North African History and Culture Imperialism and Independence - Chapter 21:2c -
Jan 04, 2016
North African History
and CultureImperialism and Independence
- Chapter 21:2c -
[Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]
“Africa was created to be the plague of
foreign offices.”
Robert Cecil,Third Marquess
of Salisbury
Imperialism
• Latin word from the days of the Roman empire
• domination of a country’s political, economic, and social life by another country
Causes for nineteenth-century European Imperialism
1. Economics
2. Nationalism
3. Balance-of-Power
4. White Man’s Burden
The Industrial Revolution created an almost insatiable demand for raw materials and new markets.
[Image source: http://www.actis.co.uk/gridgallery/gridgal/two/imageid/historybig/1982.jpg]
European powers wanted to demonstrate their power and
prestige in the world.
[Image source: http://www.modellismo-navale.it/Jpmodel/HMS-Benbow-1898-profilo.jpg]
European nations were
forced to acquire new colonies to
achieve a balance with
their neighbors and competitors.
[Image source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WarFran.jpg]
The Europeans’
sense of superiority made them
feel obligated to “civilize the
heathen savages” they encountered.
“Take up the White Man’s burden –Send forth the best ye breed –Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild –Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.”
- Rudyard Kipling
Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck of Germany
convened a conference to
discuss the procedures for
establishing colonies.
[Image source: http://www.museumofworldwarii.com/images/TourPictures/01_Wilhelm1_lge.jpg]
Berlin Conference• met in late-1884/early-1885• set the criteria for claiming colonies
in Africa• initiated the “Scramble for Africa”
- succeeded in deflecting European attention and aggression outward- resulted in the partitioning of Africa
Look at the dog with the poofy tail!
France
Attention K-mart
shoppers! Only a limited
supply of colonies are left! Conquer
now before we run out!
Ahhhhh!
Steps towards Formal Empire
1. Exploration & Discovery
2. Trading Outpost (i.e. “factory”)
3. Sphere of Influence
4. Protectorate
5. Colony
[Image source: http://www.cpror.com/cprorGB/images/portchX.gif]
King Charles X started France on the road to
empire when he ordered his
troops to invade Algeria in 1830.
It took France ten years and 100,000
troops to conquer and occupy all of
Algeria.
France went on to conquer Tunis in 1881
and secure special rights in Morocco in
1904.
France hoped to create an empire in
North Africa that would generate income
comparable to what India did for Great
Britain. [Image source: http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/timemachine/images/africa.gif]
[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0083.jpg]
Meanwhile, Great Britain was chewing up territory elsewhere in
Africa.
[Image source: http://www.edinfor.pt/anc/f-lesseps.jpg]
In 1859, the French
entrepreneur, Ferdinand de
Lesseps, set up a company to build the Suez
Canal.
[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/30suez.jpg]
The Suez Canal
provided a more direct route
between Europe
and East Asia.
[Image source: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch1en/conc1en/img/suez.gif]
Egypt became a protectorate of
Great Britain in 1882 after the
defeat of a nationalist
revolt led by Ahmed Arabi.
[Image source: http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-3959.jpg]
[Image source: http://sudanhome.com/cards/cards/el_mahdi.jpg]
During the 1880s, an
Islamic revival, led by a self-proclaimed
deliverer known as the
Mahdi, threatened
British interests in Egypt.
His force swept across the Sudan, re-instituting fundamentalist practices.
[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/nubia/nubia.shtml]
Among the practices revived by the Mahdi was slavery.
[Image source: http://mirrormax.i8.com/images/children.gif]
The British sent their
most gifted general,
“Chinese” Gordon, to
rescue British subjects
trapped in the Sudan.
[Image source: http://www.axnet.it/romaoggi/lorenz/imm-articolo3-gordon-bn.jpg]
Gordon exceeded his orders and
tried to defend the city of Khartoum
from the forces of the Mahdi.
[Image source: http://www.1uptravel.com/worldmaps/sudan7.html]
The relief force sent to rescue Gordon arrived one day too late.
[Image source: http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin17/imag1685.jpg]
Gordon’s actions forced Britain to assume a greater responsibility in the Sudan.
[Image source: http://www.pinetreeweb.com/kitchener-khartoum.jpg]
The British ultimately defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the
Battle of Omdurman.
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/aa332391.jpg]
So 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your 'ome in the Soudan;You're a pore benighted 'eathen, but a first-class fightin' man;An' 'ere's to you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, with your 'ayrick 'ead of 'air –
You big black boundin' beggar – for you broke a British square!
“Whatever happens, we have got,the Maxim gun, and they have not.”
[Image source: http://www.uh.edu/engines/maximgun.jpg]
- Hillaire Belloc
[Image source: http://users.westconnect.com.au/%7Eianmac5/choc.jpg]
Many people, such as Britain’s competitors in
colonization, the French, hoped
that Britain would fail miserably in their efforts to
establish a global empire.
British and French interests
collided at Fashoda in 1898, almost resulting
in a shooting war between the two great imperialist
powers.[Image source: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0055.html]
The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912) resulted in
Libya becoming part of a growing
Italian Empire.
Egyptian nationalists sought independence for Egypt, following the end of World
War I.
Saad Zaghlul Pasha
Following a brief revolution in 1919, Britain granted Egypt
limited independence
in 1922.
“Independence” contingent on:
1. the security of the communications of the British Empire in Egypt;
2. the defence of Egypt against foreign aggression;
3. and the protection of foreign interests in Egypt and the Sudan
Egypt obtained complete independence in 1952, following a military coup.
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of
_1952#/media/File:Nasser_and_Naguib,_1954.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.resolutionpossible.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/wissmanntruppe-300x216.jpg]
Italy granted Libya
independence under King
Idris in 1951.
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya#/media/File:IdrisI3.jpg]
[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#/media/File:Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg]
Colonel Muammar Gaddafi led a coup d’état deposing King Idris, and
seized control of Libya in 1969.
Morocco under Sultan
Mohammed V gained its
independence from France
in 1956.[Image source: http://i.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1957/1101570422_400.jpg]
Tunisia also gained its independence from France in 1956.
[Image source: http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/62980000/jpg/_62980956_tun_bourguiba.jpg]
1962 – Algerian independence
[Image source: https://theredphoenix.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/realgenocide_algerian.jpg]