Dr. Yongqiang (Yong) Qi May, 2014 Is China Approaching Its Water Boundary? Challenges and Opportunities in Chinese Water Management NOST Congress 2014
Dr. Yongqiang (Yong) QiMay, 2014
Is China Approaching Its Water Boundary?Challenges and Opportunities in Chinese Water Management
N O S T C o n g r e s s 2 0 1 4
2
Legalism and Water
3
European culture
Greek & Roman
LearningChristianity German
Warriors
World is simple, logical
and mathematical
World is evil; only
Christ can saveFighting is fun
- John Hirst, 2012
Chinese culture
Taoism Confucianism Legalism
Life is simple,
nothing is necessary
World is hard; need to
constantly perfect oneself
Men are bad, need to
enforce strict obedience
4
Taoism
Confucianism
Legalism
Water is the highest virtue. It stays low
and quietly nurtures life.
I never miss a chance to reflect on water. It nurtures life like
virtue; flows east with determination; cuts valleys with
courage; fills voids with fairness; cleans filth like civilization.
“Tao Te Ching”, Lao Tze
“Hsun Tzu”, Hsun Tzu
A successful ruler must cope with five
hazards and water tops the list.Guan Zhong
5
Mountain of flesh, sea of men, command and controlDujiangyan Irrigation System, Chengdu, 251 BC
2000 years later… Dam Construction, Hangzhou, 1970s
Mountain of cement, Sea of steel South-North Water Transfer Project, Nanyang, 2013
Where Have Rivers Gone?
Disappearing Wetlands
Wastewater Discharge
Land: 62%
Water Resource: 19%
Groundwater Resource: 30%
Population: 47%
Land: 38%
Water Resource: 81%
Groundwater Resource: 70%
Population: 53%
NORTH
SOUTH
Water Per Capita
S
N
Source: MWR
China, A Tale of Two Halves
Source:
China Geological Survey (2008)“Cones of Depression”
62 m
112 m
Max depth to water
Water Challenges Associated with
Economic Growth
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Bu
dg
et
Sp
lit
be
twe
en
Ce
ntr
al
an
d L
oca
l
Go
ve
rnm
en
ts (
10
8R
MB
)
Local Government
Central Government
The Water Law
National focus
turning away
from water
Yellow River
stop flow
Changjiang
River flood
Huaihe River
pollution
control
Shift from
development
to management
Source of the Water Crisis
(1) Binary structure of many western democracies:
(2) Binary structure of China:
National InterestNational Interest
Capital InterestCapital Interest
Sectional Interest
Sectional Interest
Infest, Control, OverdraftInfest, Control, Overdraft
Use, RestrictUse, Restrict
Personnel and Financial PowerPersonnel and Financial PowerNational InterestNational Interest Executing ResponsibilityExecuting Responsibility
The State Council
National People’s
Congress (NPC)
Water Pollution
Prevention & Control
Law (WPPC, 1996, 2008)
Water Law
(2002)
Mineral
Resources Law
(1986)
Legislation
Province
Municipality
County
Township
Centre
AdministrationMEP MWR MLR
Pv. EPBs Pv. WRBs Pv. DLR
Mn. EPBs Mn. WRBs Mn. LRBs
County EPBs County WRBs County
LRBs
RBOsYangtze
Yellow
Huaihe
Haihe
Pearl R.
Songliao
Taihu
Is legalism mentality the ultimate source?
Managing water requires the highest level of collaboration, and this effort is frequently hampered by the out-of-focus decisions and information hoarding resulted from internal competition.
• Emphasize government over market• Emphasize development over protection• Emphasize engineering over natural
attenuation• Emphasize points over system
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How to Cook a Small Fish?
Running a big country is like cooking a small fish.
“Tao Te Ching”, Lao Tze
What are the challenges
• Flood control, irrigation, drainage, shipping , and city water supply. – Sima Qian (145~90 BC) firstly defined the
framework of water resource management Water-saving technologies
• Flood control, water supply safety, drainage, pollution control , and water saving . – Zhejiang Province has vowed to launch a major
initiative to advance water management in Jan. 2014
Coping with Water Scarcity
� Engineering and Technological Approaches� Water-saving technologies � Water-treatment and re-use technologies
(including desalination)� Monitoring, measuring and sensing technologies� Water transfer (the South-to-North Water Transfer
Project)� Non-technical “soft” Approaches
� Social-economic considerations� Political and institutional systems
� More innovative, out-of-box approaches?
Water Market
(1)Water privatization is difficult, but the alternative has usually been worse.
(2) China is raising water prices to improve services, and to guide toward a water saving society. Still struggles with optimizing water allocation between different purposes.
(3) Foreign capital was first introduced to Chinese water market in 1992 and the initial restrictions were lifted in 2002.
