Notes Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell OrganellesDoing Lifes Work

AP Biology

2009-2010

Cytology Study of CellsCell Smallest unit of life that can carry out all functions of living things.

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Cell Size Small cells function more efficientlythan large. Why?

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Cell SizeAdvantage of many small cells exchange substances more readily - higher surface area-to-volume ratio Substances do not need to travel as far to reach the center of a smaller cell. Cell Races Activity

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Cell Size

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Discovery of CellsRobert Hooke- 1665 Looked at cork under microscope Coined the term cells Later, scientists would discover cells contain living matter

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Anton von Leeuwenhook 1670s Used glass lens to magnify Simple microscope with only 1 lens

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The Cell TheoryContributors 1. Matthias Schleiden 1838 (botanist) All plants are made of cells 2. Theodor Schwann 1839 (zoologist) All living things are made of cells

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The Cell Theory Contributors (cont.)3. Rudolph Virchow 1855 (physician) Cells come only from other cells (Biogenesis) Before this, spontaneous generation was the accepted ideaHeyMice are always coming out of the hay!

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The Cell Theory States1. All living things are made of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. All cells arise from existing cells

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Other discoveries made using microscopesLouis Pasteur 1862. Microscopic organisms cause disease.

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Other discoveries made using microscopesWalter Fleming 1882. First to see chromatin in nucleus and watch cell division.

Q: Explain the statement- The progress of biology often depends on advances of technology.Regents Biology

Types of Microscope1. Compound Light Microscope 2 lenses. (We use these in class)* - magnification up to 1000x 2. Electron microscopes use beam of electron to map the specimen. Used since 1950s. -Magnification up to 1,000,000x -Specimen is fixed and vacuum sealed, must be dead

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Any Questions?

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Types of cells

bacteria cellsProkaryote- no organelles

Eukaryotes- organelles

animal cellsRegents Biology

plant cells

Cell size comparisonAnimal cell Bacterial cell

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

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micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

Why study cells? Cells p Tissues p Organs p Bodiesbodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!

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The Work of Life What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live

breathe gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out

eat take in & digest food

make energy ATP

ATP

build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids

remove wastes control internal conditions homeostasis

respond to external environment build more cells

Regents Biology growth, repair, reproduction & development

The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energyOur organelles do all these jobs!

make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them

make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells

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Organelles Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive

Theyre like mini-organs!

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Model Animal Cell

1. Cells need power! Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must

ATP

take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles Mitochondria Chloroplasts (plants)

organelles that do this work

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Cell membrane Functionseparates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell

phosphate head

lipid tail

O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells

Structure

double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules proteins

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place

cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

Vacuoles & vesicles Functionmoving material around cell storage

small food particle

Structure

membrane sacvacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes

vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients

Food & water storage plant cellscentral vacuole food vacuole

animal cells

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contractile vacuole

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

Function

Lysosomes

digest food used to make energy

clean up & recycle digest broken organelles

Structure

lysosomes

membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

small food particle

vacuole

digesting foodRegents Biology

A Job for Lysosomes6 weeks

15 weeks

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

Mitochondria Function

make ATP energy from cellular respiration sugar + O2 p ATP fuels the work of life

Structure

ATP

double membrane

in both animal & plant cellsRegents Biology

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria

make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration sugar + O2 p ATP make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 p ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy

ATP

Chloroplasts

sugar

ATP

build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

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Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells

mitochondriaRegents Biology

chloroplast

cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles

central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support

mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

2. Cells need workers = proteins! Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must read genes (DNA) build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work

nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

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Proteins do all the work!one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because proteins do all the work!structural enzymes signals receptors DNARegents Biology

proteins

cells

Nucleus Functioncontrol center of cell protects DNA

instructions for building proteins

Structurenuclear membrane nucleolus

ribosome factory

chromosomes DNA

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell chromosomes DNA

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

Ribosomes Function

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA some free in cytoplasm some attached to ERRibosomes on ER

Structure

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

nucleolus produces ribosomes nucleus protects DNA controls cell

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

ribosomes build proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

works on proteins after ribosome builds them

makes membranes rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins

Structure

smooth ER makes membranes

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

nucleus protects DNA controls cell

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER works on proteins makes membranes

ribosomes builds proteins

Golgi Apparatus Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles UPS trucks

vesicles carrying proteins

Structure

membrane sacs

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transport vesicles

cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

nucleus protects DNA controls cell

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

ribosomes builds proteins Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins

nucleus DNA RNA

endoplasmic reticulum

protein on its way! vesicle

TO:

TO:

TO:

vesicle ribosomesTO:

protein Golgi apparatus Making ProteinsRegents Biology

finished protein

nucleus control cell protects DNA cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology

nucleolus make ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support

chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up

3. Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow, the cell must copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new daughter cells

organelles that do this work nucleus centrioles

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Centrioles Function

help coordinate cell division only in animal cells

Structure

one pair in each cell

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cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage centrioles cell division

lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling

nucleus protects DNA controls cell

mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

ribosomes builds proteins Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins

Cell Summary Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy need food + O2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastesOur organelles do all those jobs!

make proteins need instructions from DNA

need to chain together amino acids & finish & ship the protein

make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells

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Any Questions?

AP Biology

2009-2010

Cell Study Lab #4: Due Monday

Cheek stained w/ Methylene blue

Elodea cells - unstained

What organelles can we see in each?

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Cork cells - unstained