1 ST AND 2 ND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Latin I Grammar Review
1ST AND 2ND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Latin I Grammar Review
Latin I Grammar Review Review of Case Usage
Latin… the “Basics”
Case Usage
¨ In English, word order determines the meaning of a sentence.
¨ In Latin, case endings determine the meaning. ¤ The boy killed the deer with a single arrow. ¤ The word order paints a clear picture.
Case Usage
¨ What if the words were rearranged? ¤ With a single arrow the deer killed the
boy. ¤ Do these sentences convey the same
meaning?
Case Usage
Moral of the Story: ¨ Don’t read Latin the same way you read
English. ¨ Don’t use word order to translate a
sentence, use case endings.
Case Usage
The Cases:
¨ Nominative: Subject (a, an, the) ¨ Genitive: Possession (of) ¨ Dative: Indirect Object (to/for) ¨ Accusative: Direct Object (a, an, the) ¨ Ablative: Object of Prepositions (by/with) ¨ Vocative: Direct Address (Oh, !)
Declining Latin Nouns
The Basic Formula:
� Noun Base + Declension Ending
Agricola, agricolae
� Base= agricol-
Puer, puerī � Base= puer-
Amicus, amicī
� Base= amic-
Latin I Grammar Review Declining 1st Declension Nouns
First Declension Nouns
First Declension Endings
Singular Plural
Nominative: -a -ae Genitive: -ae -ārum Dative: -ae -īs Accusative: -am -ās Ablative: -ā -īs Vocative: -a -ae
Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae
Singular Nominative: agricol + a Genitive: agricol + ae Dative: agricol + ae Accusative: agricol + am Ablative: agricol + ā Vocative: agricol + a
Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae
Plural Nominative: agricol + ae Genitive: agricol + ārum Dative: agricol + īs Accusative: agricol + ās Ablative: agricol + īs Vocative: agricol + ae
Declining First Declension
Singular Plural English
agricola agricolae the farmer(s)
agricolae agricolārum of the farmer(s)
agricolae agricolīs to/for the farmer(s)
agricolam agricolās the farmer(s)
agricolā agricolīs by/with the farmer(s)
agricola agricolae Oh, farmer(s)!
Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns
Second Declension Masculine
Second Declension Masculine Endings
Singular Plural
Nominative: -us/-r -ī Genitive: -ī -ōrum Dative: -ō -īs Accusative: -um -ōs Ablative: -ō -īs Vocative: -e/-ī/-r -ī
Declining Second Declension amicus, amicī (base= serv-)
Singular
Nominative: amic + us Genitive: amic + ī Dative: amic + ō Accusative: amic + um Ablative: amic + ō Vocative: amic + e
Declining Second Declension servus, servī (base= serv-)
Plural
Nominative: amic + ī Genitive: amic + ōrum Dative: amic + īs Accusative: amic + ōs Ablative: amic + īs Vocative: amic + ī
Declining Second Declension
Singular Plural English
amicus amicī the friend(s) amicī amicō of the friend(s) amicō amicīs to/for the friend(s) amicum amicōs the friend(s) amicō amicīs by/with the friend(s) amice amicī Oh, friend(s)!
Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns (cont.)
2nd Declension Neuter
Second Declension Neuter Endings
Singular Plural
Nominative: -um -a Genitive: -ī -ōrum Dative: -ō -īs Accusative: -um -a Ablative: -ō -īs Vocative: -um -a
Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)
Singular
Nominative: bell + um Genitive: bell + ī Dative: bell + ō Accusative: bell + um Ablative: bell + ō Vocative: bell + um
Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)
Plural
Nominative: bell + a Genitive: bell + ōrum Dative: bell + īs Accusative: bell + a Ablative: bell + īs Vocative: bell + a
Declining Second Declension
Singular Plural English
bellum bella the war(s) bellī bellōrum of the war(s) bellō bellīs to/for the war(s) bellum bella the war(s) bellō bellīs by/with the war(s) bellum bella Oh, war(s)!
Latin I Grammar Review Noun-Adjective Agreement
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
Latin Adjectives
¨ Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns ¨ Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with
the nouns they modify in three ways 1. Gender 2. Number 3. Case
1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
¨ 1st/2nd declension adjectives use the same endings as the nouns ¤ Bonus – a, um
First Declension Second Declension
-a -ae -us/r (um) -ī (a) -ae -ārum -ī -ōrum -ae -īs -ō -īs -am -ās -um -ōs (a) -ā -īs -ō -īs -a -ae -e/ī/r (um) -ī (a)
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
Singular Plural
puer bonus puerī bonī puerī bonī puerōrum bonōrum puerō bonō puerīs bonīs puerum bonum puerōs bonōs puerō bonō puerīs bonīs puer bone puerī bonī
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
Singular Plural
nauta bonus nautae bonī nautae bonī nautārum bonōrum nautae bonō nautīs bonīs nautam bonum nautās bonōs nautā bonō nautīs bonīs
nauta bone nautae bonī
Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
¨ Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and gender ¤ … but their endings do not have to
look the same!