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Definition of Communication
Communication is a systemic process in which people interact with each other using
symbols to create and interpret meanings.
Types of Communication
1. Oral communication;2. Written Communication; and
3. Non-verbal Communication.
Main Purposes of Communication
Models of Communication
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Forms of Oral Communication
1. Intrapersonal communication - Self talk with our self.
2. Interpersonal communication - Communicate with other people.3. Small group communication -Communication, between five to 10.
4. Public Communication or Public Speaking -The speaker speaks to a big
audience.5. Mass Communication -A form of communication to many people all around the
world.
6. Corporate Communication -Takes place in organisations.7. Intercultural Communication -Communication between people from different
culture and different ethnicities.
Topic 2 Oral Communication: Some Basic Principles
Characteristics of Good Listening Skills
1. Pay attention to what people say;
2. Understand the message;3. Remember what you have listened;
4. Evaluate what you listen; and5. Respond to the speaker by giving feedback
Good Speaking Skills
1. Be able to interpret meaning according to context;
2. Know the regulative rules of speaking;3. Know the constitutive rules;
4. Use the proper volume;
5. Use the proper pitch; and6. Use proper intonation
Importance of Oral CommunicationTwo importance of oral communication are:
1. Oral communication is important if we want to build friendships.
2. Good oral communication skills also help in knowledge acquisition.
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Responsibilities of Speakers and Listeners in the Communication Process
1. Evaluating;2. Understanding; and
3. Using interpersonal skills.
Four Factors of Interference in Communication
Factors of Interference in Communication
1. Physical Interference - Examples of physical interference are loud noise, soundof a train, loud music etc. All these are beyond our control.
2. Physiological Interference - This refers to the speaker and the listener. The
speaker or listener may be hearing impaired, have articulation problems or havememory loss.
3. Psychological Interference - A listener or speaker who is emotionally disturbed
or pre-occupied may not be a good communicator. Anger and emotions will
distort the message.4. Semantic Interference - Semantic deals with meaning. When we are not familiar
with a certain culture, language and dialect, meaning may not be clear.
Misunderstanding may take place due to semantic interference.
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Topic 3 : Active Listening Skills
Benefits of Active Listening
1. It enables people to listen attentively to others;
2. It prevents misunderstandings; and
3. It encourages the speaker to explain more because the speaker feels that thelistener is attentive and want to listen more.
How to Enhance Active Listening?
1. Focus on the message;
2. Try to anticipate what the speaker wants to say;
3. Learn how to identify main points and supporting points;
4. Make inferences;5. Look out for gestures and body language; and
6. Minimise distractions from the surroundings.
Implicit ListeningImplicit listening means identifying the intended meaning of the speaker. As a listener we
must predict what the speaker will say next
Describing Emotions and Persuasive Language
Good speakers often use emotive words and persuasive language to capture the audience.
Bias and Stereotype in Message
Identifying bias and stereotype in messages is another important skill in oral
communication
Summary
We have discussed:
Active listening is listening attentively and responding to another person sothat mutual understanding can take place.
In order to enhance active listening:
a) The listener must focus on the message and learn how to identify main
points and supporting points.
b) Minimising distractions from the surroundings such as noise,
temperature and even day dreaming.
Summary
Implicit listening means identifying the intended meaning of the speaker. As a
listener we must predict what the speaker will say next. Good speakers often use emotive words and persuasive language to capture the
audience.
Identifying bias and stereotype in messages is another important skill in oral
communication
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Topic 4 : Listening in Formal / Academic Contexts
The Different Purposes of Listening in An Academic Setting
1. To decode or recognise what the speaker says;
2. Listen to comprehend for example to understand the main points said and the
supporting points; and3. To take down notes quickly for future reference.
How to Listen for Sequence in Ideas?
Recognise the cues for sequencing:
For example: First, First of all, Firstly, Next, After that, Then, Finally and Therefore.
Describing Specific Language Cues to Understand Facts and Opinions
1. Facts are always something that can not be disputed and can be verified.
2. Opinions are not always true. They can be disputed
Identifying Meaning from Intonation
1. Intonation is the use of melody and the rise and fall of the voice when we speak.2. Intonations expresses emotions, attitudes and reactions.
3. Basically, there are two intonation patterns in speech:
a) The falling intonation; and
b) The rising intonation.
Falling and Rising Intonation
1. Falling intonation is used in positive statements and declarative sentences. Forexample:
a. Why?
b. Where? c. Where is it?
2. Rising intonation, usually accompanies statement expressing doubt or yes/noquestions. The rising tone denotes uncertainty and sometimes politeness. For
example:
a. Is the train on time?
b. Is the phone working? c. Ten minutes late?
d. What did he say?
Comprehension from Complete Discourse Rather than from Isolated Words
Academic discourse may be long. You need to understand from the whole not only from
isolated words.
