Norsk institutt for luftforskning www.nilu.no Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 Toxiques sans frontiers: European coastal contamination from the sky by metal and organic substances Kevin Barrett Norwegian Institute for Air Research Center for Ecological Economics Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, Norway [email protected]
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Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 Toxiques.
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Toxiques sans frontiers:
European coastal contamination from the sky
by metal and organic substances
Kevin Barrett
Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchCenter for Ecological Economics
How big are atmospheric sources compared to rivers?
Just some examples:
1. Results of Eloise2. Results from OSPAR
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Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (1): POPCYCLING-BALTIC project
% of supply Atmosphere Rivers
Baltic Proper
88 12
Kattegat 89 11
Skagerrak 91 9
supply of lindane to the Baltic(low solubility/restricted freshwater pathways)
(Breivik & Wania, 2002)
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Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (2): TOROS project
supplies of metals to the SW Mediterranean:a major mining region (very high freshwater loads)
tonnes Zn Cd
Rio Tinto 6300 100
other rivers 130 3
atmosphere 3200-5100
35-60
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Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Example from OSPAR:
Percentages of nitrogen entering OSPAR waters via atmosphere:
• Reduced nitrogen : 32%• Oxidised nitrogen : 37%
NHx: very soluble, predominantly freshwater source
NOx: soluble, important atmospheric discharge
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Supply of anthropogenic contaminants from the sky is frequently substantial.
Source regions for contaminants: an example for nitrogen
....and 40%+ of anthropogenic nitrogen entering the Baltic comes from the skies......
The actual ’50%’ source region
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Source regions – airsheds – can be large. -) component-specific-) receptor is also large scale -) definition may be geographical, sectoral, etc.-) management scale defined by physical and political features. Often BIG. EU?
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So what are our current objectives, and how well are we achieving them?
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The Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area........... .........making every endeavour to move towards the target of the cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by the year 2020.
1: Emission Control
OSPAR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES STRATEGY
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European Marine Strategy
”....to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of substances hazardous to the marine environment...”
Van de Wetering, 15/11/04
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2: Environmental Quality
” The (OSPAR) Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area ..... the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances.”
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European Environment Agency Factsheets
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....and for air inputs...???Draft, January 30, 2004
Indicator Fact Sheet AP16 January 2004
Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs – lindane, PCB7) to coastal and marine waters, 1990-2002