notes1

1. Causes of WWI• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria• Hostile alliances take effect---War declared

Central Powers vs. Allied Powers• Germany Great Britain• Austria/Hungary France• Ottoman Empire Russia

• Trench warfare and the Western Front

3. President Wilson• Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies• US belief = right to trade with all nations

• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.

notes1

4. From neutrality to war.•German policy

•Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW•U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)

•Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917

5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……• Germans violated our trade and neutrality

•War to end all war•The world must be made safe for democracy

•Side with the Allies

notes2

1. President Wilson: The War to End All War War outlook in Jan. 1917

Poor for Allies: Why? U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary

Forces Led by General John J. Pershing

US Troops

2. Actions of Wilson and Congress

3. Women in WWI• worked in the factories

19th Amendment----women’s suffrage

4. End of War Nov. 11th = 11-11-11 = end of the war

Germans sign an armistice

notes3

1. President Wilson’s 14 Points

2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries Germany was forced to

pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion Remain disarmed Lost all colonies Responsible for war

Created new countries

3. Wilson’s Problems at Home • Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

• Does not join the League of Nations…….Why? • Lodge vs. Wilson• Draw U.S. into another war• Took away Congress’s power to declare

war.• Americans wanted neutrality

notes5

notes6

4. Results of Treaty of Versailles New democracies would fail without US aid Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII

5. Post war adjustments….

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense

War Industries Board War Industries Board Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch

Food Administration Food Administration Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover

Railroad Administration Railroad Administration William McAdooWilliam McAdoo

National War Labor Board National War Labor Board William Howard Taft William Howard Taft

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board•To build weapons for the war, US industry

would undergo a massive change.

•From a peacetime industry to a war time industry…..

Led by Bernard Baruch, the WIB set prices and determined what goods should be

produced by private industry….

US Govt. controlled the economy

•Contradiction?Contradiction?

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

Food Administration:Food Administration: Herbert Hoover heads effort to conserve food and boost agricultural output

US feeds the world from the farms and ranches in the Great Plains… ”Bread basket of the World”

Liberty and victory gardens

Meatless and wheatless days

U. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food AdministrationU. S. Food Administration

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

U. S. School Garden U. S. School Garden ArmyArmy

U. S. School Garden U. S. School Garden ArmyArmy

U. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping Board

U. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel Administration

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the

Economy Economy

Is it a move towards socialism? 1.1. Unemployment virtually Unemployment virtually

disappeared.disappeared.

2.2. Expansion of “big government.”Expansion of “big government.”

3.3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.Excessive govt. regulations in eco.

4.4. Some gross mismanagement --> Some gross mismanagement --> overlapping jurisdictions.overlapping jurisdictions.

5.5. Close cooperation between public Close cooperation between public and private sectors.and private sectors.

6.6. Unprecedented opportunities for Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.disadvantaged groups.

Committee on Public Information

Creel CommitteeCreel Committee, headed by , headed by George CreelGeorge Creel,, told Americans told Americans what the war was about and to what the war was about and to publicize the American aims.publicize the American aims.

Propaganda posters to get Propaganda posters to get Americans to support the war Americans to support the war

effort.effort.

Committee on Public Committee on Public InformationInformation

presidents actions

congress actions

Selective Service Selective Service ActAct

May of 1917, President Wilson and Congress pass into legislation a draft or conscription. 21 to 30 yrs. and later extended to 40 yrs. of

age.

Contradiction?Contradiction?

1917 – Selective Service Act 24,000,000 men registered for the

draft by the end of 1918. 2,810,296 drafted and served in

WWI

3.7 million men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat)

Volunteers and draftees

400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.

15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

congress actions

congress actions

Financing the war:

•Sale of war bonds.

•Liberty and victory loans raised $21 billion.

•Raised income taxes

National Security vs. Civil Liberties

forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail.

fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Espionage Act – 1917Espionage Act – 1917

congress actions

•Provided for up to $10,000 in fines and 20 years in prison for interfering with the war effort or using disloyal

language.

•At least 1,597 persons were arrested, and 41 received prison sentences;

newspapers criticizing the government lost mailing privileges.

•Congress and President Wilson enacted this law to promote

patriotism, nationalism and protect the National Security of the US during

WWI.

Espionage & Sedition Act, Espionage & Sedition Act, 19181918

National Security vs. Civil Liberties

It was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, orpublish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, orabusive languageabusive language about this form of US Govt.,

the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of productioncurtailment of production of things of things necessary or necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the warthe US in the prosecution of the war..

Sedition Act – 1918Sedition Act – 1918

•In 1917 the United States was at War with Germany. WWI

•Charles SchenkCharles Schenk, a member of the Socialist Party, handed out leaflets condemning the war and urging young men to resist the military draft.

•He was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917.Espionage and Sedition Act of 1917.

•Schenk took his case to the United States Supreme Court arguing that his constitutional right to freedom of speech had been violated.

IssueIssue

Can “free speech”“free speech” be censored or

restricted during war time?

SC ruling:SC ruling: Disagreed with Schenk

Majority opinionMajority opinionBUTBUT, every act of speech must be judged according to the circumstances in which

it was spoken.The most stringent protection of free speech

would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a

panic. "Words can be weapons . . .The question in "Words can be weapons . . .The question in

every case is whether the words used in every case is whether the words used in such circumstances are of such nature as such circumstances are of such nature as to create a to create a clear and present dangerclear and present danger that that they will bring about the substantive evils they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has the right to prevent."that Congress has the right to prevent."

•Under normal circumstances,normal circumstances, his actions would have been protected by 1st amendment

•The country was at war, Schenk's freedom of speech was

not protected.

•SC ruling meant there were limits to freedom of speech in

war time.

•From the ruling, the Court established the "clear "clear and present danger"and present danger" principle to decide whether

or not certain kinds of speech are protected.

league cartoon1

league cartoon1

league cartoon1

league cartoon1

19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage (1920) Women won the right to vote….Called the

“Susan B. Anthony” amendment.

Vladamir Lenin Vladamir Lenin Czar Nicholas Czar Nicholas

Czar Nicholas and the Romanov Family would be overthrown by Lenin who eventually would start

the first CommunisticCommunistic state……

CAUSESCAUSES•Food and fuel shortages

•Striking workers•Terrible loses in WWI •Czar was a weak ruler•Marxist (communistcommunist)

propaganda spread by Lenin

EFFECTSEFFECTS•King overthrown

•Russia pulls out of the war•Russia becomes a

communistic countrycommunistic country•Germany sends Zimmerman Zimmerman

NoteNote to Mexico

battle fronts

battle fronts

•German offensive in the summer of 1918

to capture Paris, France and win the

war.

•With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to

stop the German advance.

•Germans surrender and sign an armistice

on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.