CO 2 Transport CO 2 transport 2010 IEAGHG INTERNATIONAL CCS SUMMER SCHOOL Mona J. Mølnvik Chief Scientist SINTEF Energy Research Contributing: Svend Tollak Munkejord, Peder Aursand and Jana P. Jakobsen
CO2 Transport
CO2 transport
2010 IEAGHG INTERNATIONAL CCS SUMMER SCHOOL
Mona J. MølnvikChief Scientist
SINTEF Energy Research
Contributing: Svend Tollak Munkejord, Peder Aursand and Jana P. Jakobsen
CO2 Transport
CO2 transport
Outline►Overview
►CO2 transport – some challenges
►The research
CO2 Transport
Current experience with CO2 transport►Experience with the transportation of CO2 of natural origin in
pipelines: ~3100 km CO2 pipelines using naturally occurring CO2 for EOR in USA
with a capacity of 44 Mt/yr
Also EOR projects in Hungary, Turkey, Brazil, Croatia
►CCS projects including CO2 transport/injection: CO2 of anthropogenic origin
Might need long distance onshore and offshore pipelines
CO2 Transport
Sleipner – CO2 removal from natural gas and re-injection
► Started 1996► 1 million tonne CO2/year► 9,5% CO2► The Utsira formation► Salin Aquifer
CO2 Transport
Hammerfest LNG plant
►CO2 is separated from the natural gas and re-injected a porous sandstone called the Tubåen formation
►5-6% CO2 in the natural gas►145 km CO2 pipeline►2,500 depth►700,000 tonnes of CO2/year
CO2 Transport
Lacq deep gas reservoir
OxygenProduction
Unit
Lacq gas production
1
Natural gas inlet
2
Lacq gas power plant
3
Commercial gas
4
UtilitiesBoiler oxycombustion
5
CO2
6
CO2 Transportation
7
Compression
8CO2 injection
9
CO2 storage
10
4000 m
4500 m Natural gas
Steam
Purification / CO2 dehydration
Compression
Rousse reservoir
CO2 injection
CO2 transportation
CO2 capture
Gas production
Lacq deep gas reservoir
OxygenProduction
Unit
OxygenProduction
Unit
Lacq gas production
1
Lacq gas production
1
Natural gas inlet
2
Natural gas inlet
2
Lacq gas power plant
3
Lacq gas power plant
3
Commercial gas
4
Commercial gas
4
UtilitiesBoiler oxycombustion
5
UtilitiesBoiler oxycombustion
5
CO2
6
CO2
6
CO2 Transportation
7
CO2 Transportation
7
Compression
8
Compression
8CO2 injection
9
CO2 injection
9
CO2 storage
10
CO2 storage
10
4000 m4000 m
4500 m4500 m Natural gasNatural gasNatural gas
SteamSteamSteam
Purification / CO2 dehydrationPurification / CO2 dehydration
CompressionCompression
Rousse reservoirRousse reservoir
CO2 injection
CO2 transportation
CO2 capture
Gas production
Lacq CCS Pilot
► CO2 injection in a depleted gas field► 120.000 ton CO2 to be injected in two years► 30 MW oxy-combustion boiler► 35 km low-pressure CO2 transport (30 bar)► 92% CO2, 4% O2, 3,7% Ar, 0,3% N2
CO2 Transport
CO2 transport
Outline►Overview
►CO2 transport – some challenges
►The research
CO2 Transport
CO2 transport and the CCS chain
technical and legal CO2 requirements
CO2injection
CO2purification
andconditioning
Sources StorageTransport
industry
power plants
ships
pipelines
EOR/EGR
storage in saline aquifers
gas processing
composition, T, P
CO2 Transport
Design and operation of CO2 pipelinesSome challenges
►Designing efficient and safe long-distance CO2 transport systems
►The effect of the quality of the CO2
►CO2 injection►Consequences of depressurisation causing phase
transition and hence cooling Planned and controlled Accident – pipe rupture
►Consequences of leakages on shore and off shore►Public acceptance
CO2 Transport
Example - CO2 pipeline depressurization
Modified from: “Construction of a CO2 pipeline test rig for R&D and operator training”, Pettersen, J., de Koeijer, G. and Hafner, A., GHGT-8, Trondheim, June 2006
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
time (s)
T (o
C)
2 phase region
gas
liquid
dry ice + gas
liquid + gas
Experimental data
©SINTEF Energy Research
CO2 Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Press( Bar)
Den
sity
(kg/
m^3
)
Measured values from NISTLK: Lee-KeslerBWRS: Benedict-Webb-Rubin-StarlingSoave Redlich Kwong
0°C10°C 20°C
27°C
37°C
Example - CO2 density, effect of EOS
Liquid
Liquid + gas
Gas
CO2 Transport
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
P(Bar)
yH2O
(%)
24 to 28 °C
pure CO2
CO2 and 5% CH4
Example - impact of methane in water solubility
“Thermodynamic models for calculating mutual solubilities in H2O-CO2-CH4 mixtures”, Austegard, A., Solbraa, E., de Koeijer, G. and Mølnvik, M.J. Trans IChemE, Sept. 2006.
