard; the63d AAA Bn (Gun 9Omm), command-ed by Lt. Col. Elwood G. Schwartz;and the 443d AAA Bn (AW) (SP),commanded by Lt. Col. Raymond J.Raffaeli.

The 8th AAA Group has conductedschools for Radio CW Operators for thepast two and a half years to fill the re-quirements of the battalions. Enlistedpersonnel successfully completing the11 weeks of instruction are fully quali-fied CW Operators, the majority quali-fying as intermediate speed operatorsupon graduation. The problem of train-ing radio operators is a continuous one.Just now Class Number 8 is in the 8thweek of study.

The 8th AAA Group ProvisionalBand, organized to provide music forGroup military functions, has proveditself a great morale factor during itstwo years of existence. Its services arefrequently requested by Air Force andNaval units within the area. In addi-tion to providing music for parades andmilitary functions, the band providedscheduled entertainment for the patientsof the Army and Air Force hospitals inthe area and its excellent combo is inconstant demand for dance engagements.

All battalions of the Group have suc-cessfully completed their AIT firing forthe year, the 5th AAA AW Bn beingthe last battalion to return from thefiring range.

The 40th AAA Bn fired a superiorscore on its ATT firing phase at Toden-dorf. This was the unit's first trip tothe Baltic range with the M33 equip-ment. Lt. Col. Hubbard expressed thesentiments of the command, "A goodstart; next time, let's get shooting!"

The 63d AAA Bn is at present beingchanged over to the M33 system. Thebattalion has traveled over 2,000 milesin the past five months while participat-ing in manuevers and training.

The 443d AAA Bn (AW) (SP) has.just returned from the AntiaircraftRange at Grafenwohr where it fired the


41

Battery B, 37th AAA Gun Battalion.

~142 (Duster) for the first time in itsArmy Training Test. Although theBattalion has not completed the change-o\'er from the 1\115 half track to the1\142, training has progressed rapidly.It fired an excellent score of 88.11 with1\115, 1\116 and 1\142. The 1\1l6's ofthe battalion compiled a score of 94%,which is highest to date of any unit inthe 34th AAA Brigade. Upon returnfrom the firing range the battalion re-ceived its annual Command Mainte-nance Inspection by Seventh Army.

40th AAA BRIGADEBrig. Gen. E. F. Cardwell, Comdg.By IHajor John R. Walker, PIO

At our last writing the 40th AAABrigade was celebrating the winning ofthe Central Command Baseball Cham-pionship. Now, we have just calmeddown after the celebration climaxingthe capture of the Army Forces Far EastChampionship. Our team swept throughthe tournament, unseating last year'schampions, Ryukyus Command, andadded another trophy to our ever grow-ing collection.

Recently we have added two battal-ions, the 30th AAA AW Battalion and76th AAA A\V Battalion, transferredfrom Korea, to the Japan Antiaircraftdefenses. The Northern ProvisionalGroup has assumed the numerical desig-nation of 29th AAA Group which wastransferred from Korea.

Sayonara has been bid to CaptainsCedric E. Towne and Lester W. Pierce,Jr.

Colonel Charles C. Hanson was wel-comed at a reception in his honor as thenew Brigade Deputy Commander. MajorDean R. Jeffs, upon his transfer fromKorea, took over the Heavy GunneryDepartment of the FEAAASS from Ma-jor Herbert J. Childress who is nowAssistant Commandant of the School.

Major Frederick W. Hall, SignalCorps, is the new Signal Officer andi\hjor Lawrence J. Howard is the RadarOfficer.

The FEAAASS having been com-pletely geared to cover instruction ofthe M33 Fire Control System and Sky-sweeper is turning out graduates ofthese courses.

The 40th AAA Brigade is sponsoringthe party for artillery officers and fami-lies in this area. Approximately 300persons have expressed their intentionto attend the Far East Artillery Officers


Ball, at the Golden Dragon in Yoko-hama on the 19th November. Evidentlvit will become a popular annual event.

Brigade Radar AwardCaptain Richard H. Stlrles, Comdg.

Battery D, 753d AAA Gun Battalion,won the 40th AAA Brigade's "Best GunLaying Radar Performance Award" forthe month of August 1954. This awardis given as the result of a highly com-petitive analysis of gun-laying radar per-formance between all gun batteries of theBrigade over a period of one month.

Battery A of the 753d, commandedby Captain George A. i\lorris, also re-ceived a 100% performance award, butlost out to D Batten' because of the lat-ter's longer range pickups.

The 753d AAA Gun Battalion, com-manded by Lt. Col. John T. Browne,was part of the Northern ProvisionalAAA Group under Colonel William E.Johnson, Commanding. The Group, now'designated the 29th AAA Group, con-tinues to provide the AAA defenses forNorthern Honshu, Japan.

9th AAA GROUPThe 9th AAA Group and the 53rd

AAA Gun Battalion passed in reviewbefore their ncw commander, Lt. Col.Jack H. Brubaker, who assumed com-mand on 1 September 1954. MajorWm. R. Dixon is the new executiveofficer of the 53rd AAA Gun Bn., andMajor Eugene Tedick is the new GroupS3. Thcy replace Major \Vm. R.

c

Scruggs and Major Randolph C. Kingwho are stateside bound.

In the 327th AAA Opns. DetachmentMajor Paul A. Davis replaces MajorDouglas \V. Stanton, Jr., who is alsostateside bound.

138th AAA GROUPColonel Myrcm B. Taller, Comdg.The Group recently acquired the 76th

AM Bn (Light) (75mm) (Mobile).The 76th, while being redeployed fromKorea, got caught in the middle of twotyphoons and had a rather rough tripover. Lt. Col. Ned E. Ackner is the bat-talion commander.

Captain Alden W. Hibbard has de-parted group headquarters for the ZI,and 1st Lt. Floyd \Virthlin is now in the97th AAA Gun Bn. Capt. Paul W.Beckage, a new arrival in Group, hastaken over the duties of Communica-tions Officer and Radar Officer, tem-porarily replacing Capt. Hibbard andLt. Wirthlin.

Toyoumi Firing Range has a newcommander, recently promoted lVlajorRobcrt D. Baker. Capt. James C. Mun-dy, formerly of the 64th AAA Gun Bn,is i\hj. Baker's new assistant.

BATTERY B, 37th AAA GUNBATTALION

By Captain Wm. J. Rodgers, Comdg.

A Model Communications CentervVe are proud of our Communications

Section. The men have made the bat-

tery comm-center a smart and efficientunit. All wire lines coming into theunit terminate at an old faithful BD 72.The radio setup is a little different fromthe usual AA battery, because the bat-talion AN/TPS I-D is located here. Foran AN/TPS I-D the SCR 543 radio isused. In addition we have three AN/-GRC 9's, one for Operational Control,one for Radar Report and the other aback up spare. We have an AN/GRR-5for Intelligence for both the Battery andthe Tipsey. All radios are remoted toeither the Battery CP or Tipsey.

The control panel was designed bySFC Alex Hume. There are a few in-novations on this panel. The board isset away from the wall approximatelythree feet, to leave room in the rear formaintenance. There is a small door onthe left side to allow access to the rear.When this door is opened a buzzer issounded and a red light goes on infront of the operator on duty. This isto remind the operator that there issomeone behind the panel and radiotransmissions are not made at that time.As the panel took shape other gadgetsappeared such as a switch to turn thecommercial radio "on" or "off," a rheo-stat to control the volume of the PAsystem in the comm-center, two alarmswitches (we have two sirens, one oncommercial power and the other isoperated from local source), power ring-er, auxiliary telephone light alarm, cig-arette lighter and two clocks (Item timeand Zebra time).

There is a small room directly inback of the panel, in which lin~menequipment, head and chest sets, spareparts, tools, etc., are stored. In this roomthe glitter is the first thing that meetsthe eye. It appears that everything ischromed. This naturally is not true, butparts that tend to rust easily are chromed.This may sound like a wasteful expendi-ture, but it has been found that themaintenance problem is lessened con-siderably. The inevitable question askedby an inspecting officer is "Where arethe tools that are used every day?"Actually he is looking at them. Thechromed tools take only a wipe witha clean rag to make them look like new.We have gone so far as to chrome thesprings in the battery wells in the EE8A telephones, which guarantees no rust.

As for training of the communica-tions personnel, they receive not only

42

battery training, but two hours a weekin centralized training at battalion head-quarters. Radio operators have one hourCW drill daily and one hour of voicedrill. This is in addition to the normalcommunications training scheduled forall Battery personnel.

Every inspection brings favorable com-ments; so, can you blame me for againsaying 'We're proud of our Communi-cations Section."

AID TO INCREASED RATE OFFIRE FOR THE 90MM GUNBy 2d Lt. Burton W. Shoemaker

37th AAA Gun Battalion

A misfire may easily reduce a unit'sscore during a service practice. Only byrapidly recocking and successfully firingthe weapon may the gun platoon keepup its RGM (Rounds per Gun perMinute) rate.

A large per cent of the score duringthe actual firing phase is given to theRGM. A high RGM rate is a good in-dication of a well trained gun platoon.

My unit is "D" Battery of the 37thAAA Gun Bn. Our service practicesare conducted on the beach at the 138thAAA Gp Firing Range at Toyoumi,which is about 40 miles northeast ofTokyo.

Before departing for the Range, wehad put emphasis on rapid recockingwhen necessary because in the past, de-spite the earnest efforts of the gunners,they had lost too much precious timewhen a misfire did occur.

We found that the regular cockinglever arm is short and hard to depress.It is also close to the breech ring anddifficult to reach. Thus the problemwas resolved into two parts, to increasethe leverage applied and to improve ac-cess to the lever.

Our solution was to devise a cockinglever with a long arm for easier opera-tion and with a larger handle, offset tomake it quicker to grasp and use.

The new lever requires a lot less ef-fort to operate. By being out in theopen, the handle insures quicker use.

We used %" thick scrap iron for ourcocking levers. The levers were shapedfrom I" wide where they fasten ontothe hand cocking lever shaft to %"square for the handle. The part wherethe lever fastens onto the hand cockinglever shaft was fashioned exactly as theold style.

Our last service practice results provedto us that our new cocking levers helpedus to obtain a high RGM score.

64th AAA GUN BATTALIONMajor Alexander J. Napier, Comdg.

The battalion with the 'We AimHigh" motto is once more moving tothe range. Its officers provided one ofthe key review acts at the September"Sayonara" party at Johnson Air Base,at which time the following departeesreceived as "presentos" freshly hewnminiature honeybuckets: Lt. Col. andMrs. Arthur H. Booth, former battalioncommander; Capt. and Mrs. Carl E.Fleming; CWO and Mrs. Ralph Smith;and WOJG Hubert Gaskin.

Reassignments and new arrivals in-clude: Major Alexander J. Napier, for-mer executive officer,now battalion com-mander; Major Eugene D. Mason, fromKorea, now the executive. The Staff con-sists of Major Roy C. Erwin, S3, Capt.Byron C. Ray, Asst S3, Capt. JamesC. Mundy III, Asst S3; Capt JamesW. Bogart, S4; 1st Lt. Delta B. Berry,Comm and Radar; Chaplain Robert N.Trapnell; Capt. Claude Saleeby, MotorOfficer. Battery Commanders are Head-quarters Battery, Capt. James C. Neil;Battery A, Capt. John Dynia; Battery B,Capt. George J. Lahey; Battery C, 1stLt. Fletcher A. K. Aleong; Battery D,1st Lt. Clifford R. Matthews.

97th AAA GUN BATTALION<120MM)

Lt. Cal. Karl W. Dittrich, Comdg.On 8th October the Battalion cele-

brated its thirteenth birthday with anhonor guard, a parade, a barbecue din-ner and a program of competitive con-tests. Activities were held at the ShowaSub-Base of the Far East Air MaterielCommand located at Showa-mae, Japan.

Brigadier General Eugene F. Card-well, commanding general, 40th AAABrigade, guest of honor, was the review-ing officer for the ceremonial parade.Major Andrew T. Soltys, Executive, andCaptain John W. Fordyce, Adjutant,were in charge of the arrangements.

Awards were presented during theday to Batteries Band D for artilleryproficiency and to a number of individ-uals for professional and athletic prow-ess.


Men of the 29th AAA Dn (A \'\') (SP) at a mounted review at their new stationCamp Haugen, Japan. '


507th AAA BATTALIONLt. Col. James A. Laing, COllldg.The 507th recently returned from the

j\lisawa AAA Range B, where it spentthe month of September in service prac-tices with its new Skysweeper weapons.The new RCA T launching site wasin operation enabling the battalion toconduct practices against maneuveringRCATs as well as the towed targets.All elements of the Battalion had astrenuous period of activity, particularlythe maintenance crews.

29th AAA BN (AW) (SP)Lt. Col. Jules M. DuParc, Comdg.

By SFC Edward C. Tomaselli

For the first time since its activation,the 29th AAA Bn (A \V) (SP) is sta-tioned in one camp, in a consolidatedarea. In the recent redeployment of the1st Cavalry Division the 29th AAA Bnhas been stationed at Camp Haugen, onNorthern Honshu alongside the 7thCavalry (Custer's Garry Owen). Whilequartered in quonset huts the troops aresurrounded by acres of green lawns, arare sight after the bleak dusty area theyoccupied in Hokkaido.

The 29th moved by LST from Hok-kaido to its new station. Just two daysafter arrival, Division conducted a com-mand inspection of troops at Haugen.A few days later the Battalion engagedin a practice alert. The next day afterthat Btry D was off on the Battalion's firstfield problem in this area, an RSOP inthe iVlisawa area.

M/Sgt. Thomas H. l'vlale, Bn Sgt.lVlajor, and SFC Daniel Adrian, Bn Per-sonnel Sgt. were awarded the ArmyCommendation Ribbon at a Battalionretreat parade on the 17th day of Sep-tember 1954.

97th AAA GROUPColonel \Villialll F. Spmgin, COllldg.

The Group will soon be savino "Sa-, 0

yonara" to the 85th AAA Gun Battal-ion. This battalion will be inactivatedon 13 November, 1954.

The Group continues its Air DefenseMission round the clock. Successfulservice practices were conducted at BoloPoint by all units of the Group duringthe second half of 1954. The 85thAAA Gun Bn was on the range in July;the 22nd MA Bn (A W) in August;and the 65th MA Gun Bn in Octoberand November. Each battalion normal-ly completes three service practices eachyear.

Presently on the Group Staff are Lt.Col. David Y. Nanney, Executive Of-ficer; Captain Norman L. Glozer, SI;l\llajor Forrest A. Thoms, S2; MajorEmil M. Ulanowicz, S3; Major Fred-erick A. Lingner, S4.

Battalion Commanders are Lt. Col.William H. Bomscheuer, 22nd AAABn (A W) (SMB); Major Temple C.Smith, 65th AAA Gun Bn; Major Wil-liam F. vVangerien, 85th AAA Gun Bn.Captain John E. Singleton is CO of the507th Opns. Detachment.

1st Lt. Alfred Gore, Jr. is now COof the 37th RCAT Detachment viceCaptain Jerome L. DeVore who is nowAssistant S3 in the 65th.

55th AAA BRIGADECol. John T. Snodgrass, COllldg.

Col. John T. Snodgrass assumed com-mand of the 55th AAA Brigade in Au-gust, 1954; after a tour of duty as Chiefof Operations with the U.N. MilitaryArmistice Commission at Panmunjom.

At the present time the training em-

phasis in units assigned to the 55thBrigade is on the conduct of ArmyTraining Tests. Since the Brigade mustmaintain a constant readiness to per-form its primary mission, and since theranges, manuever areas and tactical posi-tions are widely separated, it is not pos-sible to conduct the required phasessimultaneously. Also in order to main-tain the defenses at a high percentageof operational readiness it was decidedto conduct the Detection phase at thetactical positions. This added to therealism and gave the units an idea ofthe actual effectiveness of the fire con-trol equipment as presently sited.

The Firing phase was conducted byall units as a part of the second annualservice practice. Then came the tacticalphase which consisted of a ninety-sixhour field exercise under the directionof a manuever director appointed bythis headquarters from units within theBrigade. The director was responsiblefor preparing the tactical exercise forthe units.

Each Battalion during the tacticalphase was required to establish the AAADefense of simulated vulnerable areas.