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Summary
We have discussed:
1. The different purposes of listening in an academic setting:
a) To decode or recognise what the speaker says; and
b) Listen to comprehend and to take down notes quickly for future
reference.2. How to listen for sequence in ideas using logical connectors or sequencing
connectors.
3. Describing specific language cues to understand facts and opinions.
Summary
1. We must also know how to identify meaning from intonation.2. Intonations expresses emotions, attitudes and reactions.
3. Falling intonation is used in positive statements and declarative sentences.
4. Rising intonation usually accompanies statement expressing doubt or yes/no
questions.
Topic 5 : Speaking: Speech Training & Topic 6 : Speaking in A Social Context
English Phonetics Transcriptions
In order to pronounce words properly you need to familiarise your self with the English
phonetics transcriptions. You can do this by looking at a good pronunciation dictionary
English Phonetics Transcriptions
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Enunciation
Enunciation means saying each and every syllable correctly. It is very important to saythe initial and final consonants of English.
Examples of wrong enunciation: I went to the finan company. (Finance)
There were sikchildren absent today. (Six)
Using Correct Stress, Intonation and Rhythm
In the English language, they are important markers of meaning, attitude and grammar.
Example of word stress in English:
Refuse - garbage ; reFUse - do not want to
CAN you come here now! - Ordering or firm request.
Can YOU come here now! - Stressing the person and not anyone else. Can you come here NOW! - Stressing on the time. Now and not later.
Speaking in a Social Context
There are four type of social talk, which are:
1. Small talk;2. Ask for and give information;
3. Make suggestions and recommendations; and
4. Make requests and offers and also extend invitations.
Speaking in Cross-Cultural Situations
The world has become borderless! Thus we can communicate with people from all overthe world. Two main factors in speaking in cross-cultural situations are:
1. Be aware of cultural differences so that we do not offend people.2. When speak, do not use jargons or bombastic words. Be specific and accurate in
what you say. Avoid slangs and do not use abbreviations in speech.
Summary
We have discussed:
In order to pronounce words properly you need to familiarise yourself with the
English phonetics transcriptions. The best way to improve your pronunciation are:
a) Listen to good speakers speak; and
b) By watching a lot of English programmes. Enunciation means saying each and every syllable correctly.
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Summary
Stress, intonation and rhythm can impede meaning. They are important markers
of meaning, attitude and grammar. Types of social talks are:
a) Small talk;
b) Asking for and giving information;c) Make suggestions and recommendations; and
d) Make requests and offers and also extend invitations.
Be aware of cultural differences when speaking in cross-cultural situations so thatwe do not offend people.
Topic 7 : Group Interaction Skills
Types of Questions
Examples of Questions
1. Wh questions:a. Why are there many failures in the exam?b. How can we improve their performance?
2. Yes/No questions:a. Are they poor?
b. Was the amount given correct?
3. Polite forms:
a. Could you please.
b. May I know..
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Expressing Opinions, Agreeing and Disagreeing
In group interaction, expressing opinions, agreeing and disagreeing should be done
politely and be supported by facts.
Negotiation Skills
In a group interaction, negotiation is very important. If we lack negotiation skills, we mayend up in arguments.
Conceding in an Argument
Arguments are natural in any communication but you must be able to concede finally so
that relationships are not strained.
Turn-Taking
Turn-taking is the art of speakers taking turns so that no one person dominates the
discussion. The important skills in turn-taking are:
1. Ability to recognise the appropriate moment to get a turn;2. Signalling your wish to speak by raising your hand and using discourse markers
such as By the way.., Well, anyway;3. Holding the floor while it is your turn;
4. Recognising when others are signalling to speak;
5. Yielding the turn; and
6. Signalling the fact that you are listening.
Explanations and Justifications
In group interactions, you must be able to give explanations and justifications based onfacts.
Summary
We have discussed:
The types of questions you may ask are Whquestions, Yes/No questions and
polite forms. We must give valid reasons while giving opinions or while expressing agreement
or disagreement.
In a group interaction, negotiation is very important. If we lack negotiation skills,
we may end up in arguments.
Summary
Arguments are natural in any communication. But you must be able to concede
finally so that relationships are not strained.
Turn-taking is the art of speakers taking turns so that no one person dominates thediscussion.
Finally, in group interactions, you must be able to give explanations and
justifications based on facts.
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Topic 8 : Public Speaking
Three Main Importance of Public Speaking
Public SpeakingPublic speaking is important because it helps you to:
1. Improve your social skills - How to present yourself in front of an audience.How convincing you are. How well you use verbal and non-verbal
communication.
2. Improve your academic and professional skills - Able to convince yourstudents/audience, able to project a positive self-image and able to respond
appropriately to criticisms and arguments.