©SINTEF Energy ResearchSoave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state with Huron-Vidal mixing rules (SRK-HV)
CO2 Transport
Some requirements to meet the challenges –Research Tasks
For a safe and efficient design and operation of CO2 transport and injection systems, we should be able to perform the following type of calculations:
►Phase equilibria, thermodynamical and transport properties for CO2 mixtures in the relevant pressure and temperature range and for the relevant mixtures.
►Depressurization of a CO2 transport pipe.
►Operational issues, e.g. possible precipitations or phase transitions because of varying pressure and temperature along the pipe.
►Onset and arrest of running ductile fractures in CO2 pipelines
CO2 Transport
CO2 transport
Outline►Overview
►CO2 transport – some challenges
►The research
CO2 Transport
CO2 Transport: CO2 pipeline integrity
► The objective is to contribute to safe and cost effective CO2
transport and avoid running ductile fractures in pipelines pressurised with CO2 and CO2 mixtures
► A fluid-structure fracture assessment model is under development: Coupled structural and fluid models
Thermodynamical and fluid dynamical models• Thermodynamics for CO2 and mixtures of CO2
• Phase transfer
• Fluid dynamics
• Numerical models
Fracture resistance models
SINTEF M&C
CO2 Transport
The fracture race
► Crack-propagation speed Pipe material
Pipe geometry
Pressure
Temperature
► Pressure-propagation speed (sound speed) Gas, liquid or mixture
Fluid composition
Pressure
Temperature
Fluid flow
CO2 Transport
Fluid model, geometry and setup►One-dimensional flow in x-direction
►Crack opening width: 2re(x)
►1st version is one-phase flow, CO2 will require a two-phase flow model with phase transfer
CO2 Transport
Example – phase transfer ►Calculating two-phase flow assuming equilibrium between the
phases gives too low speed of sound
►The calculated speed of sound is dependent of; The equation of state
The number of equilibrium assumptions made
The numerical model
CO2 Transport
Phase equilibrium
►Real case
►Equilibrium Mechanical (p)
Thermal (T)
Chemical (μ)
►Phase transfer relaxation model Mechanical and thermal equilibrium
Gas-liquid approaches equilibrium at a limited speed
CO2 Transport
Two-phase flowContinuity equations
►Equilibrium
►Phase transfer relaxation model
- phase transfer relaxation coefficient
CO2 Transport
Example with CO2 in a 100 m pipeline
No phase transfer
liquid gas
Always equilibrium
CO2 Transport
Effect of equilibrium assumptions
Lund Halvor, Flåtten Tore (2010). Equilibrium Conditions and Sound Velocities in Two-Phase Flows. 2010 SIAM Annual Meeting (AN10) , Pittsburgh, PA, USA, jul 12 - jul 16
Important to calculate speed of sound correct
CO2 Transport
Concluding remarks
►CO2 transport is taking place today
►Realising industrial CCS requires that all operations along the chain are efficient and safe
►The engineering tools for CO2 transport should handle CO2
mixtures at relevant conditions
►Research contributes with improved understanding of underlying phenomena and improved methods for addressing central issues
Thank you!