Emphasis is placed on insuring thatevery battery obtains a 100% accuratePPC, daily, on a Hying aircraft. Unex-pected spot checks to verify this areconstantly being made by officers fromthe battalion, group and brigade levels.Further, each battery always fires set-tling rounds immediately upon return-ing to position from the range or fieldproblems and every battery fires a TSPweekly and a monthly calibration fromits battle site. These requirements havereally paid off in confidence. As a con-sequence, when a battery goes to therange, preparation for service practicefiring is almost routine, the practice onlyan incident and the results are trulyremarkable.

Col. Robert vV. Harnett, Lt. Col. An-drew M. Lundberg, Major Ernest K.Gillespie, and Major Edgar A. Kneesehave departed for assignment with the40th AAA Brigade in Japan. Lt. Col.Francis J. Pallister recently in commandof the 398th AAA Bn has been assignedto G2 Section Hq. Eighth United StatesArmy.

During September the following of-ficers arrived and were assigned to theunits shown. Lt. Col. Claude D. Georgeto the 68th AAA Bn; Lt. Col. Alfred T.

43


1I

,

shelter at p.'lasan, Korea, and Kobe,Japan, to avoid two different typhoons,June and Lorna. \Vhat was plannedas a five day trip actually took fourteendays; the LST arrived at Yokohama on21 September.

The main body of the battalion leftInchon II September aboard the troop-ship General Walker. On 13 Septem-ber an unexpected change in the pre-dicted course of Typhoon June causedthe Walker to be caught in the fullforce of the typhoon for twenty hoursoff the southern tip of Japan. \Vavesover sixty feet high were encountered;wind velocity approached 100 mph. Atone time the roll of the ship was asmuch as 43 degrees. Almost all thetroops aboard were sick during the ty-phoon, the worst the ship's captain hadseen in nearly forty years of sailing.

The battalion debarked at Kobe on 15September and left the next day forTokyo by troop sleeper, arriving atCamp Drake on 17 September. Theprimary mission of the battalion is train-ing while at Camp Drake. On 9 Octo-ber the battalion underwent a commandinspection by 40th AAA Brigade, Brig-adier General Cardwell, Commanding.

Major Edward F. de Leon is noWexecutive officer, and Major Donald R.Queen is S3. Captain Duncan S. Bough-ner is Electronics OffiCf~r,C\VO ElmerH. Losch SI, 1st Lieutenant Ashley C.Speir, Jr. S2, Captain William W. Ford,S4, 1st Lieutenant Gene C. Dishman,Motor Officer, and 2nd LieutenantTheodore Miles, Communications Of-

76th AAA BN (LTl (75MM)(MBU

Lt. Col. Ned E. Ackner, Comdg.The Battalion was reorganized to man

the Skysweeper in September and movedfrom Korea to Japan. All equipmentnot needed under our new T jO&Ewas turned in; the remainder was loadedand secured on trucks which the bat-talion would r.etain. On 3 September1954 the advanced party of five officersand twenty-five EP.lleft by air for CampDrake. On 8 September four officersand 180 EM left by motor convoy withthe battalion equipment for Inchon,where they boarded an LST for Yoko-hama. The LST was forced to seek

Washington National Guard unitssupplementing the Group defense al-ready man positions on a "reducedbasis," but ready for action in a shorttime.

Lt. Col. Charles F. Ottinger is theGroup Executive. Other key staff mem-bers include Major Robt. I. Knight, S2;Major Thomas A. Payne, S3; CaptainFrancis I. Johnston, S4; Captain A. G.Brewingtun, Radar 0; Major JohnSweryda, CO 512th Opn. Det.

talion, commanded by Lt. Col. RobertE. Butts, and the 513th AAA Battalion,commanded by Major Guysbeit B.Vroom, Jr., finding the gun site posi-tions a credit to the troops.

The party also visited Nike guidedmissile stations in temporary positionsready for operation and also permanentstations under construction.

L to R: Major T. A. Payne, Col. Norman Skin rood, Col. Arthur Roth, Brig. Gen.Romulis Puryear, 25th Air Division, Maj. Gen. Hobart Hewett, and Maj. Gen .•

\X'alter E. Todd inspect guided missile station. III

I~

III

26th AAA GROUP (Col. N. A. Skinrood, Comdg.

By Capt. Oliver A. Michels, Adjt.

Major General \Valter E. Todd, West-ern ADF Commander, and j'dajor Gen-eral Hobart Hewett, \Vestern AAACommander, have just completed aninspection of the Group in the air de-fenses of Seattle.

They inspected the 20th AM Bat-

44

Floyd to the 933rd AM Bn; Lt. Col.Henry N. Clanton to the 398th AAABn; p.lajor Claude C. Clark to the PIOand TI&E Office for the Brigade; p.lajorJohn P.l. Hinman to the 50th AAA Bn;Major John H. Matthews to the 398thAAA Bn; p.lajor Robert T. Coneybeerto the 739th AAA Bn; and Lt. Col.George B. p.lcCauley and p.lajor RobertJ. Bareckman to the 24th AAA Bn.

Lt. Col. Gerhard E. Brown, BrigadeExecutive, has returned to the States.

Brigadier General Eugene F. Card-well, AA Officer for AFFE, visited theBrigade in September. On the 21st,General Cardwell, together with Colo-nel Snodgrass and the Inspection partyvisited the 7th AAA Group, the 865thAAA Bn, the 68th AAA Gun Bn, andthe 515th AAA and the 525th AAA Bn,ROKA. The 933rd AAA Bn and theInchon Range were visited on the 22nd.A tour of Seoul followed.

On the 23rd, the General and hisparty visited the units of the 10th AAAGroup, including the 78th AAA GunBn, the 739th AAA Gun Bn, the 398thAM Bn, and the 50th AM Bn.

A dismounted Group Review Cere-mony, marking the completion of theirunit training,. was held in honor of the515th and the 525th ROKA AAA Battal-ions (SP), 14 October, 54 at Seoul CityStadium. In addition to the two ROKAunits, the 68th AAA Gun Bn (90mm),the 865th AAA Battalion (A W) (SP),and the Eighth United States ArmyBand also participated in the paradeunder the command of Lt. Col. Ray-mond C. Ball, 7th AM Group Co~-mander. The 865th was the sponsoringbattalion for the activatio~ and trainingof the two new ROKA Battalions.

The reviewing party included Brig.Gen. Dwight E. Beach, 8th Army Artil-lery officer; Maj. Gen. Lim Poo Taek,ROKA; Col. Snodgrass, Brigade Com-mander, and other distinguished officers.

ficer. Battery Commanders are: CaptainJames B. Gregory, Headquarters; Cap-tain Basilio S. Salinas, Able; 1st Lieu-tenant Francis D. Crain, Baker; and1st Lieutenant Donald H. Smith, Jr.,Charlie.

15th AAA AW BN (SP)Lt. Col. Jack C. Evans, Jr., Comdg.

By Capt. Michael G. Collins

Recently the 15th AAA AW Bn(SP), organic to the 7th Infantry Divi-sion in Korea, has undergone an inten-sive training program in preparation forATT44-3.

To prepare for the AAA Firing Phaseof the test with so many new men, Lt.Co!. Evans devised a plan to use asecond lVII8 sight, mounted adjacentto the primary sight on the M16 sightbar, as a means of checking each gun-ner's ability to use "image spin" intracking aerial targets.

To mount this sight an additionalbracket is placed on the sight bar !-2"to the left of the primary sight bracketwith the machined clamp up. Theauxiliary sight is then rotated upwardand to the rear before being insertedinto the bracket. Normal procedures arethen employed to orient the primarysight and to boresight the guns. Fol-lowing orientation, the hub of the pri-mary sight is placed upon the orientingpoint and the auxiliary sight is thenoriented on the same point by use of theorienting cam screws and locking boltsuntil the auxiliary sight is oriented withboth the primary sight and the guns.

The gunner is then instructed to track

Captain Collins shows the use of anauxiliary sight in the 15th A\X' Bn.


the aerial target employing "image spin"to gain proper line, correct lead. Theinstructor is enabled to check each gun-ner and verify that he is employing theproper techniques by means of the auxil-iary sight.

This system provided a rapid and ef-fective means of training the gunners,and the improvement was reflected inthe AAA Firing conducted at Inchonin September.

80th AAA BN, 40MM, ABNLt. Co/. Gerald W. Davis, Comdg.

The 80th AAA Battalion 40mm Air-borne (organic to the 82nd AirborneDivision at Fort Bragg, North Carolina)has completed its reorganization undera new tentative TO&E. A fourth firingbattery was constituted. Each batteryhas three platoons and the battalionmans a total of 24 M42s and 48 M55s.We move by motor to Camp Stewart,Georgia to tak~ the Army TrainingTest in January.

In October, 288 men of the Battalionmade a test jump from C-124 Globe-masters. A ten plane night jump isscheduled for late November.

Small arms qualification was com-pleted in October with 88% qualifyingon the M I rifle.

In November, a hand picked platoonwill represent the Battalion in a dem-onstration jump, including heavy drop,at Fort Bliss, Texas.

Key officers include: Maj. Bob G.Olsen, Executive; l\hj. Joseph Gates,S3; 1st Lt. Charles C. Sperow, SI; Capt.Lewis C. Huckaby, S2; Capt. EarlSmith, . S4; Capt. Henry C. Norcom,LNO; Capt. Marion P. Chaplesky, Asst.S3; 1st Lt. Harry E. Montroy, Hq Btry;Capt. Jesse J. Branch, Btry A; 1st Lt.Blethen Cobb, Btry B; 1st Lt. CharlesDrake, Btry C; Capt. Charles R. Bu-shong, Btry D.

549th AAA BATTALIONLt. Co/. Earle Mountain, Comdg.

The 549th AAA Battalion, a memberof the Northeast Air Command and theworld's northernmost AAA unit, hasjust completed a rigorous training pro-gram in the short summer season atThule, Greenland. During the periodof 24 hours daylight all members of thecommand took part in two service prac-tices, an Army training test and an IGinspection. A lot of the men also helped

to unload the cargo ships which arrivedat Thule during the abbreviated summershipping season.

Another activity after the Arctic win-ter was the rebuilding of all revetments.This gave the unit fortifications thatare among the finest to be found inAAA units.

The 428th and 429th AM Batteries,assigned units, participated in all of thebattalion's activities and had the oppor-tunity to fire at aerial targets and topractice their field artillery capabilities.

Some of the officers now serving withthe 549th are Major Edward L. Smith,executive officer; WOJG Joseph E. Pel-land, SI; Captain Lorenzo F. Luckie,S2; Major Henry R. Cooper, S3; MajorThomas A. Worrell, S4; 1st Lt. Lee C.Snidow, Hq Btry; Captain Henry C.Watts, A Btry; Captain Francis J. Gram-lich, B Btry; Captain Mehl M. Logan,C Btry; Captain William R. Wright,o Btry; Captain Michael B. Kaminski,428th AAA Btry; Captain John Popo-vics, 429th AAA Btry; Lt. Col. James E.Gentle, 177th Operation Det.

THE 4th AAA GROUP INALASKA

Co/. E. B. Hempstead, C011ldg."It is not the guns or arrnament

or the money they can pay.It's the close cooperation,

That makes them win the day,It is not the individual

Or the army as a whole,But the everlasting teamwork

Of every blooming soul."J. MASON KNOX, New Yark Times

The 4th AAA Group has now com-pleted three long and hard but success-ful years in strategic location on the"Top of the world" since its activationSeptember I, 1951, at Ladd Air ForceBase, Fairbanks, Alaska.

The primary mission is to provideAAA protection for the Ladd and EielsonAir Force Base area. The II th Air Di-vision, based here, is responsible for theprotection of the Continental UnitedStates from land, sea or air attack bythe Arctic route.

During the past three years throughexcellent leadership, cooperation, andintensive training, the 4th AAA Group,now commanded by Co!. E. B. Hemp-stead, has made genuine progress.

Col. Hempstead has recently arrivedfrom McChord Air Force Base, Wash-

45

ington, where he commanded the 31stAAA Brigade.

Lt. Col. McLauchlin is the Executive.Other staff officers include Majors JohnE. Clark S1, Nicholas J. Bruno S2,David J. Moore S3 and Luther E. FordS4.

The first battalion to arrive in thenorthland was the 502d AAA Battalion(l2Omm) now commanded by Lt. Col.Daniel F. Gorman. It was reactivatedat Fort Bliss, Texas on November 18,1948, where it underwent specializedtraining and finally arrived at EielsonAFB, 17 April 1950.

The next battalion to arrive was the450th AAA Bn, which was recently re-organized as 75mm Skysweeper unit.Battery A arrived at Whittier in Septem-ber, 1950, but the other units did notarrive at Eielson AFB till the summerof 1951. Lt. Col. Geo. W. Shivers isthe present commander. Under his abledirection all batteries have been busy inmastering the art of operating and main-taining the Skysweeper. The batteries2re already engaged in their first targetpractices.

The 93d AM Battalion, reactivatedin California in May, 1952, was com-posed of elements of the 746th AAABn, California National Guard, whichwas returned to state control. It arrivedat Ladd AFB 1 August 1952. Lt. Col.Bob B. A. Haenel is the present com-mander; Major Hugh M. Wendle, Ex-ecutive; Major Theodore W. Peterson,S3.

Communication TroublesDuring their first winter in Alaska the

Communications section of Headquar-ters Battery, 4th AM Group, learnedthat open-bed trucks introduced a prob-lem in transporting personnel for themaintenance of approximately 250 milesof wire in and around Ladd Air ForceBase. Some of the Arctic temperatureproblems are:

a. Keeping personnel warm enoughto work.

b. Difficulty in making a splice withheavy Arctic mittens. "

c. The plastic coating on wire (WD-1TT) becoming brittle and difficult tomanage.

The Communications section is sup-plied with personnel carriers which arethe standard 2}2 ton truck modified with2n issued kit which is a heavy insulated

46

cover and accessories over the body anda gasoline type personnel heater fas-tened to the bed of the truck. Thispersonnel carrier is used to transportwire crews and equipment when servic-ing the lines. When arriving at thetrouble site the wire is brought into thepersonnel carrier so that the necessarysplicing can be performed under moreideal conditions. It has been necessaryto leave sufficient slack when laying thiswire so that it may be removed fromits hangars.

Arctic AccomplishmentsThe following report of one battalion

is typical of all.It was under rugged circumstances

four years ago that the 502d AAA Bat-talion undertook the task of conqueringthe elements, the mosquitos in the sum-mer and the frozen waste in the winter,to build the foundations of an AMdefense for Eielson Field.

Out in the areas where batteries wereto be emplaced and the quarters forthe men were to be set up, tons of dirt,rock, and shale had to be filled in todepths of 4 feet and greater. Hundredsof yard~ of shale and rock were blastedout of nearby hills and mountains andhauled to the positions by trucks overroads that had to be built before any-thing heavier than a dog team couldhave access to them. Slowly but surely,out in a vast expanse of permofrost,muskeg and tricky tundra, foundationswere built, positions began to take shape,buildings were placed, lines of com-munication were set up. It was a slowprocess, to be sure. Months of toil wentinto the construction of the sites, withthe battalion undertaking the major partof the building.

But man never defeats nature with-out a struggle. And ever since that firstload of earth was dumped, inauguratingthe establishment of the 502d as a localinstitution, nature in the form of freez-ing water supplies, iced communicationwires, and shifting foundations has beenout to claim its own. Construction,then, is to the 502d a continual processof repair and improvement, which isjust as important to the combat effec-tiveness of the organization as the properfunctioning of one of its 120mm guns.

Much time is spent in perfecting therevetments surrounding the guns. Dur-ing the past summer, for instance, every

120mm gun revetment was taken down,leveled with the ground, and an entirelynew, more functional emplacement built.Made of earth-filled fifty-five gallon met-al drums with tons of earth re-enforce-ment forming an embankment, the re-vetments are further strengthened byhundreds of sandbags that do honor tothe men that made them. So many sand-bags have been made by the personnelof the battalion that the men have per-fected the task to such an extent thatone wonders, when viewing their work,if the revetment is not made out of COn-crete blocks instead of sandbags.

The construction of the new gunrevetments was begun while Lt. Col.Paul Maline was commanding officerof the 502d, and completed under thecommand of Lt. Col. Daniel F. Gorman,who assumed command of the battalionin June, 1954.