VS
A Convincing Example
Monitoring Programs
• MEP (2013 Central Level, all automatic)– 962 river sections– 61 lakes– 4 seas and 9 bays– 906 water sources– 20k+ industrial sources
• MWR (2010 Provincial Level & up)– 21371 rain gauges ( 15600 automatic )– 10212 river stages ( 7180)– 4655 flow gauges ( 518)– 13989 groundwater stations ( 1444)– 7250 water quality stations ( 196)– 1211 soil moisture stations ( 559)
• MLR (2013)– 1200+ groundwater level
stations (Central level)– 4778 groundwater quality
stations (City level and up)– 800 groundwater quality
stations (Central level)
Information sharing
(1) Most national level automatic monitoring stations publish daily data;
(2) Archived data or local data can be difficult to access;
(3) Most of the water related information is managed by public-sector organizations, many of which compete after commercial projects.
Public Participation
Concluding Remarks
(1)Six decades into China’s late journey of modernization, the security driven water rights (including clean drinking water, ample water for food production, and flood safety) have been provided to the Chinese people.
(2)Multiple forces are building strength toward the development of China Economy 2.0 and a phase change in the management of water: emergency of a middle class, self-organizing mechanism, information barrier break-down, and slow-down self-examination.
(3)China is poised to attract the flow of people and capital. This flow will reinforce the phase change in water management of China.
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The Questions of Sang
CorruptionLow quality product
Oligarchy
National securityGovernmental fundingSeparatism
VS
中节能集团中节能集团中节能集团中节能集团 CECEP Group
• CECEP Group is a state-owned enterprise, which is fully sponsored by the central government. – The only State-owned key enterprise in the field
of energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection.
– RMB 100 BN Asset, RMB 50 BN turn-over in 2013
– 400+ sub-companies, 38,000 employees
Energy conservation
Enviro-Protection
Clean EnergyNew materials /resources
Professional Sectors
Supporting Sector
Business Sectors
Contaminated sites Investigation & Remediation
Hydro-powerWater treatment
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Our clients and end products:
Government Our end products
A
A Total Solution on water data collection and management• Data logging system• Modelling software• Water resource investigation
C
Standard development• First State Technical Centre
in a company• Guideline development and
training
B
Site remediation pioneer of China• First TDU in China which
treated 10k tons of PCB soil• First hazardous wastes
disposal certification in China • Over 70 sites remediated
Universities and Research Institutes• CIGEM
• Peking Univ
• CRAES
• NHRI
• Tsinghua Univ
International Brands
• MEP
• Beijing
• Tianjin
• Hangzhou
Banks
Various Land Developers
E3
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Remediation Technologies
S/SS/SS/SS/S Chemical OxidationChemical OxidationChemical OxidationChemical Oxidation
Thermo Thermo Thermo Thermo DesorptionDesorptionDesorptionDesorption
SVE and SVE and SVE and SVE and BioBioBioBio----VentingVentingVentingVenting
State Environmental Protection Engineering Center f or Industrial Contaminated
Site and Groundwater
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环境管理的技术支撑:• 制定技术规范 Standards• 制定技术手册 Guidelines• 政策研究 Policy research
国民教育:• 风险意识 Awareness Campaign
• 展示中心 Exhibition• 技术交流平台 Platform
• 管理人员技术培训• 从业人员技术培训• 从业公司技术培训
• 开发应用于工程的技术及产品• 开发应用于修复工程的设备• 建立示范工程
技术技术技术技术TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology
培训培训培训培训TrainingTrainingTrainingTraining
政策政策政策政策PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy
设立门槛设立门槛设立门槛设立门槛规范行业规范行业规范行业规范行业LicenseLicenseLicenseLicense
Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Modeling Guidelines
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Training and Short Courses
Training Center
40m
100m
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Equipment Demonstration and Field Testing
Site Remediation Guidelines
(1) Terms of Contaminated Sites(2) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Site
Investigation(3) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Site
Monitoring(4) Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of
Contaminated Sites(5) Technical Guidelines for Site Soil Remediation
All these guidelines were published on 2014-02-19, and will be effective on 2014-07-01.
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Groundwater Monitoring Information Network
Thank You!
QiQiQiQi YongqiangYongqiangYongqiangYongqiang (Yong)(Yong)(Yong)(Yong)齐永强齐永强齐永强齐永强
[email protected]@[email protected]@pku.edu.cn
The Quest for "Discretionary Budget"
Sun, 2011
Coorpetition Gaming between Central
and Local Governments
Sun, 2011
Comparison of Exploitable
Water Resources Per Capita
2200
350
82007600
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
China North
China Plain
USA World
Am
ou
nt
in m
3
Ranked ~120 th globally
Sources: Gleick (2003) & Shiklomanov (1997)