8/30/2019 1 Not Every Oyster Has a Pearl: A Case Study of Vibrio Vulnificus Charlene Myers DNP, MSN, CNS, BC‐ACNP Jennifer Miller DNP, ACNP‐BC, CVNP‐BC The warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding waterways are a desirable destination for many locals and tourists. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY However, what may be lurking in the water could affect at risk individuals if proper precautions are not taken. Case Vignette The onset of pain is approximately one day ago. It is described initially as a “dull ache” which has progressed to an “intense pressure and burning sensation” over the past 4 hours. He rates the pain initially as a 10/10. One day prior to the onset, he was boating and swimming in the brackish water of the Alabama Gulfcoast. He reports that the pain is worsened with walking, standing, and touch. The pain is alleviated with extremity elevation, heat application, and ibuprofen. Additional symptoms include the followingLLE swelling, redness, and heat; fever, N/V, malaise, and rigors developed the night before presentation. The patient is a 55 y/o male who presented to the ED with a chief complaint of “Left lower extremity pain” 1 2 3
10
Embed
Not Every Oyster Has a Pearl · Diagnosis Based upon the patients’ history & physical exam findings in conjunction with lab, diagnostic, & gram stain results, the presumptive diagnosis
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
8/30/2019
1
Not Every Oyster Has a Pearl:A Case Study of Vibrio Vulnificus
Charlene Myers DNP, MSN, CNS, BC‐ACNP
Jennifer Miller DNP, ACNP‐BC, CVNP‐BC
The warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding waterways are a desirable destination for many locals and tourists.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
However, what may be lurking in the water could affect at risk individuals if proper precautions are not taken.
Case Vignette
The onset of pain is approximately one day ago. It is described initially as a “dull ache” which has progressed to an “intense pressure and burning sensation” over the past 4 hours. He rates the pain initially as a 10/10. One day prior to the onset, he was boating and swimming in the brackish water of the Alabama Gulfcoast.
He reports that the pain is worsened with walking, standing, and touch. The pain is alleviated with extremity elevation, heat application, and ibuprofen.
Additional symptoms include the following LLE swelling, redness, and heat; fever, N/V, malaise, and rigors developed the night before presentation.
The patient is a 55 y/o male who presented to the ED with a chief complaint of “Left lower
extremity pain”
1
2
3
8/30/2019
2
Subjective Data
PAST MEDICAL & SURGICAL HISTORY:Chicken Pox (age unknown) HypertensionBLE venous stasisDenies: DVT, Cellulitis, Phlebitis, or hx of other vascular problems
HOME MEDICATIONS:Losartan/HCTZ 50/12.5mg po dailyAtenolol 25mg po dailyAspirin 325mg po dailyMVI 1 tablet po daily
ALLERGIES: Denies food, medication, or environmental allergies
SOCIAL HISTORY:Drinks a 5th of Bourbon every 2 days and 2 cans of beer dailyDenies tobacco or illicit drug use
FAMILY HISTORY: Non‐contributory to the chief complaint
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: Positive for fever, rigors, malaise, N/V; LLE pain with swelling, redness, and warmthDenies SOB, CP, palpitations
Physical ExaminationVS: T‐ 103.2 P‐132 R‐30 BP‐60/32 SaO2‐ 82% on RA
CONSTITUTIONAL: Ill appearing, obese male in acute distress
INTEGUMENT: Mucous membranes warm, pink, & dry. Well demarcated area of warmth, erythema, and bullae noted to the LLE from the mid‐calf area to the distal
THORAX/LUNGS: Respirations regular, even, and labored at 30 breaths per minute. Lungs clear to auscultation in all fields bilaterally.
CARDIOVASCULAR: Tachycardic RRR, S1 S2 auscultated without murmurs, rubs, or clicks. Peripheral pulses are weak
Vibrio Vulnificus is a gram‐negative rod that is commonly found in warm, brackish waters near the
Gulf of Mexico
Modes of Transmission
1. Exposure to contaminated seafood via the GI tract
2. Exposure to contaminated seawater via a break in the skin
Susceptible Individuals are
those with:
Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis
Peripheral vascular disease
Immunocompromised state
End‐stage renal disease
Open wounds
Diabetes
Hereditary hemochromatosis
13
14
15
8/30/2019
6
Microbiology
Produces powerful siderophores which scavenge iron from host transferrin and lactoferrin
Highly motile with a single flagella
Grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments
Ideal water temp is 68°‐95°
Encapsulated and resistant to innate phagocytosis
Considered a moderate “halophile”, which is a salt requiring organism
V. Vulnificus Epidemiology
Vibriosis cases YTD as of August 2019 Florida‐ 110 Texas‐ 61 Alabama‐ 19 Louisiana‐ 3 Mississippi‐ 2
There were 38 reported cases in Alabama in 2018
Florida averages ≈31.8 cases per year with v. vulnificus accounting for the majority
Results in ≈80,000 illnesses, 500 hospital visits, and 100 deaths per year in the US
The #1 cause of shellfish associated deaths in the US
May‐October are the most susceptible times
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY‐SA
Emergent Specialty
Consultations
An interdisciplinary approach to care is recommended with V. Vulnificus
Intensivist: Patients with sepsis type symptoms should be admitted to the ICU for advanced care.
