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Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology [email protected]
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Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology [email protected]. Amara West, Sudan

May 23, 2018

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Page 1: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Noreen TurossClay Professor of Scientific Archaeology

Department of Human Evolutionary [email protected]

Page 2: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Amara West, Sudan

Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico

Paleopathology and issues of human health are bestaddressed by multidisciplinary approaches.Osteological analyses no longer hold pride of place. 

Page 3: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Cranial depression fractures

However, some issues, such are trauma to the skeletonare still best approached osteologically. 

Page 4: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Wood et al., The Osteological Paradox, Current Anthropology, 1992

Is the archaeological sample a population (in time, space anddemographic completeness)?

Do the individuals who do not exhibit osteological pathologyrepresent those who never got the disease or those who died quickly?

Is paleopathology a study of the frail? 

Page 5: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

How many human skeletons are we talking about?

One guess‐ 100,000  (Anne Grauer, Loyola UniversityChicago)

How many humans (homo sapiens) have walked the earth?

Another guess‐100 billion (Population Ref. Bureau)

Even if most of the available skeletons postdate the originsof agriculture (10kya), and say there at 50 billion in thatpool,

.0002% of human existence

THE SKELETAL RECORD—a serious issue in paleopathology

Page 6: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Available archaeologically recovered skeletons do not reflect pastpopulation densities, and are Eurocentric.Increasingly, countries will not allow export of human skeletal remains,or even allow study by nonnationals.

Page 7: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Evora, Portugal15th and 16th century Monks

Sedlec OssuaryCzechoslovakia

PEOPLE, GROUPS, CULTURES, RELIGIONS AND GOVERNMENTSHAVE DIFFERING OPINIONS ON THE DISPLAY AND STUDY OFHUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS.

Page 8: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Binder and Roberts, International Journal of Paleopathology, 2014

Even if these structures are calcified plaques, is there any functional significance to blood flow?

Page 9: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Teposcolula, Oaxaca, Mexico

• Site that was the focus of thesis work by Christina Warinner (now at the University of Oklahoma).

• Collaborators, Nelly RoblesGarcia, Ron Spores

Postcontact epidemicCemetery

Church

Precontact cemetery

Unique Opportunities Exist at the Point of Excavation

Page 10: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan
Page 11: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Genetic history of an archaic hominingroup from Denisova Cave in SiberiaReich et al. Nature, 2010

Page 12: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Salo, Wilmar L., et al. "Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre‐Columbian Peruvian mummy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91.6 (1994): 2091‐2094.

Molecular Approaches to Ancient Disease

Page 13: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Ancient inserts are generally < 100bp

Page 14: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan
Page 15: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Amplification‐free Illumina sequencing‐library preparation facilitates improved mapping and assembly of (G+C)‐biased genomes

Iwanka Kozarewa, Zemin Ning, Michael A Quail, Mandy J Sanders, Matthew Berriman & Daniel J Turner

Nature Methods 6, 291 ‐ 295 (2009) Published online: 15 March 2009

Page 16: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Workflow followed in probe design for the ancient pathogen screening array (APSA).

Kirsten I. Bos et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2015;370:20130375

©2015 by The Royal Society

Page 17: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Damage plots generated using MapDamage: red indicates C to T transitions, blue indicates G to A transitions.

Kirsten I. Bos et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2015;370:20130375

©2015 by The Royal Society

Page 18: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

The Black Death—Yersinia pestis

Page 19: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

“Comparisons against modern genomesreveal no unique derived positions in the medieval organism,indicating that the perceived increased virulence of the diseaseduring the Black Death may not have been due to bacterial pheno‐type. These findings support the notion that factors other thanmicrobial genetics, such as environment, vector dynamics and hostsusceptibility, should be at the forefront of epidemiological discus‐sions regarding emerging Y pestis infections.”

Bos et al., Nature 2011

Page 20: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Pre‐Columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal sealsas a source of New World human tuberculosisBos et al.,  Nature 2014

IN 3 OUT OF 68 SKELETONS‐ALL HAD SKELETAL INDICATORS OF TB

Page 21: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan
Page 22: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Is the archaeological sample a population (in time, space anddemographic completeness)?

Yes, using a combination of demographic information, andfour isotopic measures, we can, independent of DNA data addressthe state of a population.  This relates to larger archaeological collections.

Do the individuals who do not exhibit osteological pathologyrepresent those who never got the disease or those who died quickly?

To date, DNA approaches to not help in this regard.  The “success”rate in putative exposed populations is too low to identify those who don’t have the disease in question.

Going Forward‐can we address any of the issues raised inthe osteological paradox? Do DNA approaches solve theproblems raised?

Page 23: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Is paleopathology a study of the frail?

This seems to me a red herring.  Are the frail more susceptible toinfectious disease (or subsistance shortages)?  Sure, but even with the limited data set that skeletal collections represent, there is noreason to think that only the frail are represented.

What we need is a better idea of immunological response inskeletal populations.  Back to the future: 

Going Forward‐can we address any of the issues raised inthe osteological paradox? Do DNA approaches solve theproblems raised? Con’t

Page 24: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Bone sample reactivity with Treponema pallidum antigen.

Connie J. Kolman et al. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:2060-2063

© 1999 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Page 25: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan
Page 26: Noreen Tuross - USCAP Meeting (CM)/CM21-15...Noreen Tuross Clay Professor of Scientific Archaeology Department of Human Evolutionary Biology tuross@fas.harvard.edu. Amara West, Sudan

Teposcolula, Oaxaca, Mexico

• Site that was the focus of thesis work by Christina Warinner (now at the University of Oklahoma).

• Collaborators, Nelly RoblesGarcia, Ron Spores

Postcontact epidemicCemetery

Church

Precontact cemetery

Unique Opportunities Exist at the Point of Excavation