Besides rebuilding the gun pits, itwas also necessary to reconstruct thewarm-up rooms, which are a necessarypart of any gun emplacement in theArctic. New concrete brick warm-upshelters were built into each gun revet-ment. Already, as the early winter setsin, they have proved themselves farsuperior to the old type of wood andearth.

Another improvement which the bat-talion has accomplished this past sum-mer is the construction of new powerplants at each of the batteries. Woodconstructed, strengthened by gravel-filledsalvage 55 gallon oil drums and back-filled with earth, the revetments, whichhouse the generators for the tacticalequipment of the battery, provide per-manent blast protection as well as ade-quate frost barriers. In the new generatorrevetments a central fueling system hasbeen set up for the generators, usingobsolete three hundred gallon wingtanks as the central source.

Taking advantage of the 24 hour dayswhich are common during the summerin "The Land of the Midnight Sun,"the 502d was able to carry on an exten-sive improvement program which in-cluded not only the work in the gunparks of the battalion, but also the hous-ing areas, the mess halls, and day rooms.The quobsets, which are used exclusive-ly at the sites, were painted white,trimmed in green; day !ooms were re-decorated, and oil paintings done byamateur artists in the battalion were


l04th AAA BRIGADE,MASS NG

Brig. Gen. Vincent P. Coyne, Comdg.By Major Philip R. McTiernan, PIa

The 104th AAA Brigade is forgingsteadily ahead in the establishment ofthe AAA "On-Site" program in theMetropolitan Boston area. Scheduledfor occupation in early 1955 are threeof the sites now occupied by units ofthe Regular Army 15th AAA Group.It is contemplated that these first threesites will be taken over by the 704th

compassed all of the Canal Zone. AllArmy, Navy, Air Force, Marines, de-pendents of same, and civilian workersparticipated. The exercise lasted ap-proximately five hours with the 65thAM Group carrying on their AA mis-sion as well as operating as a Post Staffand a Disaster Zone Staff. The Zonestaff operating during the disaster hadthe following artillerymen: Zone com-mander, Col. H. S. Tubbs; Executive,Lt. Col. G. M. McKelvy; Asst. Execu-tive, Major A. Shelley; Adjutant, Maj.V. A. Gray; Maj. R. F. Taylor, S2; Maj.V. DeStephanis, S3; Disaster ControlOfficer, Capt. Wm. F. Millard; andMaj. Geo. B. Powell, S4.

its way, improvement of position willbe hampered to the extent that hardlyany outdoor work will be carried on,but winter will see an energetic expan-sion of the battalion's training program.

Working long hours throughout thelong days of the summer, the men andofficersof the 502d AAA Battalion havemet squarely and overcome the chal-lenge of the Arctic.

65th AAA GROUPCol. H. S. Tubbs, Comdg.

By Maj. R. F. Taylor, PIaWith the notification of the arrival

of "Skysweepers" for the AA defense ofthe Panama Canal, the Group S3 sec-tion consisting of Major Victor De- 68th AAA GROUPStephanis, and Captain Bruce W. Mos- C 1 G F p' Comdo . eo... terce, g.ley, plus Major Frank Riordon, S3 903d,and Major David Dickenson, S3 764th, Major Dayle R. Lantz, Group Commstarted the reconnaissance for positions 0, and Captain Walter Reynolds recent-in the surrounding jungle. The posi- ly arrived from the States. Major Ralphtions now occupied by the present weap- V. Naples, Sl, also recently arrived.ons of the battalions were not suit- The 96th AAA Battalion (I2Ornmable for the tactical deployment of the Gun) is presently undergoing its rec-"Sweepers." Covering many miles, up ord service practices and annual Armtand down hills and into World War II Training Tests, firing both on RCATspositions, the recon party encountered and towed sleeves. Hq Battery present-the jungle in full rainy season growth. ly holds the Fort Richardson Best MessSome hard top roads could only be 10- Award. Chaplain C. W. Gjedde hascated after extensive "bolo" work. Final- returned to .the States. Captain Donaldly the positions have been selected and C. Fox, Asst. S3, and Lieutenants R.the job of clearing and the construction D. Huxley, D. D. Bond, R. L. Gross-of buildings and roads has been turned man, have recently joined.over to the engineers. The 867th AAA Battalion has recent-

A "Skysweeper" school is being run ly established a school to train Skysweep-for both the 903d AAA Bn., commander fire control specialists. The firsted by Lt. Col. V. Blekaitis and the 764th graduates are already getting a goodAAA B d d b Lt C I R test during the battalion service prac-n., comman e y . 0 ..

S It I t t t th h I tices and training tests. Major W. A.pe z. ns ruc ors a e sc 00 are: .Lt. William T. Cathell and Lt. Joseph Sineath, recently promoted, has beenW. k Th fi t I . tI' f transferred to the G3 Section, 71st In-lsnac . e rs c ass, conSlS ng 0

29 t d t d t d 4 N fantry Division. 2nd Lieutenants A. J.s u en s, was gra ua e ovem-.ber, 1954. Dlesu, H. M. Jones, F. F. Butkiewics,

Th d f th h I fi d dand G. E. Jones have recently joined.

e stu ents 0 e sc 00 re a em-onstration attended by the Command-ing General of USARCARIB, Maj.Gen. L. C. McGarr, and members of hisstaff, other officers of the AM Group,and officers from Brazil and Bolivia at-tending the Latin American School,Fort Gulick, C. Z. The shoot was ahuge success and all personnel viewingthe demonstration or participating wereenthused over the accuracy of the weap-ons.

On 26 October, 1954, the DisasterCouncil in the Canal Zone staged "Jack-pot III:' a disaster exercise which en-

framed and hung to present a morehomelike atmosphere.

In the areas of Btry A and Btry C,central fuel systems were installed inthe housing areas, by using obsoletethree hundred gallon wing tanks pipedin series. Before this improvement wasmade, each quonset's oil supply camefrom two fifty-five gallon oil barrels,which during winter had to be refilledevery other day.

Realizing that a program of improve-ment of position must always be sup-plemented by individual improvementof military skills, detailed attention wasgiven to the fitness and skill of eachman through extensive training activi-ties. Special courses in such subjects asArctic indoctrination, preliminary riReinstruction, space heater instruction, sur-face gunnery, and CBR, were conductedby battalion committees composed ofqualified instructors. In the case of theCBR classes, a portable gas chamberwas used, thus allowing the committeeto give instruction at each of the batterygun sites.

Classes in Arctic indoctrination gaveattention to the protection of the in-dividual soldier, briefing the men onhow to wear the latest and best in Arcticclothing. Learning the symptoms andtreatment of frostbite is another partof ne,cessaryArctic indoctrination, in anarea where the temperature falls lowerthan at the North Pole itself.

Special a'ttention is also given to theimportant subject of fire prevention.Major Lee R. Sumpter, Jr., BattalionExecutive, is also the Fire Marshal.

Small arms qualification and familiar-ization firing are conducted twice dur-ing the warm months with much in-terest.

But the major achievement of anytraining program in the Arctic is theservice practices which are held tri-annually. Moving to nearby Dike AAAGunnery Range operated by the 4thAAA Group, the batteries of the 502dcompleted three service practices, wherethe 120mm Guns, as well as each bat-tery's M55 machine guns fired for prac-tice and record at towed targets. On sitefiring was conducted at each of the bat-teries when the units had returned totheir permanent positions upon comple-tion of the service practices.

With the summer months in the Arc-tic at an end and winter well on


At the close of summer camp Col. H. M. Spengler presents to Col. John S. Mayer,the officers and men of the 30Sth AAA Group USAR, a certificate of honorary

membership in the 80th AAA Group, Fort \X'adsworth, N. Y.

AAA Bn (Gun 90mm), Mass NG. Assites are to be occupied in the future,the 772nd AAA Bn (Gun 90mm), 1\llassNG, stands ready.

In preparation for this important mis-sion, all units of the 104th AAA Brigadehave been putting in long hours oftraining. Firing batteries have not onlytrained at their home armories, but havespent many week ends training withRegular Army AAA batteries in theBoston area, in this way becoming fullyfamiliar with the sites and equipmentwhich they will soon occupy on a perma-nent basis. In addition, the 211th AAAGroup, Mass NG, has set up at CampCurtis Guild, Wakefield, Mass., theState small-arms firing range, a com-plete two-gun firing battery. The firingunits of the 211 th AAA Group havespent many week ends training on thisequipment. The 102nd Fighter-Inter-ceptor vYing, Mass ANG, has beenmost cooperative in providing trackingmissions on these week ends so thatfull utilization of the fire control equip-ment may be obtained.

Since the "On-Site" mission calls forsixteen trained personnel to man theAAA site on a 24-hour basis, the train-ing of technicians has also gone rapidlyforward. Eleven officers have completedthe AAFCS course at Fort Bliss andthere are three officers not at Fort Blissattending the AAFCS course. One of-ficer, who has completed the AAFCScourse, is now attending an advancedelectronics course at Fort Monmouth.Two other officers, who have completed

48

the AAFCS course, are back at FortBliss taking advanced electronics courses.By the time that the first sites are readyfor occupation, the Brigade will haveforty highly trained radar techniciansready to step into position and functioneffectively.

Meanwhile, the Brigade and GroupHeadquarters have been bending theirefforts toward qualifying for their re-spective "M-Day" assignments. A mostimportant phase of this training wasaccomplished during the past two fieldtraining periods. l-Iq/Hq Btry 104thAAA Brigade, in 1953, trained hand-in-glove with the 52nd AAA Brigadeat Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, NewYork. In 1954, the Brigade trained withthe 56th AAA Brigade at Fort Totten,Long Island, New York. During bothfield training periods, the S3's of theNational Guard and Regular ArmyBrigades produced a coordinated train-ing program designed to fully acquaintall National Guard personnel, both of-ficer and enlisted, with the duties thevwill be expected to perform when a~-tivated. The bulk of the training dur-ing these past two periods was accom-plished by "buddying-up" the NationalGuard personnel with their oppositenumber in the Regular Army.

In a similar vein, l-Iq/Hq Btry 21lthAAA Group in 1953, and l-Iq/HqBtry 220th AAA Group in 1954, accom-plished the same "buddy-up" procedurewith the 15th AAA Group at FortBanks, \Vinthrop, i\lassachusetts.

24th AAA GROUP, VA. NG,Col. Edwin Vi. Thompson, Comdg.

Group Headquarters and Hq Batter\,have now attained full enlisted strengthwith a total of 15 officers and 63 E1\1.Two men are on a waiting list. The 1

success of the recruiting campaign iscredited to 1st Sgt. Oswald Gasser and2nd Lieut. Emmett L. Allen.

SUBSCRIPTION NOTICE

This is the last issue of the ANTIAIR-CRAFTJOURNAL. The January issue ofthe Army Combat Forces Journal willbe mailed in December to all of oursubscribers and thereafter monthly forthe full period of the unexpired subscrip-tion.

Our Association members also becomemembers of the Association of the U. S.Army.

Our readers may now enter, renew,or extend their subscription at our $3.00 I

per 'year rate. This privilege is extendedin the States until January la, 1955; forAPO addresses, until February 1, 1955.Please send your check or Money Orderwith the subscription to the A"ITIAIR-CRAFTJOURNAL,1529 18th Street, NW,Washington 6, D. C.

Mail address changes and other com-munications to the Army Combat ForcesJ01tr1Ull, 1529 18th Street, N\V, Wash-ington 6, D. C.

The RHINO amphibious vehicle shownhere climbing upgrade in loose sand,traverses mud flats, marshes, rough ter-rain and also cruises in water, accordingto C. Alfred Campbell, Vice-Presidentof .Marmon-Herrington, builders of theRHINO. It has a huge pair of hemi-spheroidal hollow spun aluminumwheels in front, plus a smaller pair inthe rear. For highway operation, only anarrow rubber tread touches the road.This five-ton prototype is powered by a

lIO-horsepower Ford engine.


From the left: Generals Dahlquist, Mickelsen, Rutledge, Meyer and Hendrix.

:-=====: ===========1o====="t g=====li ss =====?2ew=====s =========1";11

Dedication Ceremonies for Hin-man Hall

Dedication ceremonies were held onNovember 23rd to name the new 1\A& GM Branch School building in honorof the late Brigadier General DaleDurkee Hinman.

General Hinman was an early advo-cate and leader of antiaircraft artillery

~ and during \Vorld War II the wellknown AAA commander in the Los

I Angeles defenses and later at this station.~ General John E. Dahlquist, command-

er of the Army Continental Command,delivered the dedication address. Lieut.General S. R. Mickelsen, Army Anti-aircraft Commander, and Major Gen.Ralph Meyer, Retired, another former

~ Bliss commander, were among the dis-

(tinguished guests.

Major General Paul W. Rutledge,Commanding General of the Antiair-

I craft Artillery and Guided Missile Cen-~ ter, entertained the distinguished guests~ at dinner at the Officers Club on the( evening of November the 23rd.

A full day of activities were sched-uled to mark the dedication.

\ Brigadier General Raleigh R. Hen-i drix, Assistant Gommandant of the

'School was chairman of the committeesin charge of the arrangements. Otherchairmen included: invitations, Col.Wm. H. Bach; ceremony, Lt. Col. Robt.]. Tolly; entertainment, Lt. Co!. Clif-


ford L. Miller, II; decorations, Lt. Col.Chas. E. Henry; airborne, Lt. Co!. E. F.Boomer; firings, Lt. Col. Nelson J.Burge.

Air Demonstration by 80th AAAAbn Bn.

A special Airborne drop was con-ducted at the Dona Ana Dry Lake bed.The drop was staged by the 80th AAAAirborne Bn., a unit of the 82nd Abn.Division, stationed at Fort Bragg, N. C.

A total of 55 enlisted men and fiveofficers participated in the drop. Dif-ferent colored parachutes were used forthe heavy equipment drop, which in-cluded 40mm AA Guns, 50 caliber ma-chine gun mounts, jeeps, % ton trucksand other weapons.

In the afternoon antiaircraft firingswith the 40, 90, and 120 millimeter AAguns as well as with the caliber .50 AAAmachine guns were scheduled on theHueco Firing ranges. Guided Missiledisplays were also included.

A dinner sponsored by the El PasoChamber of Commerce climaxed theday's program.

Recent distinguished visitors at FortBliss have included the HonorableCharles E. Wilson, Secretary of De-fense; the Honorable Robert T. Stevens,Secretary of the Army; Major GeneralGeorge E. Back, Chief Signal Officer;Lt. General Augustin 1\lunoz Grandes,

i\ linister of the Army of Spain; and As-sistant Secretary of the Army, the Honor-able Hugh 1'1. 1\Iilton.

Fort Bliss Replica Declared AMuseum

The Replica of Old Fort Bliss hasbeen officially declared an Army muse-um. The Replica, one of the landmarksat the AA and GM Center, has housedan Army equipment display for severalvears .• The little thick-walled adobe fort, afaithful reproduction of the Fort Blissof a century ago, was presented to theArmy by citizens of the City and Coun-ty of El Paso, during the post's lOOthAnniversary Celebration in 1948. Ithas been modernized sufficiently to al-'low for housing of an exhibit of anti-aircraft weapons, guided missiles, andrelated equipment.

A mecca for tourists, school children,and soldiers' relatives visiting the post,as well as for the troops themselves, itattracts thousands of sightseers eachyear.

The chapel wing of the Replica isbeing turned into a bona fide chapel,with specially-designed pews and altarand a 6-foot wrought-iron screen divid-ing the worship area from the entrancearea in the chapel. Standards of a dozenof the most famous military units thathave served at Fort Bliss will be dis-played in this entrance area.

The south wing of the Replica, whichis built on three sides of a square, willhouse exhibits pertaining to the first100 years of Fort Bliss history. The eastwing will contain displays showing theevolution of antiaircraft weapons fromtheir early forms in World War I andWorld War II periods to the conven-tional AA weapons of today. Northwing of the Replica is to shelter exhibitsof guided missiles and other displays ofthe atomic age.

Adding to the picturesque appearanceof the Replica, grounds around the littlefort have been landscaped with nativeSouthwestern desert plants, includingthe century plant, yucca, and ocotilloand other types of cactus.

AA and GM CenterBrig. Gen. Earl W. Heathcote, Deputy

Commanding General of the AA andGl\l Center who had also been servingas Center Chief of Staff, was relieved of

49

the latter duties by Col. Roy A. Alford.Col. Alford was G4 before being madeChief of Staff.

