noun.

NOUNS

NOUNS

Nouns are naming words.

They give title to people, places,

things, ideas.

The world without names would be

absurd.

NOUNS The word noun comes from Latin word

‘Nomen’ meaning name.

My friend, buddy, has a Ph.D in Physics.

My son, Shozib watches television in the

evening.

The purpose of this exam is to check your

competence.

The weight of Gold is measured in Karats.

NOUNS The way to determine nouns..

Place articles before nouns. If the combination makes sense, it is a noun.

Joy. The joy Pride. The pride Person. A person, the person Apple. An apple. The apple Read. A read. The read Learn. A learn.

NOUNS TYPES Common Nouns

General nouns and can be applied to any other as

well. Shared by all.

Magnet, angel, orchid, subway, ship, pupils

Proper Nouns

That refer to specific people, places or things.

They are capitalized.

The little orphan Hamid, Titanic, Faisalabad

Compare the dog and Mike

TYPES CONT… Concrete Nouns That can be touched or held. house, taxicab, typewriter, computer,

shoe, chair, refrigerator.

Abstract Nouns Can not be touched or held. Exist only in

our minds as ideas or feelings. Fear, love, honesty, hostility, truth,

regrets, death, soul, sleep, beauty, courage.

TYPES Collective They are singular in number but name a

group of people or objects.

Army band clergycompany

Audience class committeefamily

Mob team crowdflock

Facultyherd number

TYPES CONT…

Noun Gender

It refers to the classification of noun

according to the sex.

Living beings are of either male or female

sex.

Nouns that refer to males are of the

masculine gender. i.e. man, boy

Nouns that refer to female gender are of

feminine gender. Woman, girl.

TYPES CONT…

Nouns that could refer to males or

females are of common gender. i.e.

animal, child, parents, student,

servant, neighbor.

nouns that are neither male nor female

are of neuter gender. i.e. toy, apple,

book, pen.

GENDER Masculine/feminine nouns denoting people 1 Different forms; (a) boy, girl gentleman, lady

son, daughter bachelor, spinster husband, wife u ncle, aunt

bridegroom, bride man, woman widower, widow father, mother nephew, niece

Main exceptions: baby, infant, relative, child, parent, spouse, cousin teenager

(b) duke, duchess king, queen prince, princess earl, countess

lord, lady

GENDER

The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form: artist, cook, driver, guide, assistant, dancer doctor etc.

Main exceptions: actor, actress, host, hostess, conductor, conductress, manager, manageress, heir, Heiress steward, stewardess, hero, heroine waiter, waitress

Also salesman, saleswoman etc., but sometimes -person is used instead of -man, -woman: salesperson, spokesperson.

NOUN NUMBER

The number of a noun refers to how many

people or objects it refers to.

Nouns that refer to just one of anything

are singular.

Nouns that refer to more than one of any

thing are plural.

In their simplest forms, nouns are singular.

How to pluralize?

HOW TO PLURALIZE NOUNS General pluralizing rule! By adding –s or –es to the singular

forms. Kite kites cake cakes field fields flag flags

Words ending with ch, sh, s, x, z are called sibilant sounds. They require –es.

Wish wishes quiz quizzes Classclasses dish dishes

PLURALIZING NOUNS Nouns ending in Y Nouns ending in y take –ies with them. City cities lady ladies Fly flies cherry cherries Enemy enemies candy

candies

Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel use s to pluralize.

Boy boys tray trays Play plays valley valleys Toy toys clay clays

PLURALIZING NOUNS CONT.. Nouns ending with f or fe Change f or fe to v and add -es Calf calves leaf

leaves Shelf shelves thief thieves Half halves loaf loaves Wife wives knife knives

Some nouns ending in f take -s Belief beliefs roof roofs Chief chiefs safe safes

PLURALIZING NOUNS CONT.. Irregular plurals Some nouns change irregularly, making a

new word. Change occurs in vowels. Foot feet mouse mice Toothteeth man men Woman women goose

geese

Some do not change Deer deer sheep sheep Fish fish+ species species

PLURALIZING NOUNS Some words which retain their original

Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin:

crisis, crises phenomenon, phenomena erratum, errata radius, radii memorandum, memoranda terminus,

termini oasis, oases

NOUN CASE Case describes the syntactical

relationship of a noun or pronoun to the other words in the sentence.

Both, nouns and pronouns possess this quality.

i. Nominative caseii. Objective or accusative caseiii. Possessive case or genitive

case

NOUN CASE Nominative case Noun used as the subject of a verb. The catcher missed the ball. Saim plucked a flower.

Accusative case Noun used as the object of a verb. Saim plucked a flower. Aabis gave Ammar a gift.

NOUN CASE

Possessive case

Nouns showing ownership

The pirate’s treasure was lost.

The treasurer’s note has made me a

little nervous.

FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE i. by adding apostrophe s (‘s) Boy boy’s children

children’s

ii. For plural nouns ending with s, use just apostrophe.

Girls girls’ soldiers soldiers’ Shamis’ Dickens’ friends’

Brother in law’s Supreme Court’s America and Canada’s

POSSESSIVE CASE Possessive is just used for living beings. Man’s problem not problem of man Leg of the chair not chair’s leg

With Personified objects Nature’s laws beauty’s feet

With time, space Last night’s dew drop Year’s time

PERSONIFICATION

Personification is an act of treating an

inanimate object or an idea as if they

had human qualities.

I heard Death’s knock at my door and

felt his icy hand on my shoulder.

I watched the beauty’s steps dancing.

APPOSITION

Apposition is a word, phrase or clause

that is placed beside another word to

rename, explain or enhance it.

The king, my brother attacked the

castle.

We saw Tom Hanks, the movie star

at the café yesterday.

Mr. Obama, American President is to

visit Pakistan yesterday.

THANK YOU

QUESTIONS?