Notes aplenty civil rights

Introduction to the Civil Rights Movement (11.0)

Racism and Intolerance Introductory Terms

A. Prejudice: Negative attitude towards an individual based on what group they belong to.Example: “Eugene is a bad driver because he

is Asian.”

B. Stereotype: Widely held assumptions about individuals that belong to a group.“Example: “Black people are fast”

C. White Supremacy: Pseudo-scientific belief that white Europeans are biologically superior to other racesExample: (Theodore Roosevelt): “It was out of the

question to expect Texans to submit to the mastery of the weaker race.”

Example (Theodore Roosevelt): I wish very much that the wrong people could be prevented entirely from breeding;..The emphasis should be laid on getting desirable people to breed…

D. Discrimination: Treating people unequally on the basis of what group they belong toExample: Lisa wasn’t allowed to join the military

because she was openly homosexual.

E. Institutional Racism: When institutions (government, schools, businesses, colleges, etc.) promote racial inequality through their policies. Racism by habit, not always intent.Example: People of color on average attend

schools of poorer quality than whitesExample: Adam was hired instead of Tyrone

because he “presented himself” better or was” someone we felt would work well with us” (meaning similar cultural and racial experience)

Example: Preferential admission to children of alumni.

F. Segregation: The policy (either legal or unwritten) of keeping people separate based on ethnicity or race.Purposes:

1. Maintain the purity of one race (sexual restrictions)

2. Prevent contamination of behavior or ideas (keep the bad away from the good)

3. Maintain the economic hierarchies (distinguish between poor and rich)

In NotesI. Intolerance Terms

II. Jim Crow Laws—Explain what they were and provide 3 examples of them.

III. Great Migration—Explain what it was and list at least 3 reasons why it happened.

IV. Harlem Renaissance—Explain what it was.

Great MigrationMovement of 2 million African-Americans

from the South to the North (and from the countryside to the city.)

A. New JobsB. Mechanical Cotton PickerC. Jim Crow LawsD. Boll Weevils

The Great Migration

I. What was it?Greatest internal migration

in American history

Movement of 2 million African-Americans from the South to the North (and from the countryside to the city.)

First Wave Occurred between 1910 and 1930.

Second Wave between 1939-1973

II. Why did it happen?

A. New Job OpportunitiesWorld War I and the “booming

20s” created demand for more labor in the North

New immigration restrictions meant that new low-skilled workers were needed in Northern factories.

B. Mechanical Cotton Picker (1924)

Made using manual labor for cotton obsolete

C. Jim CrowAfrican-Americans

moved to escape violence and persecution in the South.

D. Boll-Weevils

Boll-weevil epidemic in the 1920s destroyed the harvests of African-American sharecroppers

In NotesI. Intolerance Terms

II. Jim Crow Laws—Explain what they were and provide 3 examples of them.

III. Great Migration—Explain what it was and list at least 3 reasons why it happened.

IV. Harlem Renaissance—Explain what it was.

Harlem Renaissance 1919-1930A “flowering” of African-American cultural expression in

music, art, and literature

Causes:

New pride from WWI (fighting and working)

New wealth and opportunitiesEmerging African-American middle class

New migrationsConcentrated ambitious people in major Northern citiesUrban whites became interested in African-American culture

New Synthesis of expression: Jazz

HarlemIn the early 1900s, African-

America real estate developer, Philip Payton Jr. decided to advertise a section of Manhattan as a Black neighborhood

Initially unsuccessful, during World War I migrant African-Americans began settling in the neighborhood.

In 1920, Harlem was only 30% black. By 1930, it was over 70% black

Jazz

Born of Blues music from the South that merged marching music, folk music, African drum beats, Gospel, and improvisation with the sorrow of Black life.

Migrated and changed as it moved North during the Great Migration

Developed its own counter-culture and gathered a widespread audience.The Jazz club became the “hip” place to be

Art (Aaron Douglas)"...Our problem is to conceive, develop,

establish an art era. Not white art painting black...let's bare our arms and plunge them deep through laughter, through pain, through sorrow, through hope, through disappointment, into the very depths of the souls of our people and drag forth material crude, rough, neglected. Then let's sing it, dance it, write it, paint it. Let's do the impossible. Let's create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. Spiritually earthy. Dynamic."

Why did the Civil Rights Movement Begin in the 1950s? (V)

EQ: Why did the Civil Rights Movement start when it did? Why not before? Why not later?

1. New Confidence Among the Black Community

A. World War II

military experience provided new confidencejob opportunities provided more resourcesthose that left for the North wrote back to family

members in the South, telling them of a more equal society

B. new technologies made the distance between the Northern Black community and the Southern Black community shorter

2. Changing Attitudes in the (Northern) White Community

A. War with Hitler made the segregation system seem hypocritical

Discredited eugenics, racial hierarchies, and the theory of white supremacy

B. New Experiences with African-AmericansMany Northern industries were

desegregated during World War II white and black workers worked alongside each other.