Colonel Earl M. Corothers, formerlyChief of Staff, U.S. troops in Trieste,has arrived to take over his duties as G4.

Asst. G4 is Lt. CoL Earl N. Forsyth,just returned from the Far East.

Colonel Arthur B. Powers is the newCenter Gl. He succeeds Lt. Col. F. L.Martz, reassigned to overseas duty.

Colonel Roy K. Kauffman, G3 since1952, has been reassigned to commandthe 2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group atFort Niagara, New York. Succeedinghim as Fort Bliss G3 is Lt. Col. ThomasH. Barfield.

Lt. Colonel Charles J. Brandt, PIOsince"1952, has been appointed deputychief of staff. He is succeeded by MajorPatrick L. Klein, who has been servingwith Hqrs RTC.

Major Henry M. Buchan, Fort BlissI & E Officer, has transferred to theAAA RTC. Taking his place as I & EOfficer is Capt. Leo F. Shikoski.

AA and GM Branch, TASColonel Arthur Kramer, Director of

the Electronics Department, has beenassigned to command the 45th AAABrigade, Fort Sheridan, Ill.

Colonels Julian S. Albergotti andRalph H. Pryor have been assigned toduty with the School and are expectedsoon.

Colonel Joy T. Wrean, Director ofthe Department of Gunnery and Ma-teriel, has been reassigned to duty inIzmir, Turkey.

Other losses included: Lt. Col. Char-lie E. Meadows, Department AssistantDirector, to CO, School's Officer Stu-dent Detachment; Lt. CoL David B.McFadden, to Army Field Forces BoardNo.4; and Major Antonio J. Bolduc,to the Far East.

New arrivals in the Department wereLt. Col. John T. H. Spengler, ActingDirector, and Major Charles W. Hope.

In the Department of Electronics,Major James H. Lloyd, new arrival,was assigned to Basic Electronics Sec-tion. Three officers were recently pro-moted: Major Earl W. Jones, MajorHugh Q. McGinty, and Major JackW. Warner.

Lt. Col. Arland E. Bigelow joinedand was assigned as Chief, Publicationsand Training Aids; Lt. CoL Kyle F.

50

Davis, from Headquarters AFFE, as-signed to the School as Sl; Major Wil-liam V. Smith from Taegu, Korea, isnow Field Printing Plant Officer for theSchool; and Major Arthur F. Tait, from2nd Division, Korea, is now CO, theEnlisted Student Detachment in theSchool.

Newly-assigned officers for the Co-ordinator of Instruction in the Schoolinclude: Lt. CoL James C. Parker, Maj.William Y. Pennington, and Maj. HollyW. Dinkins.

Lt. Col. Arland E. Bigelow has joinedthe Coordinator of Administration De-partment. Maj. S. G. Richard trans-ferred from Training Aids to WilliamBeaumont Army Hospital.

In the Guided Missiles Departmentof the School, a new arrival was Maj.Leo M. Blanchett, Jr.

In the Tactics and Combined ArmsDepartment, Maj. Walter 0. Wade wastransferred to Camp Kilmer, N. J.

1st GM BrigadeMajor James L. Brashear and Major

Claude F. Curtis joined the BrigadeHeadquarters.

Major James H. Batchelder trans-ferred from 495th FA Battalion to Head-quarters of 1st GM Group.

Major Patrick G. Wardell joined the495th AAA Battalion as Executive.

Major William A. Youngberg, is theexecutive officerof 3rd Battalion, MajorKenneth V. Deans, Group Assistant S3,and Lt. Col. Edwin H. Druley, Groupexecutive officerin the 2nd GM Group.

Lt. Col. William W. Hill, Jr., is CO,246th Field Artillery Missile Battalion.

Major Edward L. Kisten and MajorRobert W. Snyder have joined the 5thOrdnance Battalion.

Col. Thomas J. Badger, CO, 46th FAGrcmp, Major Carl D. Patterson, Jr.,Major Witt Barker, and Lt. Col. W. B.Foster, have been assigned to 46th FAGroup but not yet on duty.

Major Milo Igersheimer has beentransferred to Headquarters Army AACommand, Ent AFB, Colorado. MajorRichard L. Patirck has been relievedfrom active duty.

AAA RTeThe following officers have been or-

dered to school on temporary duty: Lt.Col. Valentine T. Terribile, to The Ar-tillery School; Lt. Col. Joseph H. Doyle,

to the C & GSC; Major Herbert C.Byrd, to The Infantry School.

Former AAA RTC commander, Colo-nel Arthur B. Powers, has been namedG1 for the AA and GM Center.

Colonel Joseph H. Twyman now com-mands the 2nd Group.

New executive officer for the RTC isLt. Col. Samuel Durschnitt, who for-merly commanded the 2nd Group.

Lt. Col. JOM B. Beatson is now ex-ecutive for the 1st Group, succeedingMajor Martin W. Dettmer who hasbeen re-assigned to the AA and GMBranch of The Artillery SchooL l.t.Col. Carl W. Fuller is now CO, 9thBattalion.

Major George C. Meyer, Jr., is nowCO, 15th Battalion; Major Pete D.Pavick, is now CO, 14th Battalion; andMajor Edward J. Bohannon is now CO,12th Battalion. Major Lloyd H. Adamshas left for the Far East.

6th AAA GroupGains included: Major Robert H.

Gray, assigned to the 33d AAA Battalionas executive and adjutant; Major PaulCapron, Jr., assigned to the 168th AMBattalion as adjutant; Major EdwardD. Hrdlicka, assigned to Hq. 6th Groupas S3; and Major Francis P. Rudnicki,assigned to Hq. 6th Group as S2 andexecutive.

Major Edwin 0. Nichols was trans-ferred from the 195th AAA Bn to theAAA RTC.

The 195th AAA Battalion (SP) com-pleted its Army Training tests early inNovember and has since moved to FortHood, Texas, to join the 4th ArmoredDivision. The battalion was reactivatedhere last June.

Lt. Col. Alva J. Moore is the 195th'scommanding officer. Battery command-ers include Capt. Donald W. Turner,A Battery; Capt. Thomas M. Beckham,B Battery; Capt. James W. Muhlbaier,C Battery; and Capt. Byron A. Falk, Jr.,Headquarters Battery.

AFF Board No. 4Lt. Col. Raymond S. Isenson, head

of the Light AAA Group, has receivedorders to the 8th Infantry Division, FortCarson, Colorado.

Lt. Col. John P. Tawes, recently re-turned from Germany, has joined ashead of the Heavy AAA Group TestSection.

Major Emmert R. Carr has resigned.


Fort Bliss AwardsBronze Star Meads to

~1/Sgt. \Vile)' W. l\kGillSfc. Robert L. ArmstrongSgt. Lorenzo Aguilar

Commendation Ribbons to

Capt. Dennis M. BlantonCapt. Scott T. Porterfield

General Lewis Honorary PresidentLieutenant General John T. Lewis,

upon his retirement in September, re-signed as President of the Association.In accepting the resignation the Execu-ti\'e Council elected General Lewis asan Honorary President of the Associa-tion in recognition of his outstandingcontribution to the Association and theJOURNAL.

Lieutenant General Lyman L. Lem-nitzer, Association Vice President, waselected President to succeed GeneralLewis. Major General William F. Mar-quat was elected Vice President andMajor General Bryan.L. Milburn waselected as a member of the ExecutiveCouncil.

Members are urged to note the Asso-ciation ballot on page 54, and to send intheir vote.

The Antiaircraft MissionIn the September-October JOURNAL

we were pleased to note in GeneralLewis' farewell letter to the membersof his command his reference to thestrict demands of duty on site in theAntiaircraft Command. This is a matterthat has given both General Lewis andGeneral Mickelsen great concern andOne that we do well to study in searchof a better solution.

The problem of training for, devel-oping and maintaining an effective readi-ness to meet a sudden and surprisingenemy air attack is a matter of key im-portance to the antiaircraft batterv. Fewbatteries are able to achieve i~ untilafter they have undergone an actual


Capt. Buford B. SemmesCapt. Russell L. WellsLieut. Leonard C. 1\lorgan, Jr.Lieut. Herman F. Puckhaber, Jr.CWO Lester P. Rider1\I/Sgt. Bonifacio G. Punla1\1/Sgt. Robert GlassmanSfc. Robert C. \VallsSgt. Ralph Dearman

attack. The enemy delivers the attackwith such speed, surprise and variety,and with tactics so different from thestereotyped target practice approach thatthe commander, fire control operators,and the gunners of an untried batteryare left dumfounded and literally wait-ing for the sleeve. However, the com-mander with battle experience and withenough imagination and realism to an-ticipate the possible enemy tactics canachieve genuine progress. This objec-tive is truly a challenge to able leader-ship.

Then there is the wearing problemof maintaining the constant readinessfor such sudden and surprising enemyair attack hour after hour, day afterday, year after year. It is not new. Thoseofficers and men who stood such guardin World War II and on the East orWest coast, in Alaska or Iceland, knowhow trying the ordeal can become. Itis no slur on the American Soldier torecognize that he tires of such a watch,particularly when he can see no results.Indeed the morale problem was farsimpler at Anzio or Leyte where theenemy did come with frequency.

To alleviate the trying hours and toimprove the efficiency of the watch, weemploy radar and other elements of anearly warning system. But that is notalways enough. Eventually the watchwill fail unless there is some talentedguidance from the high command whereintelligence reports are available fromfar flung sources-political, diplomatic,and military.

In those long idle periods of waitingthe commander requires intelligence and .

\\ () ~ 0. ~~ ~intuition to know when to relax the\\'atch and courage to carry it out. Butit must be done if we wish to maintainbattle efficiency. The troops need tomove out for target practice and ruggedmobile training, preferably by battalion.The individuals need relaxation and di-version, too.

So, it behooves us to stop and appraiseour exact requirements. Do we requirea constant 5 minute readiness day afterday now? Or do we require more along continuing readiness for the yearsto come?

\Ve have highly trained young officersand men in the batteries, with a highorder of loyalty and patriotism. But wecannot close our eyes to the fact thatentirely too many of our key officersand men are terminating their AAAservice when they get the opportunity.This is extremely expensive to the serv-ice and unfortunate. So it is paramountto improve the conditions for moraleand esprit.

For the past two years in the Antiair-craft Command the troops have beenexceedingly busy in building up theirbarracks, grounds, and site in general.In itself this has kept them occupiedand happy. Now they will require morevariegated training, more athletic activi-ty, and more recreation.

We can hardly hope to give them theamount of liberty enjoyed by a memberof a city fire department, but we needto give serious thought on how to makethis service more attractive and moreconducive to high esprit.

One effective step in this directionwas taken early in World War II bythe late Major General William E.Shedd, Antiaircraft Commander in Pan-ama, when he required only one-halfof the batteries to maintain immediatereadiness each day. The other half wereallowed to leave site for training or tohave liberty with some freedom.

When the situation requires all bat-teries in readiness all the time, then weneed to borrow a leaf from the fire de-partments and get enough personnel todo the job without the severe restric-tions on site.

New TO&E For Airborne AAAIn the July-August, 1951, ANTIAIR-

CRAFT JOUR..."<AL,Lieut. Col. Page E.Smith and Captain H. W. C. Furmanin separate articles reported that there

51

Resume on the Journal

was a need for a change in the weaponsthen provided for the MA airborne bat-talion. The main criticism was that the40mm towed AAA gun was unsuitable.

Evidently others have concurred. Atanv rate a new TO&E for the airborneAAA battalion, prepared in accordancewith recommendations of both the 11thand 82nd Airborne Divisions has beenapproved. This provides four firing bat-teries instead of three. Each battery will

In 1892 our nation was expanding,growing and witnessing the early daysin this age of machinery. The Armywas beginning to arouse itself after along post Civil War sleep. The Artillerywas one arm of five regiments, each of12 batteries, of which two in each regi-ment were horse or field; the rest werefoot, seacoast, or siege artillery. Batterieswere scattered generally in small postsalong the seaboard, most of them alongthe Atlantic.

vVhile the gunners on the parapetsstill practiced their art on muzzle-loadingsmooth bores mounted on boiler-ironcarriages, leaders at the helm in theArtillery and the Ordnance could forseethe dawn of modem artillery.

Breech-loading riRed cannon and dis-appearing carriages with a degree of pre-cision were under development. Smoke-less powder was being introduced to com-pletely alter the conditions of seacoastartillery firing by facilitating the con-tinuous pointing at moving enemy shipsunder fire.

The artilleryman was confronted withimportant problems which demanded ex-ploration and solution. There was an ob-vious need for the exchange of informa-tion and experience. In that setting theJOURNALof the United States Artillerywas founded. Lieutnant John W. Ruck-man (later Brigadier General) whoserved as the first editor recounted itthus:

"In the fall of 1891 active steps weretaken by a few officers at Fort Monroeto produce a magazine which shouldsatisfy the requirements of the service;and through their efforts, and favorablecircumstances, the JOURNALcame tolife."

The small group of officers at Fort

52

be equipped with six M42 twin 40mmarmored mounts and twelve M55 quadfifty M. G. turret mounts.

The 80th Airborne AAA Battalion atFort Bragg, N. C., has been reorganizedand re-equipped already and will con-duct a series of tests soon. The com-manding officer, Lt. Col. G. W. Davis,is preparing an article on this reorgan-ization which we shall hope to publishin Combat Farces Journal soon.

Monroe who interested themselves inthis project studied ways and means ofproduction. Minimum cost was essen-tial. This meant publishing the paperat the Artillery School, since the schoolhad its own press. Some feared thatindependence of action and speechwould be restricted by the school au-thorities, rendering the publication use-less, a fear that "proved to be whollyimaginary."

Personal letters were written to indi-vidual officers stating the terms of theproject and asking a contribution of$2.50. This netted subscriptions from160 of the 288 officers then in theartillery, thereby assuring $400 for thefirst year. Evidently there was some op-position as well as indifference. Gen-eral Ruckman continued: 'With thesedata, Lieutenant Willcox and the writervisited the Commandant of the School,Colonel Royal T. Frank, at his house,and outlined a plan of procedure. Atfirst he wished to call the officers to-gether fDTa general discussion, but waspersuaded to proceed to business. Ageneral discussion at a meeting of offi-cers at that time would certainly havekilled the scheme and postponed actionfor several years. When he was in-formed that the manuscript for the firstnumber was on hand, he said Turn itin and we will start.'''

The first issue, published in January1892, marked an auspicious beginning.Scholarly and scientific articles by Cap-tain James Ingalls, the ballistician, andLieutenants Ruckman and H. C. Davisserved to arouse the efforts of Lieuten-ants Erasmus Weaver, Garland Whist-ler, Willoughby Walke, and many oth-ers later to become famous, to write forthe JOURNAL.

Other lieutenants among the charter

subscribers included Arthur Murray,Tasker Bliss, M. F. Harmon, Wm. Las-siter, Wm. J. Snow, P. C. March, H.D.Todd, Jr., Adelbert Cronkhite, andThomas Ridgway.

'Though it was then 15 years beforethe Coast Artillery and the Field Artil-lery separated, the JOURNALwas fromthe beginning essentially the CoastArtillery Journal, a name it did not adoptuntil 1922. If the Coast Artillery interestwere in Civil War Rodman or Dahlgrenguns, or riHed guns and disappearingcarriages, that interest was reRected inthe JOURNAL.

When that interest shifted in WarldWar I to railway, mobile, trench, andantiaircraft artilleries, the JOURNALwasin the forefront with description, dis-cussion, study. From the telescope tothe range finder, to radar; from the plot-ting room to the director the JOURNALwas closely integrated into the life andesprit of the Coast Artillery. And so itcontinued until 1950 when the CoastArtillery Corps ceased to exist. Beforethat, however, the Coast Artillery pe0-ple had become the Antiaircraft Artil-lery. In 1948 the name of the JOURNALhad been changed to the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL.And so it marched on withoutany perceptible change in purpose or lossof spirit.

For their outstanding support of theJOURNALdown through the years wemay well refer to the contributions byleaders like Major Generals AndrewHero, Jr., John W. Gulick, Joseph A.Green, and Charles E. Kilbourne andLieutenant Generals Stanley D. Em-bick, LeRoy Lutes, and John T. Lewis.However, we could also mention hun-dreds of others equally loyal. Becausethe JOURNALbecame a part of the CoastArtillery and it drew a warm supportfrom the entire officer corps, Regular,Guard, and Reserve.