3. Become a better speaker - Able to convince your audience and reach out to them
Six Confidence Factors in Public Speaking
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Building Confidence in Public Speaking
We can build confidence by the six ways, which are:
1. Change the way we think- Think positively. Do not be negative. Prepare
adequately.
2. Desensitise Remove fears by always having good feelings with communicationsituations.
3. Skill training Learn how to organise ideas, prepare for a speech and how to
deliver a speech4. Prepare and practice your speech Take time to carefully prepare your speech
and rehearse it well.
5. Learn to relax Do deep breathing exercises before the speech.
6. Gain lots of experience Take part in as many public speaking events so thatyou get much experience and can learn from those experience
Tips for Effective Public Speaking
There are three main aspects in public speaking, which are:1. Appearance;
2. Body language; and3. Voice.
Appearance
Dress appropriately for the occasion. Dress in a formal way if it is a formal occasion.Wear a dress that shows you are one of them and not distanced by class. Make your
audience feel comfortable
Body Language
Your body language tell much about your attitude. Be careful with your posture. Do not
stand in a slanting position. Walk confidently onto the stage. Use good gestures and facialexpressions
Voice
Pronounce correctly. Use the correct volume, intonation, stress and rhythm.
Types of Speeches
There are four types of speeches, which are:
1. Informative speech to increase listeners knowledge;
2. Persuasive speech to influence listeners to accept what you say;3. Negotiation speech to resolve a conflict; and
4. Argumentative speech to reach conclusions through logical reasoning based on
facts.
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Summary
We have discussed:
Public speaking can improve your personal and social skills. Furthermore, it
improves academic, professional and public speaking skills too.
There are six ways to build confidence, which are:a. Change the way we think;
b. Desensitise;
c. Skill training;d. Prepare and practice your speech;
e. Learn to relax; and
f. Gain lots of experience.
Summary
There are three tips for effective public speaking:
a) Appearance;
b) Body language; andc) Voice.
There are basically four types of speech:a) Informative speech;
b) Persuasive speech;
c) Negotiation speech; and
d) Argumentative speech.
Topic 9 & 10: Preparing an Making Oral Presentation
Preparing an Oral Presentation
Before delivering a speech, you must scrutinise three factors, which are:
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The Occasion for the Speech
You must first know what occasion you are going to speak for. Whether it is a thanking
speech, a farewell speech, an introductory speech or a political speech
Considering the Audience
This is a very important aspect of an oral presentation. You need to prepare your speechtaking into account factors like gender, age, social, economic and educational
backgrounds, prior knowledge, expectations, likes and dislikes and also personality of
your audience.
Familiarising with the Setting
This is important so that you can be more relaxed and not nervous. Speaking at a venue
which is new for you can be stressful.
Determining the Purpose and Topic of Presentation
The next important element in an oral presentation is determining the purpose and topic
of presentation
Where to Find Materials?
Seven ways to find materials are:
1. Libraries;
2. The Internet;
3. Magazines and journal;4. Books;
5. CDs;
6. News papers; and7. You may also conduct interviews to get information.
Structure the Oral Presentation
Basically, to structure your presentation, you need to:
1. Inform the audience about what they are going to listen about. Mention the topic.2. Present the content systematically.
3. Summarise the main points.
Using Visual Aids to Aid Presentations
1. Using visual aids can be of help but it does not fully guarantee the success of a
presentation.
2. Do not simply use visual aids just for the sake of using.3. Be careful in selecting the appropriate visual aids.
4. Do not use too many and make sure the tools you intend to use the visual aid with
is in working order
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Making an Oral Presentation
Four ways to make an oral presentation are:
1. Prepare adequately. Rehearse.2. Introduce the topic before hand.
3. Present the content in a logical and systematic way.
4. Summarise and conclude your talk effectively.
Points to Remember
When making the actual presentation, remember the following points:1. Stand straight and do not slouch;
2. Maintain eye contact;
3. Greet the audience;
4. Give an overview;5. Do not read from notes;
6. Use notes as cues only;
7. Turn your head from one section of the crowd to the other;
8. Pause between ideas; and9. Summarise what you have said.
Summary
We have discussed:
Before delivering a speech, you must identify:
a) The occasion of the speech;b) The audience;
c) The setting of the speech; and
d) The purpose and topic of presentation. You can source materials from libraries, the Internet, magazines, journal, books
CDs and news papers or from interviews.
Summary
To structure your presentation, you need to:
a) Inform the audience about what they are going to listen about;b) Present the content systematically; and
c) Summarise the main points.
Using visual aids to aid presentations can be of help but it does not fully
guarantee the success of a presentation. Ways to make an oral presentation are:
a) Prepare adequately. Rehearse.
b) Introduce the topic before hand.c) Present the content in a logical and systematic way.
d) Summarise and conclude your talk effectively.