Notes 12/02 Class 12: Whither Geography? (The End of the Nation State?) GEO105: World Regional Geography Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography
Jan 15, 2016
Notes 12/02
Class 12: Whither Geography?(The End of the Nation State?)
GEO105: World Regional Geography
Michael T. WheelerSyracuse University, Geography
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World War II LossesLecture slide 02
• World-wide losses, 61m people!– Soviet Union, 25m– China, 11m– Jews, 6m– More civilians than soldiers
• Destruction of property and structures– Most of coastal China, Russia, Japan destroyed– Germany leveled– The rest of Europe, mixed
• France, mostly escaped. Belgium destroyed.
• United States– Relatively no damage– 400,000 soldiers (few civilians)– ¾ of world’s gold supply– ½ of world’s manufacturing capacity
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• Economy– Post-War European Collapse
• War aims – fight tyranny and oppression• Leaders
– Mohandas Gandhi (India)– Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)– Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)– Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
• Great Britain– Labor government– Left India (rather quickly) in 1947– Tried to prepare Ghana (1957) and Nigeria (1960) for independence
• Others– Dutch forced out of SE Asia (Indonesia) in 1949– Belgium forced out of Congo (1960)– France forced out of Vietnam (1954) and Algeria (1962)
Collapse of EmpiresLecture slide 03
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Collapse of EmpiresLecture slide 04
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Continuing Nationalist / Ethnic Conflicts
Lecture slide 05
2.22 Nationalist conflict around the globe (p. 56)
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Cold War Exacerbated TensionsLecture slide 06
6.22 Conflict and intervention in Africa (p. 258)
[Unfinished map?]
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Cold WarLecture slide 07
• 1st World– United States and Canada (NATO)– Western Europe– Japan, Taiwan, Philippines– Israel
• 2nd World– Soviet Union– Eastern Europe– China, [Yugoslavia?, Albania?]– Arab Middle East
• 3rd World– Most of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, (South America?)
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Non-Aligned MovementLecture slide 08
• Five Pillars1. Respect for territorial integrity2. Mutual non-aggression3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs 4. Equality and mutual benefit5. Peaceful co-existence
• Leaders, 1950s-60s– Jawaharlal Nehru (India)– Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)– Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia)– Sukarno (Indonesia)
• Today’s Non-Aligned Movement– 116 nations, mostly developing nations
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‘Stages’ of DevelopmentLecture slide 09
2.35 [Rostow’s] Stages of economic development (p. 70)
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Asian Economic ModelLecture slide 10
• Countries1. Japan2. Four Tigers
– South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore
3. Southeast Asia– Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia
4. China (since 1979)5. India
– Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Outsourcing, much-lower tariffs
• Policies– Openness to foreign capital– Export-driven growth (serve western consumers)– Liberal trade regimes (low tariffs)
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World Economy, 1998
World GDP Comparisons(1998 GDP)
United States
Japan
Germany
France
Great Britain
Italy
Canada
Russia
China
Country 1998 GDP
($ trn)
United States 8.23
Japan 3.78
Germany 2.13
France 1.42
Great Britain 1.36
Italy 1.17
Canada .58
Russia .28
China .96
Total 19.91
Lecture slide 11
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Future Economic GrowthLecture slide 12
1st Edition: 13.8 Forecasts of regional economic growth through 2010
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Debt Crisis (Crises?)
Lecture slide 13
13.10 The debt crisis (p. 588)
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Spaces of Trade?• Global or regional trade
– General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
Year Place Countries
1947 Geneva 23
1949 Annecy 13
1951 Torquay 38
1956 Geneva 26
1960-1 Geneva
Dillon Round
26
1964-7 Geneva
Kennedy Round
62
1973-9 Geneva
Tokyo Round
102
Lecture slide 14
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Uruguay Round and the WTO• Uruguay Round
– 1986-94, 123 countries– Tariffs– Non-tariff concerns
• Services, Intellectual Property, Textiles, Agriculture– Creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
• 1999: China enters WTO
• United States Economy, 1992– $500 billion from NAFTA and especially the Uruguay
Round• Doha Round, 2001-present
– So far, failed on account of agriculture– Developed countries heavily protect their farmers
Lecture slide 15
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Regional Trade AssociationsLecture slide 16
2.39 Transnational economic integration, 1945-present (p. 75)
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BreakLecture slide 17
1.16 World population density (p. 21)
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Is the World becoming Increasing ‘Global’Lecture slide 18
• Globalization debates (pp. 584-5)– Hyperglobalists
• The end of the nation state, and the denationalization of economies
• Governments become meaningless – facilitate trade– Skeptics
• Contemporary level of integration is nothing new• 19th Century was more integrated
– Transformationalists• Global forces change the local• We don’t know how things will turn out
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Hyperglobalists:
The ‘Shrinking World’
Lecture slide 19
2.37 Shrinking world (p. 73)
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Factors of Globalization (pp. 71-2)
Lecture slide 20
1. New International Division of Labor– Comparative advantage leads countries to specialize in
their most productive sector – more efficient global economy
2. Internationalization of Finance– World-wide securities trading
3. New Technology System – Air travel, telecommunications, Internet
4. Homogenization of international consumer markets– U.S.: Coca Cola, McDonalds, Nike, Hollywood– Europe: Mercedes Benz, Nestlé, Fendi – Japan: Sony, Panasonic, Toyota, Nissan, Honda
5. Proliferation of the transnational corporation– Oil, automobiles, McDonalds
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Global Financial TradingLecture slide 21
2.36 24 hour trading, major financial markets (p. 72)
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Skeptics:
More Integration in the 19th Century
Lecture slide 22
13.6: International capital flows among the core economies, 1870-1995 (p. 586)
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Transformationalists:
Economic Inequality (within country)
Lecture slide 23
13.8: Inequality in the world-system (p. 587)
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‘Sustainable Development’ (pp. 595-598)
Lecture slide 24
• Question: Can the whole world enjoy the standards of living of the developed countries?
– Resource limitations• Primarily oil and water
– Over-population?– Environmental pollution
• Deforestation of the rain forests – loss of biodiversity• Pollution of air, water, soil• Food production?• Ozone depletion• Acid rain
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Trends in Energy ConsumptionLecture slide 25
13.18 Trends in energy consumption (p. 595)
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Population TrendsLecture slide 26
13.3 Population geography of the future (p. 582)
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Global WarmingLecture slide 27
2.13 Detected changes in climate (p. 46)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)– http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Climate Change CausesLecture slide 28
2.12 Major causes of climate changes (p. 46)
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Earth Surface TemperaturesLecture slide 29
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Global Annual TemperaturesLecture slide 30
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Sea Level RiseLecture slide 31
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Extreme Weather CostsLecture slide 32
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Review• Global economic system
– 1492-1800: Mercantile colonialism– 1860-1914: Industrial Imperialism– 1945-present: Nation States
• 191 members of the United Nations (U.N.)• The Triumph of the Nation State?
• The problems of the developing world– Huge populations, only going to get much, much larger– Economic development– Security, stable governments, access to water, AIDS
• Lessening of sovereignty– Global trade
• Do national boundaries still matter?– Security threats
• In the wake of 9/11, can countries (e.g. U.S.) preemptively invade other sovereign states?
– Pollution• Air, water, and ozone all cross national boundaries – they require international
solutions
Lecture slide 33
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Next Week
• Student Presentations
• Review for the Final
• Course Evaluations
Lecture slide 34