From its inception the JOURNALachieved distinction for its scientific ex-plorations and development in thefields of artillerv interest; first in bal-listics, gunnery, 'ordnance materiel, andposition finding; later in power, elec-tronics, and communications. It helpedto establish in the Coast Artillery ahigh standard in precision. And alwayswhen we have been keen enough tomaintain a balance in that precision wehave been on solid ground indeed.

At times the JOURNALmay have erred,


but it has usually been progressive andconstantly striving to find and publicizea better way to do the job next time.\Vhenever we learned to shoot the gunsstraighter, or to maintain the equipmentbetter, or to defend the installation moreeffectively, or to support the Navy, the.\ir Force, or other Army elements better,we have gone to the JOURNALto publishit. When our troops distinguished them-selves in battle, as they last did so well inKorea, the JOURNALtook the lead inextolling their achievements.

Thus, as the JOURNALcompletes 63years of service contributing to the in-terest, zeal, esprit, and combat efficiencyin our arm of the service, the Associationhas a strong, loyal membership fullydetermined to carry on its efforts towarda strong national defense.

~ow the members have decided thatour interests will best be served by merg-ing with the Association of the U. S.Anny and to join in the publication ofthe Combat Forces Journal. This de-cision they reached freely not becausethere is any less need for the ANTIAIR-CRAFT JOURN~L,but because there is amore compelling need for a strong as-sociation dedicated to the interests of the;\.rmy as a whole and to the promotionof mutual understanding, teamwork,unity, esprit and strength in the Army.vVe hope that you will take into thateffort the warm loyalty you have givento the Antiaircraft Association and itsJOURNAL.

We shall give up some journal featureslike the personal news of our Antiair-craft comrades. However, we propose tocontinue the professional articles in thefields of antiaircraft, guided missiles,and artillery in vigorous fashion. To thisend we appeal to our able AAA officersfor such articles. Those articles with aninterest and appeal to the other arms willreach the greater audience; however,there will also be a need for technicalarticles that are written primarily forantiaircraft members.

In this effort we can rely on the utmostin cooperation from those at the helm inthe Association of the U. S. Army. Lieu-tenant General George H. Decker,Comptroller of the Army, is the Associa-tion President. Colonel Arthur Symons,:\.rtillery, USAR, formerly Associate Edi-tor of the Coast ArtiHery JourndL, is thepublisher and manager of the CombatForces JournaL. Mr. John B. Spore, a

NOVEMBER~DECEMBERf 1954

key member of that staff for years, isnow the editor.

The Following Colonels Retired30 September 1954

King, Edgar \V., Ft. Sam Houston.~ferkle, Ernest A., New York, New YorkTownsend, Harry F., USAH, Ft. Jay, N. Y.

31 October 1954

Jaccard, Paul A., Ft. Sam Houston

Recent AssignmentsCOLONELS

Chapman, E. A., S & F, Army War College.Gallagher, F. F., Rome, Italy.Harvey, T. H., USMA.Joseph, H. B., X Corps, Ft. Riley.Kauffman, R. K., 2nd AAA Group.Kramer, Arthur, 45th AAA Brigade.McLamD, N. A., Washington NG Adv. Gp.Meinert, F. E., to USAFFE.Porter, G. W., to Western AAA Command.Priest, P. B., to NATO De£. College, Paris.Romlein, J. W., Fontainebleau, France.Russell, M. R., to 17th AAA Group.Starner, J. V.; Izmir, Turkey.

LIEUTENANT COLONELS

Ahrens, A. M., to AA & GM Br TAS, Bliss.Ball, R c., to Hq 6th Army.Bellamy, P. E., to 5th Armored Div.Brinkerhoff, Wm. A., to Izmer, Turkey.Brooks, W. S., to S & F TAS, Ft. Bliss.Brown, G. E., to Ofc of TIG, Washington.Burt, R E., to NY AR Adv Gp. Jamestown.Butts, R E., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Byrd, C. B., to AFF Bd 4, Ft Bliss.Chavis, T. N., to S & F TAS, Ft Bliss.Cae, K. C., to AAARTC, Bliss.Dahe, A. P., to Va NG Adv Gp., Richmond.DeFusco, M. P., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Eckstein, P. A., to ROTC, Notre Dame.Franson, P.O., to Ofc Ch PsyWar.Fulk, H. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Gemmell, J. D., to OCAFF, Ft Monroe.Gorman, D. F., to S & F, TAS, Bliss.Greco, Frank, to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Gregory, Clyde, to Saigon, Indochina.Grogan, J. B., to 4054th ASU, Bliss.Hammond, H. c., to 5th AhA Reg. Unit.Hannah, P. V., to Stu AFSC, Norfolk.Herb, F. H., to Hq 1st Army.Hodgson, J. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Ingraham, H. S., to Raleigh, N. C.Isenson, R S., to 8th Inf. Div.Jordan, R E. to Hq ASA Trng Ctr, Devens.Lanterman, J. V., to 75th AAA Bn.Lutz, C. G., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Maline, P. J., to S & F TAS, Bliss.)'fartz, F. L., to Saudi Arabia.:McCaffery, Benj., Jr., to Ft Baker, Calif.McGrath, D. B., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.:McGuire. M. J., to AAARTC, Bliss.Merchant, M. H., to S&F AFSC, Norfolk.

Nanney, D. Y., to AAA Comd, Colorad<!oNelson, W. L., to S&F TAS, Ft Bliss.Pringle, H. K, to S&F TAS, Ft. Bliss.Pulley, A. H., to S&F TAS, Ft. Bliss.Reeves, C. W., to 2nd AAA Regional UnitReiman, L. N., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Ringgold, C. L., to New Orleans.Roberts, S. A., to Hq 1st Army.Saberhagen, H. A., G2, Washington.Sigley, W. W., to OCAFF, Ft M<mroe.Smith, Eugene, 18th Abn Corps.Stacy, R S., to 1st AAA Regional Unit.Theisen, G. L., to 77th AAA Bn.Thorkelson, W. L., to TAS, Ft Bliss.Tilson, G. K, to TAS, Ft Sill, Okla.Tison, G. J., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Twyon, D. E., to G2, Washington.Van Gundy, D. F., to S&F TAS, Bliss.Wadsworth, C. Q., to 513th AAA Bn.Wainhouse, E. R., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Warfield, B. H., to AFF Bd No.4, Ft Bliss.Witt, L. A., to London.

MAJORS

Aurand, P. B., to 514th AAA Bn.Bess, G. W., to MAAG Formosa.Campbell, T. E., to Ft Bliss.Chiodo, S. F., to AAA Command, Colorado.Clark, R W., to 734th AAA Battalion.DeBranco, P. F., to USARPAC.Downer, W. V., to 516th AAA Msl Bn.Ducey, D. L., to 35th AAA Bn.Edwards, D. M., to 28th AAA Gp.Funks, N. L., to 28th AAA Gp.Gainhart, G. H., to 47th Inf Div.Gibson, P. L., to TAS, Ft Bliss.Godfrey, H. J., to ROTC, Colorado Col.Gobeille, G. A., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Gray, A. P., to 47th In£ Div.Hamilton, R B., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Hamilton, S. A., Jr., to 47th Inf Div.Haughton, R E., to Hq MDW.Henry, George, to 5th AAA Regional Unit.Hindman, T. 0., to' 516th AAA Msl Bn.Hutchinson, M. J., to Eastern AAA Comd.Isham, O. A., to S04th AAA Bn.Kirkwood, W. V., Jr., to 70lth AAA Bn.Koshaffer, J. T., to G2, Wash., D.C.Law, Wm. T., to Stu, TAS, Ft Bliss.Marus, George, to USAFFE.Masteller, B. G., to 11th Avn Div.Matthews, ]. H., to 514th AAA Bn.McManus, V. J., to 2nd AAA Regional Unit.Miller, R. J., to 8th AAA Bn.LeMonier, b. J., to USAREURMurello, C. K, to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.Neuver, J. E., to Stu Asso C, C&GSc.O'Brien, H. J., to 4th FA Bn.Palmer, R E., to 99th AAA Bn.Pechulis, F. V., to USAFFE.Richard, Stanley G., to Hq 4th Army.Solton, E. A., to USAFFE.Sutton. G. M., to 503rd AAA Det.Turner, W. D., to 504th AAA Bn.Vaughn, F. M., to 44th AAA Bn.Verbosh, Michael, to AFF Bd No.4, Bliss.Vitullo, T. L., to 606th AAA Bn.Walker, J. R, to 15th AAA Group.Ward, J. W., to 99th AAA Bn.Waugh. E. S., to ROTC Western Md. Col.Yanisch. O. F., to Ft Myer, Va.

53

2. ANTIAIRCRAFT agrees to transfer all of its assets, real and personal, tangi-ble and intangible, to AUSA, and AUSA agrees to assume all the liabilities ofANTIAIRCRAFT.

BALLOTUNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT

ASSOCIA TlON

The President and three members of the Execu-tive Council are to be elected on this ballot toreplace officers whose terms of office expireDecember 31, 1954.

Please record your vote by making an "X" inthe appropriate square or indicate your choice bywriting the name of your candidate.

The Constitution of the Association requiresthat at least five members of the Council residein the Washington area, and rhar ar leasr threeof them be on active duty, in order to facilitatethe transaelion of business.

Ballots close December 31st, 1954.

Use the ballot below or prepare one to indi-cate clearly your vote. Mail to the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.,Washington 4, D. C.

FOR PRESIDENT (1955-19561

o Lieutenont Generol Lyman L. Lemnitzer, DeputyChief of Staff for Plans and Research.

o ---------------

FOR MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVECOUNCIL:

From National Guard lOne Member)

o Brigadier General John B. Moore, DeING, Com-manding 261st AAA Brigade.

0------------

From Organized Reserve lOne Member!

o Colonel John S. Mayer, USAR,Commanding 305thAAA Group, NVC.

o ---------------

From Regular Army lOne Member)

o Major General William F. Marquat, Chief of CivilAffairs and Military Government.

o ---------------

SIGNATURE _

RANK AND ORGANIZATION, _

ADDRESS ~ __6-54

54

TERMS OF THE MERGERME~IORANDUl\I OF AGREE~IENT between THE ASSOCIATION OFTHE UNITED STATES AR?dY, a corporation not for profit reincorporated andexisting under the laws of the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, hereinafter calledAUSA, and THE UNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION, anunincorporated association, hereinafter called ANTIAIRCRAFT.

1. AUSA and ANTIAIRCRAFT agree to merge into a single organization,which shall be known as THE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATESARMY. ,

[3. a. AUSA will add to its existing 21-member Executive Council the present l

9 members of ANTIAIRCRAFTs Executive Council for a period of one year.

b. In order to fit the 9 new members into the existing panels of AUSA's Ex- t-ecutive Council, ANTIAIRCRAFT will determine which three of its 9 memberswill serve until June 1957, and which three will serve until June 1956. The re-maining three new members will vacate their offices at the June 1955 meeting.

c. The Nominating Committee provided for by Section 1 of Article IV ofAUSA's By-Laws shall, if this agreement is ratified by both parties hereto beforethe conclusion of the stated December meeting of AUSA's Executive Council, be 'elected by the augmented Executive Council of the merged Association.

d. At the end of one year following the merger, the membership of the Ex-ecutive Council may be reduced in numbers as the Council may determine, butthereafter the ANTIAIRCRAFT representation on the Executive Council shallcontinue on the same equitable basis as changes in the Association may develop. ~

4. Upon the augmentation of the Executive Council consequent on the merger,the present president of ANTIAIRCRAFT shall become an additional vice-presi-dent of AU5A, pursuant to Section 1, Article III, of ALISA's By-Laws, shall serveas such for one year, and shall, while so serving, be an ex off1cio voting member ofthe Executive Council.

5. Effective upon the merger, the present members of ANTIAIRCRAFT shallautomatically become Active, Associate or Auxiliary Members of ALISA, as theircivilian or military status may determine pursuant to the provisions of Article Iof AUSA's By-Laws, and shall remain such for the terms of their existing subscrip-tions, including life subscriptions, to the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL.

6. Effective upon the merger, ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALwill cease publishing, itslast issue being that for November-December 1954; and, beginning with the Janu-ary 1955 issue of The Army Combat Forces Joumal, AUSA will provide thereincoverage of professional and technical military information on antiaircraft andguided missiles equal in anyone year to the amount of such information publishedin ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALduring 1954.

7. AUSA will at all times have on its staff a qualified Antiaircraft Editor whowill perform the duties of an associate editor of The AmI)' Combat Forces Journal.

8. Effective upon the merger, AUSA agrees to give a one-year contract to Brig.Gen. Charles S. Harris, U.S.A., Retired, to serve as such associate editor. ...

9. This merger is effected with the firm understanding that all elements willparticipate equitably in the direction and control of AUSA activities.

10. The merger shall become effective upon the ratification of this agreementby a two-thirds vote of the Executive Councils of. both parties hereto; and theparties agree that such ratifications shall be effected in time to carry out themerger schedules elsewhere set out in this agreement.

11. ANTIAIRCRAFT agrees to dissolve when the merger becomes effective.


letters to the Editor

Civil Defense

I have read with interest the articlein the September-October number of theJOURNALon Civil Defense in St. Louisby General Hardaway. I happen to bethe Civil Defense Director of a muchsmaller city, Manchester, N. H., andhm'e had the same experience, and havearrived at the same conclusions as de-scribed so well by General Hardaway.

However in New England, especiallyin the Boston area where cities arenumerous and close together, evacuationof the population is more complicated.We can not move people 25 miles with-out getting them within the same dis-tance of some other city also proposingto evacuate.

To meet this situation we plan toevacuate before, not after, a Yellow:\lert, in other words as soon as warcomeswith danger of enemy air attacks.:\10reover the population will be perma-nently evacuated, leaving the dangerarea void of all residents. Such a movemay take several days and will includethe sick, other disabled persons, etc.

Where will we put them? The popu-lation is being divided into three classes:

those who will have to move;those who will not be required to

move, but must accept refugees,who will be billeted on them;

those living in a fringe area, betweenthe above two zones, who may re-main at their own risk.

Lists by families, showing number, sexand age of each individual, are beingcompiled. In another file is a list ofhomes who have billets which are classi-fied by electronic machines (Reming-ton Rand for us) with some 80 classifica-tions as to number of rooms, and beds(double, single, twin; crib, etc.) in eachroom. Each family to be moved is classi-fied as to needs in rooms and beds anda relocation can be found almost in-stantly.

As General Hardaway points out,many people will move out individually

. without waiting for orders. I find thisgeneral throughout the Boston area. Weencourage this, subject only to advisingus which homes are being abandoned,and where relocated, so that we cankeep our lists corrected.


We do not propose to evacuate inadvance people working in our indus-trial areas, or those busy in the businessarea. In our city these are adjacent.Such people are able to navigate undertheir own power, and nearly half willhave transportation. As General Hard-away suggests these will start evacuatingimmediately upon the sounding of theYellow Alert.

All the foregoing are based upon apossible attack with an atom bomb, orshell. We do not have sufficient in-formation regarding the effect of hydro-gen bombs to make an intelligent solu-tion of such a problem. So far as knownno hydrogen bomb has yet been droppedfrom the air. From descriptions re-leased as to our H bombs detonated inthe Pacific, these appear to have beenbombs previously planted. We need toknow the probable error of bombs ofvarious weights launched from the air,and a table showing blast pressures perunit space at stated distances fromground zero.

The Federal Constitution forbids thebilleting of soldiers. Our legal authori-ties advise that this prohibition appliesonly to the individuals mentioned-con-sequently a fleeing soldier can not bebilleted, but anybody else can be. Inpractice the soldiers, if any, will cer-tainly be taken care of.

With my compliments for the ablemanner in which the ANTIAIRCRFTJOURNALis being edited.

Very sincerely,COLONELCONRADH. LANZA,USA RtdDirector of Citil Defense,Manchester, N. H.

Reply to Colonel Orman

In any purposeful enterprise it is wellto keep clear just what your mission is.I thought of that when I read Lt. Colo-nel Orman's article "Electronics andMen" in the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALfor July-August 1954. Maybe he didnot forget his own mission, but certain-ly he forgot the mission of those of ushere at The School.

In the Department of Electronics wehave the mission to develop fire controland radar specialists of such a level oftraining that the Artillery will be ableto use its electronic equipment in war.

