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Science Module Form 1 Chapter 2
Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC) 1 e-mail : a b ia n a jaa f a r @ y a ho o .c om
CHAPTER 2 : CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OFLIFE
Parts of microscope :
An instrument that magnifies minuteobjects so they can be seen easily.It is one of the most important tools ofscience.Physicians and biologists usemicroscopes to examine bacteria andblood cells.
EyepieceMagnify the specimen by 10x
Rough focus knob
Change the position of theobjective lens when focusing
with low-powered objective
lens.
Fine focus knob
Change the position of theobjective lens slightly for fin
focusing. Used with high-
powered objective lens.
Objective lens Magnify the
size of a specimen by 4x,
10x or 40x.
Stage
Place the glass slide.
Clip
Hold the slide on the stage.
Diaphragm
Control the amount of light
entering objective lens.
There are four basic kinds of microscopes :
Optical or light microscopeElectron microscopeScanning probe microscopeIon microscope
Mirror
Reflects light up through anopening un the stage to
illuminate the specimen.
Base
Stabilize the microscope.
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Chloroplast
VacuoleCell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus Cytoplasm
Structure ofcell
Function
Nucleus Control all activities of the cell
Vacuoles
Stores salt and sugar solutions, hold waste
substances
ChromosomesDetermines how an organism behaves (geneticinformation)
Cytoplasm A place where all chemical reactions take place
Cell membraneControl the movement of substances into or out ofthe cell
Cell wall Support and gives the cell a regular shape
ChloroplastsA place where plants make food by photosynthesis.Contain chlorophyll which is used to trap sunlight for
photosynthesis.
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}Cytoplasm
Nucleus Protoplasm
Cell membrane
Structure of the cell Function
Nucleus Controls all the activities of the cell
Cytoplasm A place where all chemical reactiontake place.Stores dissolves material
Cell membrane Controls the movement of material inand out of the cell
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Co mp aring Animal Cel l an d Plan t Cel l
Similarities
Both have nu cle u s, c y t op las m and c e l lm e m br a n e.
Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cell Animal cellRegular shape shape Irregular shape
With chloroplasts chloroplasts Without chloroplasts
With a cell wall(cellulose)
cell wall Without cell wall
Large vacuoles vacuolesHas no vacuoleexcept in unicellular
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Review 1 : Animal Cel l a nd Plant Cel l
1. What is the basic unit of living things?
2. What makes up the protoplasm of a cell?
3. What can be found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
4. State the substances that builds up the cell wall of plants cells.
5. Draw an animal cell and plant cell.
Animal cell Plant cell
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UNICE LL U L A R A N D MULTICELLULARO R G A N I S M S
Made up ofone cell only.
Uni means one.
Carry out life processesinside the cell.
Absorbs nutrients, expelwastes and exchangegas with their environment.
A simple organism Mostly are aquaticliving things (inponds, drains andthe sea).
Do not havecirculatory system.
Also known asmicroorganism
(microbe)
Examples :Paramecium, Amoeba,yeast, Pleurococcus,Chlamydomonas.
Asexual reproduction(Fission)
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Made up ofmany cell.
Multi means many.
Examples :Human beings, birds, fishHydra, Spirogyra, moss,
earthworm, Mucor.
More complex thanunicellular organism
Life process are more
complex. Various types ofcell work together toperform a specific task
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Euglena Paramecium Spirogyra ChlamydomonasHydra Mosquito Amoeba Moss
Scorpion Cockroach
Review 2 : Unicellular Cel l a nd Multicellula rCel l
1. What is unicellular organism?
2. What is multicellular organism?
3. Give two examples of unicellular organism.(a)(b)
4. Give two example of multicellular organism.(a)
(b)
5. Why is human being classified as multicellular organism?
6. Identify unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms given below.
Unicellula rOrganisms Multiicellula rOrgani sms
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7. Name the organism below.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
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Prepared By : Abiana Bt. Jaafar(GCSC) 10 e-mail : a b ia n a jaa f a r @ y a ho o .c om
OR G AN IS AT I O N O F CE L L IN T HE HUM AN B O DY
Cell organization is the grouping of simple cell into more complex
structures.
CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM
Basicunit of
life
The smalleststructurescapable ofbasic lifeprocesses
ORGANISM
All system in the bodyfunction in a coordinatedmanner to form amulticellular organism.
Examples :
CELL Groups of organs form organ systemsEach organ system carries out a majoractivity in the body.Examples :
Epithelium cellRed blood cell
White blood cell
- Reproductive system- Blood circulatory system
- Digestive system
Cardiac muscle cellBone cell Nerve
cell Reproductivecell
SY-STEM
- Excretory system- Respiratory system- Muscular system
A group of similar cells that worktogether to perform a particular function.
TISSUE ORGAN
Four main types :- Epithelial tissue - Muscle tissue- Connective tissue - Nervous tissue
An organ consistof two or morkinds of tissue
joined into onstructure that haa certain task.Examples :- The heart
- The kidney- The lungs- The stomach- The liver - The brain
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Type of humancell
Structure Respective function
Red blood cellTransports vital food and oxygen to all parts of thebody.
Nerve cellCarries messages in the form of electrical impulsesaround the body.
White blood cell Protects the body from damage by invaders
Human spermcell
Takes part in fertilisation to produce young ones.
Bone cell Form bones to support the body and protect organs.
Human egg cell If the egg is fertilised it will develop into an embryo.
Epithelial cell It protects the internal and external parts of the body.
Muscle cell Contracts and relaxes to move parts of the body.
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The L y m ph a tic SystemBodys defencesagainst infection
The R e produ c tiv eS y s t e m
Forreproduction
The Sk ele t alSystemProtect internal organ.Provides body support
The N e r v ous SystemDetect stimuli andresponds to them.
The Blood Ci rculatoryS y s t e m
Supplies the cells ofthe body with thefood.Transport wasteproduct.
VARIOUSSYSYEM IN
THE HUMANBODY
The E ndo c rine SystemProduces, stores andsecretes chemicalsubstances known as
hormones.
The R es pir a t o r y SystemSupplies oxygen andaids removing of carbon dioxide
The Mu sc ula r SystemEnables body
movement.
The Ex c r e t o r y SystemRemoves wasteproducts from body.
The Dig es tiv e SystemProcesses food(ingestion, digestion,absorption).
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Science Module Form 1 Chapter 2
Review 3 : O rg a n isation ofC el l
1. State the following structures as cell, tissue, organ or system.
(a) Sperm -
(b) Stomach -(c) Ovum -(d) Brain -(e) Digestive - (f)eardrum -
2. Complete the cell organization below.
Organism
3. State the name of each organ shown below and the system it belongs to .
(a) (b)
Organ :System :
Organ :System :
(c) (d)
Organ :System :
Organ :System :