e Solar System: nebular theory fits most of the facts. theory: Bang produced lumpy clouds--COBE satellite. star stuff with heavier elements combined with H and He gas ig Bang, and gravity pulled it together. two supernova in our region. cloud collapsed to a spinning disk and a globe in the center. d as it collapsed, the center hotter than outer regions: mholtz contraction or heating. s magnetic field slowed its rotation by dragging on ons. ere swirls formed to predate satellite systems. er regions were too hot to allow light gases to collect. left heavier elements and produced terrestrial planets. r regions were cool enough to allow large amounts of H and He ollect into the Jovian Planets. lected into planetesimals, planetesimals into protoplanets. ty smoothed the larger objects to spheres. nets, the sun, and satellites rotated and revolved in the same dire grade). Some planets (Venus, Uranus and Pluto) rotate retrograde use of large collisions (Velikovsky).
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NOTES: The Solar System: Origin: the nebular theory fits most of the facts. The nebular theory: 1. The Big Bang produced lumpy clouds--COBE satellite.
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NOTES: The Solar System:
Origin: the nebular theory fits most of the facts.The nebular theory:1. The Big Bang produced lumpy clouds--COBE satellite.2. Recycled star stuff with heavier elements combined with H and He gas from Big Bang, and gravity pulled it together. There were two supernova in our region.3. The gas cloud collapsed to a spinning disk and a globe in the center. 4. It heated as it collapsed, the center hotter than outer regions: Helmholtz contraction or heating.5. The sun's magnetic field slowed its rotation by dragging on electrons.6. There were swirls formed to predate satellite systems.7. The inner regions were too hot to allow light gases to collect. This left heavier elements and produced terrestrial planets.8. The outer regions were cool enough to allow large amounts of H and He to collect into the Jovian Planets.9. Dust collected into planetesimals, planetesimals into protoplanets. Gravity smoothed the larger objects to spheres.10. All planets, the sun, and satellites rotated and revolved in the same direction (prograde). Some planets (Venus, Uranus and Pluto) rotate retrograde because of large collisions (Velikovsky).
Steps in how the solar nebula forms.
The Nebular Hypothesis
Conservation of Angular Momentum:Contraction increase in rotation,
shown in reverse above.
Hannes Alfven explainedwhy the sun seemed to rotateslower than conservation ofangular momentum wouldsuggest
If you spin underwaterwith your arms out,it slows you down.
The magnetic field in thesolar nebula disk is like thearms, the charged particlesin that disk are like the water.
The Solar Nebula heated as it collapsed, the center hotter than outer regions: Helmholtz contraction or heating.
Compressing a gas makes it hotter, asparticles move faster.
Gravitational potentialenergy betweendust particles and gasbecomes kinetic energy of motion or heat.
The inner regions were too hot to allow light gases to collect. This left heavier elements and produced terrestrial planets.
Planetesimals (rocks) formed out of the dust by gravity.
Prograde vs Retrograde Rotation:Only Venus, Uranus spin retrograde--opposite to earth.
Velikovsky in 1950’s suggested
Venus was hit by something big,
flipping her rotation.
He was labeled a ‘crackpot’.
Bode's Law: Planet Dist. in AU = (3x2n-1 + 4)/10, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
Planet Prediction Actual DistanceMercury 0.4 0.39Venus 0.7 0.72Earth 1.0 1.00Mars 1.6 1.52Ceres 2.8 2.8 (Largest in asteroid belt)Jupiter 5.2 5.20Saturn 10.0 9.54Uranus 19.6 19.18Neptune 38.8 30.06Pluto 77.2 39.44 (was Pluto an original?) No reasonable explanation why this works.Distances found by radar ranging--bouncing radio waves andtiming.
Radar Ranging: bounce radio waves off planetary body.Distance = speed of light x time
Mass:Found using Newton's version of Kepler's 3rd Law a3/P2 = kM.This gives mass of sun. Then, let M = the mass of a planet witha moon in orbit about it. Planets without moons have massesdetermined by orbiting spacecraft or deviations in trajectories(paths) of passing objects.
Planetology:Example--content of Atmospheres: depends on1. Volcanism, and origin of planet. 2. Surface temperature--a measure of average speed of atomsand molecules. 3. Surface gravity and escape velocity.