It is a matter of history that the quickestway to get a complicated piece of gearback into commission, and sometimesthe only way, is to repair it yourself.

Somewhere in his article CoL Ormanmentions the TV repairman, and holdshim up as a possible model for theradar repairman. May Mars and all theother Gods of War preserve us from ourenemies if we have to depend on such"tube twisters" as are rampant in thatindustry! Our experience indicates thatmost repairs will have to be done bythe Artillery and its own personnel. Weadmit that our graduates are not, ongraduation, full-fledged radar repairman,any more than Colonel Orman was afull-fledged officer on his graduationfrom the Military Academy. Some on-the-job training and self dependence isnecessary to complete the training ofany individual. However, the state-ment that "the only practical work thatthey have done is in the laboratory un-der the eagle eye of an instructor"shows an unfamiliarity with the facts.Any individual who takes the troubleto visit the Department of ElectronicsRadar Park will see its expanse ofequipment and the amount of time ourstudents spend actually troubleshootingon it. Troubleshooting continues to bethe main subject taught in the Depart-ment of Electronics. However, thebasic philosophy of this Department canbest be expressed in the words of aRadar Officer of the 8th Army Artil.lery: "Troubleshooting which is notfounded on a sound grasp of theory,plus an intimate knowledge of circuithook-up, is nothing more than tinker-ing." I think that Colonel Orman isasking for a race of tinkerers when heuses the example of a TV repairman.

There have been many complaints,Colonel Orman's included, that someof our courses here at The School aretoo long. Let me quote a Sperry fieldengineer about the Bliss courses on firecontrol equpiment: "The only way thisprogram will payoff is if there is an-other war in the very near future." Thatis the very justification of our existenceand our courses. We are not trainingradar repairmen to sit in a garrisonsituation at Ducrot Air Force Base, orpeacefully to guard the metropolis ofNew Washimore. We are training thesemen for war. When that happens, thesemen will be ours for duration plus six

55

months, and so it behooves us, since wedo not know when trouble will come,always to have the best trained menpossible on our radar and fire controlequipment.

Colonel Orman refers to the RaytheonCorporation as an example, and citesthe relatively low number of personnelin that organization who have degreesin electronics or electrical engineering.Raytheon is dedicated to the propositionof making 6% for the stockholders. We,in the Army, on the other hand, haveas our object the defense of this coun-try. Even with this mission we mustrealize that economy is essential, butwe must always remember that our mainobject is preparation for the most waste-ful process known to man : WAR!

The term "hog-wash" is used at leasttwice in this article, and directed atthe School's belief in the propositionthat a man well versed in basic elec-tronics, and trained thoroughly on oneradar set could, in a short time, befamiliarized sufficiently with anotherwell enough for him to be able to re-pair it. I might point out that thisphilosophy is utilized by the SignalCorps in training the personnel whichit uses for maintenance of the AN/-TPS-ID. This is a sound pedagogicalprinciple and is widely used. The factthat this School started on 9 September1954 Course No. 44-E-35 to train sur-veillance radar mechanics is not basedon any disbelief in the basic idea justexpressed. It was, rather, based on thenew tactical concept connected withthis surveillance set, which would 'putit in such a position in many cases thatit would be beyond the physical reachof a man on a fire control set, or wouldplace it in units which we would nototherwise furnish with integrated firecontrol specialists.

Since many references were made tocommercial practices in the article whichI am answering, I might ask the ques-tion:

"Would any commercial corporationput a million dollar piece of technicalequipment in the hands of a (chartmechanic'?"

I might also ask-"Do you take your child, when in-

jured, to a first aid man or do you prefera doctor?"

Certainly we are developing "trouble-shooting" charts. Many are completed

56

and in the hands of radar mechanics.Others are in the process of being editedand printed. However, these chartsmust be considered as a means towardsan end, as a way of teaching the radarmechanic a logical method of thinking,a real approach to troubleshooting, andnot as an end in themselves or the onlytool to be used by the mechanic. Hisexperience and his technical knowledgeare his most valuable attributes, not histroubleshooting charts. A man trainedonly on such charts, we think, has abouta 70% chance of locating a troubleabout 70% of the time-or a 50% proba-bility. We think that a man trained inbasic electronics, in circuit analysis, andin logical thinking has a 95% proba-bility of finding and alleviating a trou-ble. A "chart mechanic" would probablynot be able to locate an unfamiliar trou-ble, or one which was not listed in hisbook, whereas the trained technicianhas a pretty fair chance of being ableto reason it out.

The things I have mentioned aboveare not rationalizations, not excuses, andnot alibis; they are the basic philosophybehind the training of radar mechanicsat this School. I repeat that we aretraining for war and war only-that ifwe feel that the probability, or even thepossibility, of war does not exist, wecan not only shorten our courses, buteliminate them entirely.

COLONELARTHURKRAMERDirector, Department of Electronics,AA & GM Branch, The Artillery School

Meteorological Data

The 35th Brigade and Warrant Of-ficer Griffin are to be congratulated oninstituting the meteorological study re-ported in the last issue of the JOURNAL:With the present emphasis on velocityfire techniques-not that I am in favorof velocity fire to the exclusion of allother methods of preparatory fire-it ismandatory that the highest quality metdata be available at all batteries at alltimes. Otherwise the battery is left highand dry. It may not, by dictum of higherauthority, lack of training of its rangeofficer, or for other reasons, be in a posi-tion to shoot out its met message. If themet data is poor, the battery cannotcompensate by any reasonable settingof a fictitious muzzle velocity.

During WW II, while a member ofthe Antiaircraft Artillery Board at CampDavis, I participated in a long termcomparison of met data taken by radio-sonde at Camp Davis and Fort Bragg.The differences in wind and densitywere large, and particularly so in th~lower zones, which might be expectedfor an inland location versus a locationnear the ocean. Unfortunately thesedata have long since been relegated tosome forgotten file and the results lost.

Over a year ago I had the opportunityof analyzing a series of met messagestaken over a period of several weeks bya met detachment at Fort Totten. Thisanalysis showed that the met situation,on the average, seriously deterioratedbetween messages. What it was likeat such relatively remote points as StatenIsland, near the shore, and in the vicini-ty of the George Washington Bridge,fairly well inland, Heaven only knows.

Lately I have been advocating somesort of study such as the 35th Brigadehas initiated. After all there are manymet detachments in operation, takingmessages regularly, and it only requiresa bit of analysis to compare data fromseveral stations and to determine rough-ly how close the detachments should belocated to batteries and how often mes-sages should be taken in order to giveeach battery the information it shouldhave.

The data presented in the articletends to indicate that met data is fairlyconstant for a 20-0dd mile separationbetween stations although not nearly soconstant from message to message. How-ever, these stations are all at some dis-tance from an ocean frontier, all areabout the same distance from a largebody of water, there are no significantterrain features such as hills or moun-tains in the area, and the tests cover aperiod at a time of year when the weath-er can be expected to be relativelystable. It would be nice to find that ona year-around basis for all areas in theUnited States the same general patternwould hold. I suspect that such is notthe case and I only hope that these testswill be expanded to the point where wewill find out the real met needs of theAAA and that the allocation of metdetachments will be revised upward ifthat proves necessary. It will be pooreconomy indeed to allocate upwards ofa million dollars worth of fire control


II_B_O_O_K _R_E V_I_E w_s -.oilequipment and armament to a gun bat-tery and nullify its effecti,'eness bystinting on the data it requires to per-form effectively!

Sincerely yours,A. A. CURRIELt. Col., Arty., USARWhippany. New Jersey

Velocity Fire

THE ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL reallycircles the entire globe. Of course mypersonal copy always follows me re-gardless of my assignment. Many ofthe Thai Officers here are subscribersand it is not uncommon to see a com-plete file of AAA JOUR..."<ALSin theirclub reading rooms. Oftentimes I,as AAA Adviser to the Royal ThaiArmy, am called upon to explain cer-tain portions of the JOURNALto them.One Thai Colonel from the AAA Brig-ade translated a complete article fordistribution to his junior officers. Tosay the least, the AAA JOURNALis be-ing well received here in Thailand.

I have been interested in the articlesby Lt. Col. Earle Mountain, especiallythe one in the July-August issue con-cerning Trial Fire techniques .... Par-ticularly so since I took part in the de-\'e!opment of velocity fire while an in-structor in the School at Fort Bliss ....

... The most perturbing item of theentire article was well critiqued by theEditor, i.e. the assumption that muzzlevelocity was already known. Indeed the"cart is before the horse." With ourmodern equipment and proper training\'alid met data can be made available.And it must be available before themuzzle velocity can be determined, ex-cept with a chronograph ....

... Can anyone guarantee that I'llhave sufficient time for Trial Fire? Isay not; therefore, I must know mymuzzle velocity and be assured of ac-curate met data prior to engagement. ...There is only one solution to the prob-lem at present and that is the velocityfire technique as now taught by theSchool at Fort Bliss ....

MAJOR R. V. KISSAM, JR.JUSi\1AG. Thailand


THE NEMESIS OF POWER, the GermanArmy in Politics 1918-1945. By J. W.Wheeler-Bennett. McMillan & Co.,London-New York. 829 pages. $12.

This book is the history of Germanmilitary leadership and of the GermanGeneral Staff from the end of the First\Vorld \Var until the end of the SecondWorld \Var.

\Vheeler-Be~nett has made the onlycomplete study in this field in existence.The previously most authoritative bookwas that of Benoist-l\lechin (in French),History of the German Army Since theArmistice (of 1918), published in 1938.

All the intrigues through which theGerman Army was rebuilt after the FirstWorld vVar, the Army's support of Hit-ler in his rise in a mistaken effort todirect politics, Hitler's seizing of controlof the Army, and finally the militaryleadership's long thwarted plans to dis-pose of Hitler by one means or anotherare narrated in enthralling detail.

Although all this readS'like a thriller,it is fully documented with the scholar'scareful attention to detail and accuracy.

During the present period in theUnited States, in which military adviceis so important and military advisers arein the top councils of the nation, vVhee]-er-Bennett's book has lessons for ourown military leaders who may be in-clined to step beyond the proper boun-daries of military advice and interferein politics.

During the period after 1918, theGerman army survived its hitherto mostdisastrous defeat. It regained its pres-tige and by staying out of politics exer-cised an amazing degree of power andinfluence. When it was mistaken enoughto step from its pedestal and play politicsit was taken over by Hitler and begana descent that ended in abject defeat.

Any soldier with a long view and agenuine profession a] interest will wantto read the Nemesis of Power.

BRIG. GEN. T. R. PIIILLIPS, Ret.

THE NEW WARFARE. By Brigadier C.N. Barclay. Philosophical Library. 65pages. $2.75.

This British author has written ashort challenging book that requires

more than a few minutes of your read-ing time. As the title implies, the authorconsiders our present world as being atwar, under new ground rules. \Vhetheryou believe in appeasement, a shootingwar or something in between, this bookgives you basic definitions and a sharpdiscussion that will stimulate your think-ing. For military men it should be amust.

BRIG. GEN. H. F. MEYERSRetired

GENERAL JO SHELBY. By DanielO'Flaherty. Chapel Hill: The Univer-sity of North Carolina Press, 1954.437 pages. $6.00

Daniel O'Flaherty has presented ascholarly and carefully documented ac-count of the operations of General Shel-by in the Civil War. The campaignsin the \Vest, in Arkansas and Missouriin particular, in which Shelby playedso gallant a part, have received less thantheir proper share of attention. Thusin presenting these operations, Mr.O'Flaherty has performed a service ofvalue equal to his portrayal of one ofthe most interesting of the military fig-ures of that time.

If Shelby's abilities and achievementswere perhaps not so great as the authormakes them out, he was nevertheless aremarkable soldier. vVithout formalmilitary education, he succeeded throughhis inherent characteristics in buildingand leading an outstanding force. Themost romantic of Shelby's exploits, how-ever, was his march into Mexico afterthe collapse of the Confederacy. ButJ\llexico offered no haven, and the un-easv association of the ex-Confederateswith the forces of Maximilian was onlytemporary. Shelby and his men driftedback to the United States and becameas "reconstructed" as any of their formercomrades in arms.

O'Flaherty's style is somewhat ponder-ous and the book needs some maps ofShelby's operations; however, the au-thor's thorough research and the atten-tion he focuses on an important part ofthe war make this book very worthwhile.

LT. COL. JOHN B. B. TRUSSELL,JR.

57

POWER AND POLICY. By Thomas K.Finletter. Harcourt, Brace & Compa-ny, New York. 402 pages. $5.00.

Power and Policy is a lucid explana-tion of the foreign and military policyof the United States as it has been inthe recent past and as it should be inthe future.

The emphasis is placed heavily upona strong strategic Air Force: "If theUnited States builds and keeps anAtomic-Air splendidly defended againstRussian direct air attack and sabotage,and capable of an overwhelming counter-attack which would destroy the Russianstate, we will win this battle and thewar in the only way they can be won-by seeing to it that the Russians darenot start the war."

He follows this by a corollary state-ment: "If we do not have such an over-whelming Strategic Air, it does not makemuch difference what we do about ourother forces." He assumes that the nextwar will be an all-out atomic-hydrogenwar, and that this war can be preventedonly by having an overwhelming strate-gic Air Force.

Here is an idea which he does notexplore. If the United States neglectsthe other services, then we may be forcedto use the only strong weapon we have,and thus bring about what we are try-ing to prevent-all-out atomic-hydrogenwarfare.

Here is his rough guide: "If (the dol-lars appropriated to the Air Force forNew Obligational Authority) is below18 billion dollars in any of the nextfour or five years, the presumption isalmost conclusive that we are still notpreparing for the terrible threat before

"us.The significance of these figures is

that the FY 55 military budget is about30 billion dollars, and the next budgetmay be somewhat less. A little arith-metic will show where this leaves theother two services.

MAJOR T. P. FUREY

THE BATTLE HISTORY OF THE 1stARMORED DIVISION. By George F.Howe. Combat Forces Press. 471page. Illustrated. $6.50.

This book is a factual history of the1st Armored Division, described as "OldIronsides, the first of the mighty Ar-mored Force, the pioneer in the art andscience of armor, ... the first to engage

58

German troops in World War II, ...the first into Rome, and the first of thearmored divisions in days of actual fieldservice during World War II."

The account begins with the birthof the Armored Force in 1918; tracesthe development (and lack of develop-ment) through the period between warsand tells of the activation of the 1st Ar-mored Division in 1940. Dr. Howe re-counts the difficulties and confusion in-evitable in the formation of a new arm.From the experiences of the division inthe landing at Oran and its subsequentemployment in Tunisia, it became ap-parent that there were many lessons tobe learned and mistakes to be corrected.In plain, unvarnished language the au-thor gives a detailed account of eachengagement in which the division par-ticipated. He tells how the division was"walloped" at Sidi-Bou-Zid, in easternTunisia. Most of the division did notparticipate directly in the battle at Kas-serine Pass, but it was "at the bottomof its ladder of achievement" just priorto that battle, when it was forced tomake a humiliating withdrawal fromthe nearby town of Sbeitla. Within afew months, however, the division wasable to "get on its feet" and make upfor these initial reverses by playing animportant part in the sweep throughTunisia, the break out from the Anziobeachhead, the capture of Rome andthe crossing of the Po.

The author does not endeavor tocover up or minimize the mistakes, nordoes he overemphasize the importanceof the division in the big picture. Theaccount ranges from the overall schemeof maneuver at theater and army grouplevel to small unit tactics at companyand platoon level. A number of eye-witness accounts lend the book an au-thentic combat flavor.

CAPTAIN ROBERT H. PIEHL, U.S.M.C.

HUGH ROY CULLEN. By Ed Kilman& Theon Wright. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,N. Y. 369 pages. $4.00.

Here is an outstanding story of Amer-ican opportunity, of a fabulous man.Young in life while standing on thebank of the San Antonio River observinga whirlpool; Roy Cullen asked himself,"why need anyone be afraid of a whirl-pool?" By allowing himself to be car-ried into the swirling water and suckeddown into the turbulent whirlpool, and

moments later rising to the surface U!}.

harmed, he had proved to himself h01rto overcome its danger. He carried thislesson through life and it was by nomeans the last time he took a calculatedrisk to prove a point to himself.

