Nonrenewable Energy Sources il drilling platform on legs Mined coal Pipeline Pump Oil well Gas well Oil storage Coal Coal Oil and Natural Gas Oil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Hot water storage Contour strip mining Pipeline Drilling tower Magma Hot rock Natural gas Oil Impervious rock Water Water Floating oil drilling platform Valves Underground coal mine Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water penetrates down through the rock Area strip mining Geothermal power plant Coal seam
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Nonrenewable Energy Sources Oil drilling platform on legs Mined coal Pipeline Pump Oil well Gas well Oil storageCoal Oil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy.
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Nonrenewable Energy SourcesNonrenewable Energy Sources
Oil drillingplatformon legs
Mined coal
Pipeline
Pump
Oil well
Gas well
Oil storage
CoalCoalOil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Hot waterstorage
Contourstrip mining
PipelineDrillingtower
Magma
Hot rock
Natural gasOil
Impervious rock
Water Water
Floating oil drillingplatform
Valves
Undergroundcoal mine
Water is heatedand brought upas dry steam or
wet steam
Waterpenetratesdownthroughtherock
Area stripmining
Geothermalpower plant
Coal seam
Nature and Formation of Mineral ResourcesNature and Formation of Mineral Resources
Opec countriesSaudi Arabia (11.9%), Iran (5.1%), Venezuela (4.7%), Iraq (3.6%), United Arab Emirates (3.2%), Nigeria (2.9), Libya (2%), Indonesia (2%), Algeria (1.6%), Qatar (1%)Non-Opec countriesUnited States (10.3%), Russia (8.8%), Mexico (4.8%), China (4.6%), Norway (4.3%), UK (4%), Canada (3.5%)(Percentages of world oil output)
World
Year1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 21000
10
20
30
40A
nnua
l pro
duct
ion
(x 1
09 ba
rrel
s pe
r ye
ar)
2,000 x 109
barrels total
Low land use
Easily transportedwithin and between countries
High netenergy yield
Low cost (withhuge subsidies)
Ample supply for42–93 years
Advantages
Moderate waterpollution
Releases CO2 when burned
Air pollutionwhen burned
Artificially low price encourageswaste and discourages search for alternatives
Need to findsubstitute within50 years
Disadvantages
Oil ShaleOil Shale
Above Ground
Conveyor
Conveyor
Spent shale
Pipeline
Retort
Mined oil shale
Aircompressors
Shale oilstorage
Impuritiesremoved
Hydrogenadded
Crude oil Refinery
AirAirinjectioninjection
Shale layerShale layer
UndergroundUnderground
Sulfur and nitrogencompounds
Shale oil pumped to surfaceShale oil pumped to surface
Shale heated to vaporized kerogen, which is condensed to provide shale oilShale heated to vaporized kerogen, which is condensed to provide shale oil
Hydrogenadded
Impuritiesremoved
Syntheticcrude oil
Refinery
Pipeline
Tar sand is mined. Tar sand is heateduntil bitumen floats
to the top.
Bitumen vaporIs cooled andcondensed.
Tar Sands
Natural GasNatural Gas
50-90% methane50-90% methane
Approximate 200 year supplyApproximate 200 year supply
Advantages Disadvantages
Good fuel forfuel cells andgas turbines
Low land use
Easily transportedby pipeline
Moderate environ-mental impact
Lower CO2 emissions thanother fossil fuels
Less air pollutionthan otherfossil fuels
Low cost (withhuge subsidies)
High net energyyield
Ample supplies(125 years)
Sometimes burned off andwasted at wellsbecause of lowprice
Shipped acrossocean as highlyexplosive LNG
Methane(a greenhouse gas) can leakfrom pipelines
Releases CO2
when burned
Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
Fission reactors
Fission reactors
Uranium-235Uranium-235
Potentially dangerous
Potentially dangerous
Radioactive wastes
Radioactive wastes
Uranium fuel input(reactor core)
Periodic removaland storage of
radioactive wastesand spent fuel assemblies
Periodic removaland storage of
radioactive liquid wastes
Pump
Steam
Small amounts of Radioactive gases
Water
Black
Turbine Generator
Waste heat Electrical power
Hot water output
Condenser
Cool water input
Pump
PumpWasteheat
Useful energy25 to 30%
Wasteheat
Water source(river, lake, ocean)
Heatexchanger
Containment shell
Emergency coreCooling system
Controlrods
Moderator
Pressurevessel
Shielding
Coolantpassage
CoolantCoolant
Hot coolantHot coolant
The Nuclear Fuel CycleThe Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Front end Back end
Uranium mines and millsOre and ore concentrate (U3O8)
Spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons
No acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes and decommissioning worn-out plants
Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)
High environmental impact (with major accidents)
Low net energy yield
High cost (even with large subsidies)
Advantages Disadvantages
Dealing with Nuclear WasteDealing with Nuclear Waste
Low-level wasteLow-level wasteHigh-level wasteHigh-level wasteUnderground burialUnderground burialDisposal in spaceDisposal in spaceBurial in ice sheetsBurial in ice sheetsDumping into subduction zonesDumping into subduction zonesBurial in ocean mudBurial in ocean mud
Clay bottom
Up to 60deep trenchesdug into clay.
As many as 20flatbed trucksdeliver wastecontainers daily.
Barrels are stackedand surroundedwith sand. Coveringis mounded to aidrain runoff.
Fig. 14.38b, p. 351
Steamgenerator
Waterpumps
Crane formoving fuel rods
TurbinesTurbines
ReactorReactor
Coolingpond
Coolingpond
Reactor power output was lowered too much, making it too difficult to control.
Additional water pump to cool reactor was turned on. But with low power output and extra drain on system, water didn’t actually reach reactor.
Automatic safety devices that shut down the reactor when water and steam levels fall below normal and turbine stops were shut off because engineers didn’t want systems to “spoil” experiment.
Radiation shieldsRadiation shields
Almost all control rods were removed from the core during experiment.
Emergency cooling system was turned off to conduct an experiment.