AP Biology Interactive Student Study Guide North Salem University MISSION: Engage students to continuously learn, question, define and solve problems through critical and creative thinking. Fall 2020 Our next few units will focus on the nucleus of the cell. The application of physics and chemistry to the study of the nucleus led to the development of molecular biology and ultimately the structure of DNA. Molecular biology is particularly concerned with the flow of biological information from cell to cell and from parent to offspring. The discovery of the DNA double helix also made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a way for cells to make use of their DNA (genes) in order to make proteins. This chapter covers in detail the experiments leading to the discovery of the structure and replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid. If you have any problems – please sign up for extra help after school. Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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AP
Biology
Interactive
Student
Study
Guide
North Salem University MISSION: Engage students to continuously
learn, question, define and solve problems
through critical and creative thinking.
Fall
2020 Our next few units will focus on the nucleus of the cell. The application of physics
and chemistry to the study of the nucleus led to the development of molecular
biology and ultimately the structure of DNA. Molecular biology is particularly
concerned with the flow of biological information from cell to cell and from
parent to offspring. The discovery of the DNA double helix also made clear that
genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a
way for cells to make use of their DNA (genes) in order to make proteins. This
chapter covers in detail the experiments leading to the discovery of the structure
and replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
If you have any problems – please sign up for extra help after school.
Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Chapter 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
OBJECTIVES:
DNA as the Genetic Material
1. Explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material.
2. Summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists that provided evidence that DNA
is the genetic material:
a. Frederick Griffith
b. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod
c. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
d. Erwin Chargaff
3. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA and describe the evidence they used.
Explain the significance of the research of Rosalind Franklin.
4. Describe the structure of DNA. Explain the "base-pairing rule" and describe its significance.
DNA Replication and Repair
5. Describe the semiconservative model of replication and the significance of the experiments by
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl.
6. Describe the process of DNA replication. Note the structure of the many origins of replication and
replication forks and explain the role of DNA polymerase.
7. Explain what energy source drives the polymerization of DNA.
8. Define "antiparallel" and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not possible.
9. Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand.
10. Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA polymerase can add nucleotides
only to the 3' end.
11. Explain the roles of DNA ligase, primer, primase, helicase, and the single-strand binding protein.
12. Explain why an analogy can be made comparing DNA replication to a locomotive made of DNA
polymerase moving along a railroad track of DNA.
Evolution, Unity, and Diversity
13. Explain the roles of DNA polymerase, mismatch repair enzymes, and nuclease in DNA
proofreading and repair.
14. Describe the structure and functions of telomeres. Explain the significance of telomerase to healthy
and cancerous cells along with their role in the aging process.
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Guided Reading: Chapter 16
Part I. DNA as the Genetic Material
1. What are the two chemical components of chromosomes?
2. Why did researchers originally think that protein was the genetic material?
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3. Distinguish between the virulent and nonvirulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae studied by
Frederick Griffith.
4. Use this figure to summarize the experiment in which Griffith and Avery became aware that
hereditary information could be transmitted from one organism to another.
5. Define transformation and what did Oswald Avery determine to be the transforming agent?
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6. What is a bacteriophage?
7. What are restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes?
8. Label the head, tail sheath, tail fiber, and DNA of the diagram of a bacteriophage below,
9. How does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell? (Look ahead Fig. 18.3)
10. Label the diagram below (Fig.18.5) and use it to help explain the two methods of viral replication.
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11. How did Hershey and Chase label viral DNA and viral protein so that they could be distinguished? (Explain why they chose each radioactive tag in light of the chemical composition of DNA and protein.)
12. Use this figure to summarize the experiment in which Hershey and Chase became aware that
hereditary information could be transmitted between two organisms in an unusual manner.