Through the years of an outstandingfabulous life, first as a cotton buyer,later as a real estate man, and finallvas an oil producer, again and again h~demonstrated his faith in his own judg-ment and courage to act on his convic-tions. Armed with this faculty in anall out effort to bolster the family n-nances, he set out seeking opportunityin the growing seaport of Houston,which later brought him to drilling foroil where others had failed. He alwaysadhered to two basic principles! "Flankthe old Domes-And drill Deeper."

One of Roy Cullen's drillers oncesaid: "when they say the last rites overMr. Cullen, and get ready to lower himinto the ground, I'll bet he'll look overthe side of the casket and say, 'betterdig a little deeper, boys!'''

As stirring as the discovery of hisfortune is, with his many long yearsof struggle-the racing to lease possibleoil-bearing land, the speculative drillingin "dried up" fields, the terrifying burst-ing open of gushers-the story of RoyCullen's use of his fortune is even moreamazing and thrilling.

Here is a man that has given awaycash and oil properties valued at some$175,OOO,000!His most outstanding andmagnificent gesture has been the CullenFoundation with assets of $160,000,000which is to be donated to charitable andeducational institutions throughout thestate of Texas. In Houston alone inone 48 hour period he gave to four hos-pitals more than a million dollars each.

And this vivid story does justice tothe man. A moving and inspiring biog-raphy of a man whose generosity tohis fellow man has symbolized his faithin himself and his country.

MASTER SERGEANT FRED A. BAKER

A MILITARY HISTORY OF THE WEST-ERN WORLD: From the Earliest Timesto the Battle of Lepanto. By Maj. Gen.J. F. C. Fuller. Funk & Wag nails. 602pages. $6.00.

A British tank corps commander inWW-I, Camberlay Staff College instruc-tor, and an aggressive military student,the author retired in 1930 to continue


the stupendous job of mastering themilitary history of the Western Worldand reducing it to three volumes withinreach of the military student. This firstvolume, covering some 3500 years upto the Battle of Lepanto, 1571, is agigantic and valuable work, for the pro-fessional military student.

The author tells his story aroundmajor decisive battles, with chapters por-traying in each case the political, eco-nomic, and military background andanalyzing and integrating the mutualeffects of the campaigns and the timesupon each other. His sharp analysesand critiques on the great leaders andthe influences of strategy, weapons, andtactics are fascinating and valuable.

It is well worth careful study andrepeated reference by any ambitiousmilitary officer. However, it is not tobe mastered over the week end; ratherit is a work to study and refer to overthe years. Brilliant student that he is,General Fuller does not write for be-ginners. And unfortunately he proceedson the basis that his reader is a paststudent of history and a master of geog-raphy in every age of ancient and me-dieval history.

Even so, for the student who wouldlearn more of the masters like Alexander,Hannibal, Caesar, Constantine, and Wil-liam the Conqueror, it will be foundexceedingly interesting.

WILLARD'S OF WASHINGTON. ByGarrett Laidlaw Eskew. Coward-Mc-Cann. 240 pages. $4.00.

After the British burned Washing-ton, John Tayloe of Virginia contributedtoward rebuilding the city by buildingseveral two story houses on the northside of Pennsylvania Avenue at Four-teenth. Soon they were incorporatedunder one management as a hotel, andnot long after that Henry A. Willardcame to organize a real hotel.

And about the Hotel is entwined thestory of Washington, the more enter-taining parts of which Mr. Eskew re-lates in fascinating style. Just relax andenjoy it.

V-2. By Walter Dornberger. VikingPress. 281 pages. $5.00.

Dr. Dornberger, the famous Germanscientist in the field of rockets, was madea general in the German Army to directthe experimental rocket station at Pe-


enemunde. He relates here the insidestory of a fantastic enterprise in the de-velopment of the V-2, the fight againsttime, and how nearly it succeeded. Thestory of the practical difficulties, thepetty jealousies and rivalries, as well asthe heroic efforts gives an interestingperspective of the development.

Entertaining and instructive.

THE JACKSONIANS: A Study in Ad-ministrative History, 1829-1861. ByLeonard D. White. MacMillan. 593pages. $8.00.

This history of our national adminis-tration during the period from Jacksonto Lincoln is the last of three volumesby Dr. White devoted to the formativeperiod of American Government. Theearlier volumes were The Federalist,andThe Jeffersonicms. All give scholarlyand human stories of the early politicalfights and developments in our nationas it charted a completely new coursein the political world.

They were exciting and spirited times.While President Jackson was seizingmuch greater powers for the executivebranch of our national government hewas also introducing the "Spoils" systemand crushing the Whig Party, as well asthe Bank of the United States.

SHOW ME A HERO. By Melvin Voor-hees. Simon & Schuster. 311 pages.$3.50.

This is a very real story about a mod-ern army at work and play. Splendidinsights to frontline action and behindthe line pleasure. The press conferencesread like actual reports and the court-martial report is superb. The storymoves smoothly, and in such intriguingform that one cannot lay it down untilhe has finished the' whole book.

It is a splendid tribute to those whoactually participated in the Korean"Police Action." It will go a long waytoward restoring the author's good repu-tation with all ranks of the Army andmakes us pleased to note that the Armyhas finally dropped the court-martialabout his earlier book.

SFC JAMES E. MOORE, JR.


ELECTRONICS FOR EVERYONE. ByMonroe Upton. Devin-Adair Co. 384pages. $6.00.

"Electronics for Everyone" by l\10nroe

Upton tells the story of TV, color TV.radio, radar, sonar, high fidelity record-ing and the place of electronics in thehome.

This new volume explains in simplelanguage how the great "electricians"of the past made the discoveries and in-ventions that gave us our condensers,batteries, coils, and tubes; how latergeniuses gave us the wonders of radio,radar, loran, phonograph reproduction,ground-controlled approach systems, tel-evision in black and white and in color,X-ray, lie detector, electronic cookery,and every other important application ofelectrical energy.

The book contains the latest electronicdevelopments and is illustrated withmany drawings. It leads gradually fromthe elementary to the more advancedphases of the subject and brings to lifethe electrical giants of the past andpresent.

THE FIRST AND THE LAST. By AdolfGalland. Henry Holt & Company.360 pages. $4.95.

Here is a book about some of the un-varnished accounts of how close theGermans came to winning the War. Itreveals Hitler's complete inability tograsp the principles of defensive war-fare. The author reveals his runningbattle with Goering and Hitler: "1 wasnever a yes man to Goering."

At the war's end, the author, thena Lieutenant General, was in commandof a jet squadron-the first operationaljet squadron in the world. The jet air-craft of this "Squadron of experts" weredestroyed on the ground as U. S. tanksrumbled onto its airfield.

Some of the better episodes in thebook: the Channel dash of the Scharn-horst and the Gneisenau; the Hamburgraid; the Battle of Britain; and the cap-ture of Douglas Bader.

WEBSTER'SNEW WORD DICTIONARYof the American Language, CollegeEdition. The World Publishing Co.1760 pages. $5.00 plain; $6.00thumb-indexed.

We find our thumb-indexed copy veryhandy, valuable and attractive. 142,000definitions that really define from theAmerican viewpoint-and 1200 excellentillustrations.

59

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SUNK: The Story of the Japanese Sub-marine Fleet, 1941-1945. By Mochit-sura Hashimoto. Henry Holt & Co.276 pages. $3.95.

NO TIME FOR SERGEANTS. By MacHyman. Random House. $2.95.

McCARTHY AND THE COMMUNISTS.By James Rorty and Moshe Deeter.The Beacon Press. 163 pages. $2.00(cloth), $1.00 (paper).

BACK OF HISTORY. By William How-ells. Doubleday & Co. 384 pages.$5.00.

DON'T TREAD ON ME. By CaptainWalter Karig, with Captain HoraceV. Bird. Rinehart & Co. 442 pages.$4.00.

THE LIMITS OF FOREIGN POLICY. ByCharles Burton Marshall. New York:Henry Holt and Company, 1954. 128pages. $3.00.

THE FIGHTING SUDANESE. By H. C.Jackson. London: Macmillan & Co.,Ltd. 1954. 85 pages. $2.00.

THE NEGRO AND THE SCHOOLS. ByHarry S. Ashmore. University of NorthCarolina Press. 228 pages. Cloth,$2.75; Paper, $1.50.

THE SECRET HISTORY OF STALIN'SCRIMES. By Alexander Orlov. Ran-dom House. 366 pages. $4.50.

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THE BALLOON. By H. P. Brown. St.Martins Press. 242 pages. $3.00 .

SAILING AERODYNAMICS. By JohnMorwood. The Philosophical Library,New York. 124 pages. Illustrated.$7.50.

THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS. ByClement C. Moore. Illustrated byRoger Duvoisin. Garden City Books.$1.50.

THE MICROPHYSICAL WORLD. ByWilliam Wilson. Philosophical Library.216 pages. $3.75.

60

FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS. By Fe-liks Gross. Prilosophical Library. 179pages. $3.75.

THE NOMOGRAM. By H. J. Allcockand J. Reginald Jones. Pitman Pub-lishing Corporation. 4th Ed. 238pages. $3.75.

TABLES FOR ROCKET AND COMETORBITS. By Samuel Herrick. G.P.O.100 pp. $1.75.

SPACETRAVEL. By Kenneth W. Gat-land and Anthony M. Kunesch. Philo-sophical Library. 205 pages. $4.75.

FOOD SERVICEFOR THE ARMY ANDAIR FORCE. Compiled by Colonel Ar-thur Symons, USAR. The Military Serv-ice Publishing Co. $3.50.

Comments on the Merger(Continued from page 21)

The news of the merger is receivedwith mingled feelings. Personally andemotionally I am regretful-professional-ly I am elated. After reading the CA-AA JOURNAL for almost thirty-threeyears, like any old friend, I hate to partcompany. I'll miss the personal newsabout individuals, and the reports ofunit activities, as well as the many otheritems of purely branch interest.

But I am all for it, professionally ....We all are required to be one integratedteam in the Army Combat Forc('s. Thereis no place for further branch conscious-ness. I am certain our merger with theAssociation of the U. S. Army and theCombat Forces Journal, will go a longway toward achieving that integration.

... The best of luck to you.BRIG.GEN. FRANKC. MCCONNELL34th AAA Brigade

. . We wish you every success inyour participation in the merger andwe feel that it is to the ultimate ad-vantage of the services in general. ...

COLONELROBERTT. CONNORPMS& T, University of Minnesota

... Many of us here were in strongfavor of retaining our ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALas such. But if the decision isto merge, we see the point and you canstill count on us.MAJORJOSEPHA. TRINGALIComdg. 3rd AAA AW Battalion (SP)3rd Infantry Division, Korea

... I feel that any step toward anintegrated magazine of the Army is astep in the right direction; ... that theloss ..• will be more than compensatedfor by bringing to the Antiaircraft of-ficer current doctrine and thinking ofthe other combat arms.

COLONELJOHN S. MAYER305th AAA Group, USAR

... I feel the merger will be of definitevalue to the Antiaircraft and shouldserve to acquaint the other arms withthe magnitude of the mission and theoperations in the AA defense ....

COL. E. B. HEMPSTEADComdg. 4th AAA Group

I am in favor of it .... Sincethe CAC and AAA lost their ivory-tow-ered isolationism when combined withthe FA into one Artillery, it does notappear to be logical to maintain aseparate publication .... However, \yeneed to continue the AA articles ....Count on us to support the CombatForces Journal..

COL. DONALDJ. BAILEYCentral Army AA Command

. . . The AA JOURNALwill be sorelymissed by all AA Artillerymen ....Hope Combat Forces will be as good.

MAJORRICHARDF. TAYLOR65th AAA Group

. . . I am sorry because I really enjoythe ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. MaybeCombat Forces Journal. will be better.Colonel Symons will make an able pub-lisher. Give him my congratulations.

COL. WILLIAM 1. BRADY,Rtd.5143 Ward ParkwayKansas City, Mo.

In its 63 years of activity theJOURNALhas fostered an esprit de corpsat first among the Coast Artillerymenand now among the AA Artillerymen.The JOURNALhas been a very effectivemeans of giving the AAA a sense ofunity and a feeling of accomplishmentin its work. It has enabled old friendsin the AAA to keep track of one another.I am wondering if the same sense ofcommon interests among friends will bepossible under the new plan?

. . . I wish you luck in your effortsto make the AAA problem a matter ofArmy .wide concern.

COL. W. F. SPURGI~97th AAA Group


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.- Unit Histories ';-

Under the Southern Cross (America!Division) (Cronin) •.............

Battle History of the 1st Armored Div.(Howe) ................•.......

Old .B!t;ed (History of the First MarineDIvlSlon) .....................•.

First Cavalry Division in World War II(Wright) .

First Special Service Force (Burhans) ..Follow Me (Second Marine Division)

(Johnson) .History of the Second Engineer Special

Brigade ..Third Infantry Division History

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(paper) .Food Service for the Army & Air Force

(Symons) .Frontline Intelligence (Robb &

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commissioned Officer (cloth) .(paper) ..

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Barrett) ...............•.........Intelligence Is for Commanders (Glass)Manual for Courts-Martial, 1951 .1954 MCM Supplement ...........•.Map and Aerial Photograph Reading .Map Reading for the Soldier .Mathematics for the Millions (Hogben)Military Management for National

Defense (Beishline) .Notes For Troop Instructors:

Automatic Pistol-Caliber .45 .Interior Guard .Military Courtesy and Discipline .

Officer's Guide (MSP) .Orders and Directives (Chester) .Platoon Record Book .Paratrooper (Bradley & Wood) .Preventive Maintenance Manual .Rifle Squad and Platoon in Attack

(Rathbun) .Squad Record Book .", , .Strategic Intelligence (Kent) .Survival (Infantry Journal) (cloth) .

Abraham Lincoln (1 Vol.) Sandburg ..Abraham Lincoln (Thomas) .Genghis Khan (Lamb) , .George Washington (Freeman)

Vols. I & II-Set .Vols. III & IV-Set .

. Vol. V , .Vol. VI .

Robert E. Lee (Freeman)(Boxed set, 4 Vols.) , .

Napoleon (Ludwig) .Napoleon's Letters .Napoleon's Memoirs (DeChair) .On Active Service in Peace and War

(Stimson & Bundy) .Panzer Leader (Guderian) .Rommel: Desert Fox (Young) .Rommel Papers (Hart) .Stonewall Jackson (Henderson) .The Head and Heart of Thomas

Jefferson (Dos Passos) ..........•.

Airborne Warfare (Gavin) .Art of War (Sun Tzu) _ ..Atomic Weapons in Land Combat (2nd

Edition) (Reinhardt & Kintner) .Battle Stndies (DuPicq) .Caesar's War Commentaries

(Warrington) .

62

Antiaircraft Journal IndexVolume LXXXX VII , 1954

. Jan.-Feb., I-March-April, 2-May-June, 3-July-Aug., 4-Sept.-Oct., ;-Nov.-Dec., 6

24-1 Indicates Page 24, January-February Issue

AUTHORSPage and No.

~ Baldwin, J. L., Lt. Co!. 19-1Beeton, G. J., Lieut. 31-1Brister, B. E., Capt. 18-3, 18-5Brown, Wm. F., Capt. 31-4Buettner, J. R., Lieut. 29-1Byrd, Harry F., Senator 10-5

Chaulk, K. G., Lieut. .. , 29-3

Daley, Paul V., WOJG .DeStefanis, Victor, Major .l Fite, H. H., Capt. .

" Fry, J. C, Maj. Gen .I

Fussell, J. R., Capt. .

Gorman, D. F., Lt. Co!. .Grayson, B. L., Lieut. .Guelzo, C. M., Capt. 27-1,

l Guest, James W., Lt. Co!. .

Hardaway, F. P., Brig. Gen., Rt. .

I Hatch, Melton A., Co!. .Herlinger, H. V., Jr., Lieut. .Hogan, R. L., Capt. .

[Howell, J. F., Co!. .

Humphrey, H. T., Pfc .,_ Huston, R. M., Lt. Co!. .

( Irwin, W. W .

Ladd, J. V. K., Capt. .I Lemnitzer, L. L., Lt. Gen .\ Loftus, J. F., Capt. .

't- Massey, C. M., Jr., Capt. .Matthews, A. R., Lieut. .Mattox, R. E., Major .

lMcFadden, D. B., Lt. Co!. .Messer, Daniel, Capt. .Meyers, H. F., Brig. Gen., Ret .rf Milburn, B. L., Maj. Gen .Millar, D. B., Major .Mountain, Earle, Lt. Co!. 16-2, 29-2, 18-4,Myers, T. 1., Cp!. ' .