C. Cold WarAmerica claimed to be the “beacon of

democracy,” but this would not be an effective slogan with the emerging nations of Africa

Whites feared that African-Americans would turn to communism if they were continually disenfranchised

D. Televisions brought the violence of the Southern system to people’s homes

3. A New Supreme CourtA. A minority position became a majority

position under the “Warren Court”Interpreted 14th Amendment to mean that

the federal government had to protect the civil rights of ALL its citizens against violations by the states

B. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Civil Rights Timeline 1954-1968 (11.1c)1954: Brown v. Board

1955-1956: Montgomery Bus Boycott

1957:Little Rock 9

1960: Sit-ins begin

1961: Freedom Riders

1963: MLK arrested for marching in Birmingham, March on Washington (“I have a Dream”), Bomb kills 4 girls in Birmingham Baptist Church, Kennedy Assassinated

1964 24th Amendment

Abolished Poll Taxes (were used against African-American Voters)

Civil Rights Act of 1964Prohibited discrimination based on race,

ethnicity, color, gender, or national origin in public places

Gave federal government power to desegregate

1965Civil Rights Organizers Cheney, Goodman, and Schwerner killed

by KKK.

Malcolm X is assassinated by radical members of the Nation of Islam

Selma Voting Rights Marches where marchers are attacked by Alabama Police

Voting Rights Act (established federal oversight of elections and procedures, finally enforcing the 15th Amendment)

Watts Riots

Affirmative Action (Executive Order 11246 by Johnson)– provides preferential hiring of racial and ethnic minorities for federal jobs.

1966: Stokely Carmichael uses the phrase “Black Power,” for the first time. Black Panther Party created in Oakland

1967: In Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court rules that banning of interracial marriage is unconstitutional; Major Riots in Newark and Detroit

1968: MLK assassinated, riots follow; Fair Housing Act ends discrimination in housing

Women’s Rights Movement Timeline (11.5a)

1848: Seneca Falls Convention: 68 women and 32 men meet for 2 days and create a declaration of sentiments

1869: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton create the NWSA to push for constitutional amendment granting women’s suffrage.

1893: Colorado is first state to adopt women’s suffrage in state-wide elections (followed by Utah, Idaho and other Western States—California in 1911)

1903: WTUL (Women’s Trade Union League) formed (first female union).

1913: Alice Paul and Lucy Burns form the National Women’s Party (NWP). Begin picketing White House for suffrage.

1916: Margaret Sanger opens up the first birth-control clinic (Later would be called “Planned Parenthood”)

1919-1920: 19th Amendment passes Congress---gives women the right to vote.

^^End of “First Wave Feminism”

World War II: Women are encouraged to take jobs left by young men fighting in the war. Rosie the Riveter campaign poster created.

Postwar and 1950s: Women told to leave their jobs for men and start having babies.

Only respectable jobs for women: Nurse, Teacher, Secretary (which they would have to quit when they became pregnant/married).

1960: Birth Control Pill approved by the FDA

1961: Kennedy creates a “Commission on the Status of Women.” The agency reports widespread discrimination and harassment against women in the workplace.

1963: Betty Friedan publishes the Feminine Mystique.

Betty Friedan and the Feminine Mystique

Friedan was a college educated wife and mother

She discovered that she wasn’t getting the satisfaction out of cleaning and raising children that she was supposed to.

Talking with her housewife friends, she discovered they felt the same.

Began interviewing housewives across the country about their own satisfactionCompared them to the ideals of Women’s

Magazines (like Good Housekeeping)

The Feminine Mystique Sought to uncover the

“mystique” of women’s roles.

Asserted that there was nothing about women that made them enjoy housework or being subservient to their husbands.

In other words: cooking, cleaning, raising children isn’t all that fulfilling.

1964: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bars discrimination in hiring on the basis of gender. EEOC (Equal Economic Opportunity Commission) set up to enforce the law.

1965: Griswold v. Connecticut (Supreme Court rules that contraceptives cannot be banned by the government).

1966: NOW (National Organization for Women) created by Betty Friedan and supporters

1968: Protest at Miss America pageant

1969: California becomes the first state to allow “no-fault” divorces.

1970: 20,000 Women participate in the Women’s strike for Equality

1972: Title IX of the Education Code says that women must be given equal opportunities to join athletics in schools.

1972: ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) passes Congress --Amendment never ratified by a 2/3 of states)

1973: Roe v. Wade legalizes abortion in certain circumstances.

1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act: prohibits an employer from not hiring an employee because they are or could become pregnant.

1986: Supreme Court Rules against Sexual Harassment. (Employers can now be sued).

Native American Civil Rights Movement )11.6b

OrganizationsSociety of American Indians (SAI): Opposed the

Dawes Act, included mostly upper-class professionals; disbanded in 1920s. Similar to NAACP.

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI): Opposed Termination; emerged as lobby group about Bureau of Indian Affairs policy. Also, similar to NAACP.

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC): More radical group composed of college students. Mirrored Civil Rights Movement tactics. Formed by Clyde Warrior, Melvin Thom, and Herbert Blatchford. Similar to SNCC.

Organizations ContinuedAmerican Indian Movement (AIM):

Adopted more militant tactics. Very Similar to Black Panther Party. Founded by Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt.

SuccessesIndian Self-Determination Act (1975)—gave tribes

control over reservations, including education systems for some tribes.

Indian Child Welfare Act (1978): Prevents Native American children from being forcibly transferred to parents outside of the tribe.

Santa Clara vs. Martinez (1978): Supreme Court ruled it did not have authority to interfere in tribal self-government issues.

US vs. Sioux Nation of Indiana (1980): US government forced to pay Sioux tribe for land illegally taken, setting precedent.

Native American Languages Act: Protected tribes’ ability to promote their own language in schools.

More widespread understanding and awareness of the history of injustices toward Native Americans.

FailuresNative Americans are poorest ethnic group

in America with lowest life expectancy and low college enrollment.

Native Americans still portrayed in movies and mascots as stereotypes.

Native American history is still not a large part of public school curriculums in most states.

Reparations and payment for stolen land is rare.