Infectious Disease: Recommended for patients with complicated cellulitis and suspected V. Vulnificus infection.
General & Orthopedic Surgery: Urgent surgical consultation is indicated with rapidly evolving necrotizing fasciitis in addition to monitoring for the development of compartment syndrome.
16
17
18
8/30/2019
7
Empiric Antibiotics
Ceftazidime 1 gm Q 12h: Ceftazidime is one of the antibiotics of choice in the treatment of V. Vulnificus. It is gram negative specific and provides a broad‐spectrum coverage while awaiting culture confirmation
Doxycycline 100mg IV BID: Doxycycline is the second antibiotic of choice in the treatment of V. Vulnificis in combination with Ceftazidime
Vancomycin 1 gm IV Daily: Vancomycin is utilized to cover for MRSA while final blood and fluid cultures are pending
Patient Outcomes
Admission Day 1:
The patient underwent emergent surgical wound exploration with debridement of a large area of tissue from the LLE at which time tissue cultures were collected and sent for analysis
Day 2:
The patient continued to deteriorate. The initial erythema & crepitus was noted to have spread to the proximal thigh and hip. He underwent emergent amputation of the LLE.
Day 3:
The patient developed ARDS for which he required intubation & mechanical ventilation.
Despite aggressive medial and nursing management, the patient did not survive.
Arif, N., Yousfi, S., & Vinnard, C. (2016). Deaths from necrotizing fasciitis in the United States, 2003‐2013. Epidemiology & Infection, 144(6), 1338‐1344. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815002745
Brennan, M. R. & LeFevre, F. (2019). Necrotizing fasciitis: Infection identification and management. Nursing2019 Critical Care, 14(1). 6‐11. DOI:10.1097/01.CCN.0000549627.98688.e2
Burnham, J. & Kollef, M. H. Treatment of severe skin and soft tissue infections: A review. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 31(2). 113‐119. DOI:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000431
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Disease case counts: Vibriosis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/widgets/diseaseandconditions/data‐maps.html
Ekka, N. M. P., Kujur, A. D. S., & Mishra, G. (2019). Necrotizing fasciitis: A tertiary centre based study. International Surgery Journal, 6(1). 233‐238. DOI:10.18203/2349‐2902.isj20185479
Florida Department of Health. (2019). Vibrio infections. Retrieved from http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases‐and‐conditions/vibrio‐infections/index.html
Garcia, N. M. & Cai, J. (2018). Aggressive soft tissue infections. Surgical Clinics, 98(5). 1097‐1108. DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2018.05.001
Graham, B. B. (2019). Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports. 7(1). 19‐25. Retrieved from https://link‐springer‐com.libproxy.usouthal.edu/article/10.1007/s40138‐019‐00179‐0#BSec1
Hua, C., Bosc, R., Sbidian, E., De Prost, N., Hughes, C., Jabre, P., … Le Cleach, L. (2018). Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults. Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, 2018(5). 1‐56. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011680.pub2
Jameson, J. L., Kasper, D. L., Longo, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S.L., & Loscalzo, J.L. ( 2018). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine (20th ed). New York: McGraw‐Hill.
29
References
Kiat, H. J., Natalie, Y. H. E., & Fatimah, L. (2017). Necrotizing fasciitis: How reliable are the cutaneous signs? Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock, 10(4). 205‐210. DOI:10.4103/JETS.JETS_42_17
Leong, H. N., Kurup, A., Tan, M. Y., Kwa, A. L. H., Liau, K. H., & Wilcox, M. H. (2018). Management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections with a special focus on the role of newer antibiotics. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11. 1959‐1974. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S172366
Lipworth, A. D., Saavedra, A. P., Weinberg, A. N., & Johnson, R. A. (2012). Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Necrotizing fasciitis, gangrenous cellulitis, and myonecrosis. In L. A. Goldsmith, S. I. Katz, B. A. Gilchrest, A. S. Paller, D. J. Leffell, & K. Wolff (Eds.), Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. McGraw‐Hill.
Misiakos, E. P., Bagias, G., Patapis, P., Sotiropoulos, D., Kanavidis, P., & Machairas, A. (2014). Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. Frontiers in surgery, 1(36). DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036
Misiakos, E. P., Bagias, G., Papadopoulos, I., Danias, N., Patapis, P., Machairas, N., … Machairas, A. (2017). Early diagnosis and surgical treatment for necrotizing fasciitis: A multicenter study. Frontiers in Surgery, 4(5). 1‐7. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00005
Stevens, D. L. & Bryant, A. E. (2017). Necrotizing soft tissue infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(23). 2253‐2265. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1600673
Wong, C. H., Khin, L. W., Heng, K. S., Tan, K. C., & Low, C. O. (2004). The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: A tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Critical care medicine, 32(7), 1535‐1541. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241098