Nichols, B. B., Capt. .


30-327-4

22-232-626-6

26-615-424-420-5

7-520-214-120-315-514-129-4

20-1

4-22-6

25-6

8-333-610-116-626-3

5-42-4

28-48-6

27-6

30-4

Page and No.

Oberlin, B. G., Maj 24-2, 28-2Orman, L. M., Lt. Co!. 11-1,17-3, 12-4,22-4, 13-6Owens, E. G., Lt. Co!. 18-1

Palmer, F. H., Doctor 27-6Phillips, T. R., Brig. Gen., Ret. 4-3, 8-4, 2-5

Quinn, Wm. W., Brig. Gen., Ret. 14-4

Rutkin, Joseph, Major 17-1

Sample, J. C, Capt. : 15-6Seward, J. R., Co!. 18-2Small, B. B., Capt. 29-6Spengler, H. M., Co!. 16-1

Trussell, J. B. B., Lt. Co!. 22-6

Vanderpoorten, J. E., WOJG 19-5Vanture, P. S., Capt. 6-6

Weber, J. E., Corporal 19-5Weldon, H. E. C, Lt. Co!. 24-3Widing, H. E., Capt. 26-6Wuest, Wlp. J., CO!. 22-3

TITLES

A

AA Engagement in the Forward Zone 15-5AAA in a Combat Zone, Medium 18-5AAA in the Netherlands Army 10-1AAA Operations Center 22-4AAA Trial Fire 16-2AAA, Part 5, The Development of Heavy 22-3Air Defense Command, Continental 15-5Air Defense of North America 6-1Air Defense Plan, N.G. Part in 18-2Altitude Determining, Device for 14-1Arctic Antiaircraft-93rd AAA Bn 8-3Artillery at Henry Hill, Staunton 22-6Artillery Defense of Malta, the 24-1Artilleryman, Every Man an 25-6Artillery, Medieval Armor, Arms and 20-1Army General Staff Duty 18-1Army Language School, The 30-4Atomic Supremacy, The Race for 2-5

63

B PPage and Xo. Page and X..

Battery Effectiveness 27-6Before Your Unit Moves 24-4

C

Career, \X'hat You Can Do About Your .Character Guidance .Civil Defense In St. Louis .Chronograph Determination of MV .Conference Method, The .Crises Threaten in Korea and Indochina, New .

20-520-37-5

17-127-1

8-4

Paper Resen'e, Not Enough .Perimeter Defense for LAAA .Plan Your Lesson Plan .Preparatory Fire Procedures .Prime Mover for the 120? .

R

Radar Jamming for Operator Training .Reserve Troop Program, The ................•....Revolution, Officers of the .ROK Officers Class .

2'-14.~

29,216.633.6 1

19-526.2

24-231-4

D

Do You Know Military Discipline 29-4

E

Electronics and Men .Electronics Design .Economy, Our National .English for the Army .

F

Fallacy o.f Massive Retaliation .

12-417-310-529-1

4-3

S

Score, \X1hat's the .Security Control in the Soviet Army .Self-Propelled AAA in Support .Senior ROTC .Skysweeper in Ground Support .Skysweeper Tests Completed .Specialization for Combat Arms Officers .Status of Training Literature .Supernumerary, The .Supply, Prior Planning in .Surveillance Radars .

8-615-418-3

20-2

28.4

31-1

19-1

28-2 .,

30.316-1

11.1

M

* * * * * * * * * * *HONOR

6-613-632.626-6

*

I2-6 r

*1l*,'

*f*\*.*

*

lOath AAA Brigade Ga.Brig. Gen. G. J. Hearn112th AAA Brigade Calif.Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook26151 AAA Brigade Dela.Brig. Gen. J. B. Moore

Groups151 Training GroupCol. C. E. Roden3rd AAA GroupCol. M. G. Weber41h AAA GroupCol. E. B. Hempstead51h AAA GroupCol. W. H. Vail61h AAA GroupCo/. H. B. Cooper

ROLL40lh AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. E. F. Cardwell451h AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. T. W. Parker471h AAA BrigadeMaj. Gen. F. M. Day52nd AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. W. H. Hennig53rd AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. L. T. Heath561h AAA BrigadeMaj. Gen. N. A. Burnell, II1041h AAA Brigade Mass.Brig. Gen. V. D. Coyne105th AAA Brigade N. Y.Brig. Gen. A. H. Doud1071h AAA Brigade Va.Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire

wWe Move Ahead

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T

The First Year-36th AAA Msl Bn .The Tipsy .This Concerns You .The Versatile M33 .

Cenlral AAA CommandCol. D. J. BaileyAAA Repl Training CenlerCol. E. R. C. WardHq Far Easl AAA Spec. Sch.Col. F. E. DayNorlhern (Proy) GroupCol. W. E. Johnson

Brigades3151 AAA BrigadeCol. Arthur Roth32nd AAA BrigadeCol. C. H. Blumenfeld34th AAA BrigadeCrig. Gen. F. C. McConnell351h AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. T. V. Stayton

G

. Original Honor Roll88th AAA Abn BnLt. Col. N. M. G. Locksley228th AAA Group S. C.Co/. T. H. PopeI07th AAA AW Bn S. C.Lt. Col. E. R. Mciver305th AAA Group N. Y.Col. J. S. Mayer

Separate CommandsHq AAA CommandLl. Gen. S. R. MickelsenEaslern AAA CommandBrig. Gen. A. G. FraoklinWeslern AAA CommandMaj. Gen. H. Hewett

Maintenance, Preventive 5-4Mobile ANjTPS-lD 27-4, 15-6New Claws for the 90mm Gun 29-3

Geographical Status Board 26-6Goering Answers the $64 Question 14-4Gunners Exams and Tests 22-2


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7th AAA GroupLt. Col. R. C. Bali8th AAA GroupCol. l. J. Hillberg9th AAA GroupIt. Col. J. H. Brubaker131h AAA GroupCol. J. F. Eason15th AAA GroupCol. P. B. Stiness181h AAA GroupCo\. S. M. Mellnik19th AAA GroupCol. H. A. Gerhardt26th AAA GroupCol. N. A. Skinrccci281h AAA GroupCol. W. C. Cenway30th AAA GroupCal. P. H. Wellasta'65th AAA GroupCel. H. S. Tubbs68th AAA GroupCel. G. F. Pierce80th AAA GroupCol. D. B. Murray97th AAA GroupCol. W. F. Spurgin1381h AAA GroupCol. M. B. Tauer142nd AAA Group Ala.Col. R. M. Hardy205th AAA Group Wash.Lt. Cal. H. S. McGee211 th AAA Group Moss.Col. Douglas MacDul!213th AAA Group Penn.ll. Cal. H. A. Cressman214th AAA Group Ga.Col. J. G. Johnson21 81h AAA Group Penn.Lt. Col. J. l. Butler220th AAA Group Moss.Col. R. H. Hopkins2241h AAA Group Va.Col. E. W. Thompson2261h AAA Group Ala.Col. N. J. Walton233rd AAA Group Calif.Cal. W. T. Stone242nd AAA Group Conn.Cal. Robert Perez244th AAA Group N.Y.Col. l. S. Allen250lh AAA Group Calif.Col. R. B. Williams260th AAA Group D. C.Col. G. V. Selwyn302nd AAA GroupCol. J. M. Welch3131h AAA GroupCol. A. F. Hoehle3261h AAA GroupCol. M. D. Meyers369th AAA Group N. Y.Cal. C. l. Baskervill3741h AAA Group IllinoisCol. T. F. Mullaney

Battalions151 AAA Tng BnMaj. J. E. Nuwer2nd AAA AW Bn SPIt. Cal. R. O. Van Holt,3rd AAA AW Bn SPMaj. J. A. Tringali4th AAA AW BnIt. Co\. E. O'Connor, II.51h AAA AW BnIt. Col. N. E. Fisher51h AAA Tng BnLt. Col. C. E. Hogan71h AAA AW BnLt. CO\. M. J. McGuire

9th AAA Missile BnLt. Co\. G. N. Wilcox10th AAA AW BnLt. Cal. S. D. Bruns11 th AAA A W Bn SPIt. Co\. D. A. Gile12th AAA Gn BnLt. Col. J. R. Ootman151h AAA AW BnLt. Col. J. E. Hart16th AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. G. R. Evans18th AAA Gun BnL:. Co\. E. M. Hudak20lh AAA Gun BnIt. Col. R. E. Butts22nd AAA AW BnL'. Col. W. H. Bornscheuer241h AAA Gn BnLt. Col. H. E. Bock, Jr.28th AAA Missile BnIt. Col. J. A. Word, Jr.32nd AAA AW BnIt. Col. H. G. Cummings341h AAA Gn BnLt. Col. G. E. Sylvester35th AAA Gun BnLt. Cal. l. H. Kirk, ;~.36th AAA Missile BnLt. Col. E. R. Gooding371h AAA Gn BnIt. Cal. R. R. Corey381h AAA Gun BnLt. Cal. J. M. McAlister391h AAA AW BnLt. Cal. F. D. Pryor40th AAA Gun BnIt. Cal. W. H. Hubbard41 sl AAA Gun BnIt. Col. W. T. Lind42nd AAA AW BnLt. Col. J. E. Arthur, Jr.46th AAA A W Bn SPIt. Col. R. M. Wolke,491h AAA Gun BnIt. Col. C. C. nines52nd AAA Gun BnIt. Col. J. A. Rogers53rd AAA Gn BnLt. Col. J. H. Brubaker561h AAA Gnll. Col. W. Y. McCachern60th AAA AW BnLt. Col. J. l. Dovis, Jr.62nd AAA AW Bn SPIt. Col. H. A. Fulk63rd AAA Gn Bn~'. Cal. E. G. Schwartz661h AAA Missile BnLt. Col. J. C. Wilkerson691h AAA Gun BnMaj. l. E. Ziegler70th AAA Gun BnLt. Cal. W. E. Barkman71 sl AAA Missile BnLt. Col. l. R. Droke741h AAA Gn BnLt. Cal. R. A. Janowski76th AAA AW Bn SPIt. Col. N. E. Ackner771h AAA Gun BnIt. Cal. W. l. Wyatt82nd Abn AAA BnLt. Co\. J. T. Evans83rd AAA Missile BnLt. Co\. C. F. Cofley89th AAA Gn BnLt. Col. J. D. Underwood92nd AAA AW BnIt. Col. S. C. Farris93rd AAA Gun Bnll. Col. B. B. A. Hoenel941h AAA AW Bn SPIt. Col. A. K. King

951h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. J. T. Maleri96th AAA Gun BnIt. Col. C. M. Pentecosl991h AAA Gn BnLt. Col. F. J. O'Connell102nd AAA Gun Bn N. Y.Lt. Col. E. R. Welte106th AAA Gun Bn N. Y.Maj. J. B. McManus1251h AAA Gun Bn Va.It. Co\. T. J. Bunlin1291h AAA AW Bn Va.It. Co\. G. D. Eastes130th AAA AW Bn SP N. C.It. Col. W. lamont, Jr.180lh AAA Gn Bn OhioMaj. F. l. Matson2451h AAA Gun Bn N. Y.It. Col. C. Davidson2481h AAA Gun Bn IllinoisIt. Col. A. C. Andrae2591h AAA Gn Bn N. Y.It. Col. K. C. Steeneck271 sl AAA Gun Bn Calif.It. Cal. V. S. Matthews340lh AAA Gun Bn D. C.Lt. Col. R. T. Bard3691h AAA Gn Bn N.Y.It. Col. J. S. Brown41 Blh AAA Gun IIn Va.ll. Col. W. K. Adorns443rd AAA AW Bn SPIt. Col. R. J. Raflaeli450lh AAA AW IInIt. Col. G. W. Shivers, Jr.4571h AAA AW BnLt. Col. J. Horst, Jr.4591h AAA Gun BnIt. Col. C. D. Sauvinet4661h AAA A W Bnll. Col. S. M. Arnold4861h AAA BnLt. Col. C. C. Edwards4951h AAA Missile Bn\J. Col. B. H. Bockstrom4961h AAA Gun BnIt. Co\. H. l. Dickey50151 AAA Gn BnIt. Cal. P. B. Woll!5041h AAA Gn BnLt. Cal. J. C. Boer5051h AAA Gn BnLt. Cal. M. E. Chotas5061h AAA Gun BnIt. Col. J. H. Valliere5071h AAA AW Bn 175mmlIt. Cal. J. A. laing513th AAA Gun Bnll. Col. G. B. Vroom5161h AAA Missile BnLt. Col. A. H. Manguso518th AAA Gun Bnll. Col. D. C. Sherrets5191h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. A. E. Holt5261h AAA Missile BnLt. Col. W. J. Wellman5461h AAA Gn BnIt. Col. W. A. Brinkerhofl5491h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. E. Mountain550lh AAA Gun BnLt. Col. F. E. Terry55151 AAA Missile BnLt. Col. C. M. Allen5541h AAA Gun BnLt. Cal. J. R. Schroder60151 AAA Gun BnLt. Col. E. E. Bellonby6051h AAA Gun BnIt. Col. F. J. Roddy6061h AAA Gn BnLt. Col. J. F. Butler

633rd AAA Gn Bn NYLt. Cal. W. A. Boker70151 AAA Gun BnMaj. H. l. Hall7051h AAA Gn Bn R. I.It. Col. F. O. Roever7091h AAA Gun Bn Penn.Lt. Col. Wellington Yaple710th AAA Gn Bn Va.It. Cal. G. C. Wiatt7111h AAA Gn Bn Ala.Lt. Col. O. F. Kuppersmith7131h AAA Gn Bn S. C.It. Col. W. B. Pollard, Jr.7151h AAA Gn Bn N.Y.Lt. Co\. O. C. Van bel718th AAA Gn Bn Calif.It. Col. N. W. Hemphill7191h AAA Gun Bn Calif.Lt. Cal. W. W. Morse720th AAA Gun BnLt. Col. G. A. Duke7241h AAA Gun Bn Penn.Maj. J. l. Knotts7281h AAA Gun Bn Calif.Maj. J. E. Huntsman7371h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. B. W. Perry7381h AAA Missile BnIt. Cal. M. C. Johnson7391h AAA Gun BnIt. Cal. C. W. Reeve740lh AAA Missile BnLt. Col. l. D. Burkett7451h AAA Gn Bn Conn.Lt. Col. R. M. Story746th AAA Gun Bn Calif.I.t. Col. K. S. Gray7471h AAA Gun Bn Mass.It. Col. J. F. Kane7491h AAA Gn BnLt. Col. G. W. Kenna752nd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. D. T. Chapman753rd AAA Gun BnLt. Col. J. T. Browne7641h AAA Gun BnIt. Col. R. l. SpellznOlh AAA Gn Bn Wash.It. Col. W. D. Bair867th AAA Gn BnLt. Col. R. D. Harlan870lh AAA AW BnMaj. J. T. Blow903rd AAA AW BnLt. Cal. V. Blekaitis933rd AAA AW BnMaj. W. R. 8ullard950lh AAA AW Bn Ga.It. Col. J. P. Wallis9515t AAA Gun IIn Calif.Lt. Col. J. B. Lindeman

Operations Detachments110lh AAA De! Opns Wash.Maj. S. R. Schwartz13151 AAA Del Opns S. C.Maj. W. C. Fore173rd AAA De! Opns Mass.Capl. J. H. Hurney, Jr.1841h AAA Del Opns Calif.Copt. M. C. Teschendorl3271h AAA Del OpnsMaj. P. A. Davis5041h AAA De! OpnsMaj. W. G. Mathews5061h AAA Del OpnsMaj. W. A. Jones510lh AAA De! OpnsIt. H. R. Tonner512th AAA Del OpnsMaj. J. Sweryda51 81h AAA Del OpnsMaj. E. J. Strazicich

**

TODAY'SMILITARY PROBLEMS

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PARATROOPERBy Lt. Cols. Fral/cis X. Brad/~y

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ATOMIC WEAPONS IN LAND COMBATBy Cols. G. C. R~illh",'dt

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NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 - Fort Sill...Hecting a tactical and organizational de-NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1954 3 out to the mutual satisfaction of all con-cerned. Now we are confident that

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