-
int. .r. Engng. Sci. Vol. 2, pp. 389-W Pergamon Press 1964.
Printed in Great Britain.
NONLINEAR THEORY OF MICRO-ELASTIC SOLIDS-II*
E. S. Square AND A. CEMAL ERINGEN
Purdue XJniversity, Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Abstract-The present paper is a contusion of our previous work
on the same topic. After the introduc- tion of material and strain
measures of micro-elasticity we give the specific form of
constitutive equations for isotropic micro-elastic materials,
various approximate theories, the hnear and the determinate theory
of couple stress. Field equations of the linear theory for the
latter case are obtained and applied to the study of the Rayleigh
surface waves in micro-elasticity.
1. INTRODUCTION
IN OUR previous work [I] we gave the formuhrtion of a nonlinear
simple micro-elastic solid. The basic field equations, jump
conditions, thermodynamics and constitutive equations of this
theory were studied in detail. In the present paper first we
establish interrelations of various material and spatial measures
of strain and afterward obtain the explicit forms of the
constitutive equations in terms of some of these strain measures
for a macro-isotropic material. For small micro-deformations we
give various special theories and study the linear ~ete~~~~ate
couple stress theory in detail. For the tatter case two sets of
field equations are derived in terms of uncoupled macro-and
micro-displacements. We conclude the present paper by the
investigation of Rayleigh surface waves in micro-elastic half
space.
2. STRAIN MEASURES
Here we introduce material strain measures E, (3 and spatial
strain measures e, E, by
2&L z c,, - GK, ) 2ekl = gki - ckl Qt = Yly~ - G,, , 91= @kt
- &cl
CJ.1)
where CKL, YKt and ckr, &r are respectively given in (6.5)
and (6.16) of [I). The third order micro-strain measures r,, and
yklm were also introduced in the same place.
For the differentials of the material and spatial position
vectors dX and dx we have
dX=dX+d==X,kdxk -t-Xkdrk +~,&kdX ,
dx=dx+d~=x,,dX+~KdZK+~K,LZKdXL. (2.2)
From these there follows the squares of the material and spatial
arc lengths dS =dX .dX and dY2 =dx edx so that
* A part of the present work aas supported by the OfIice of
Naval Research. t Postdoctoral Research Associate, on leave from
Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey.
389
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390 E.S. SUH~BI~UN~ A. CEMALERENOEN
+2g~~~~~~~~~~d~~dX M = 2e,,dxkdx f- 2(E,xdkdg
+2y,,,,,t;dxdx +(g,, - Gro.~g~~L,)d~kd%- G,
&&,,:nSkYdxldx
- 2GKL~KkxLI:m~d
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Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids-II 391
Strain tensors E, e, 6, E, I and y can now be expressed, by use
of (3.1) and (3.2), as
(3.4)
4. CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR ISOTROPIC MICRO-ELASTIC SOLIDS
In our previous work [l] constitutive equations for stresses t,
s and stress moment h were expressed in terms of the derivatives of
a potential I: with respect to strain measures e, E and y. We now
derive the specific forms of these equations in the special cases
of linear dependence on y, linear de~ndence on 7 and E and finally
obtain the linear theory.
(i) Constitutive equations linear in y In this case c may be
expressed in the quadratic form in y, Le.,
x = CO f~~ClklmnyijkYi~~ 9
z ijklmn = pnnijk (4.1)
where Z, and ZtiUmn are isotropic tensor functions of the tensor
variables c and *. Into the argument of these isotropic functions
we must include the transpose of \lr, JI* because of the asymmetry
of JI, i.e.,
CO = &(e, $9 $*) ,
c i jklmn =
Pkl(c, q/, Jr*> . (4.2)
In the expansion (4. I) the linear term in y does not appear
because of inexistence of odd order isotropic tensors. The
constitutive equations now take the form
(4.3)
We thus see that the stress tensors t and s are independent of
strain measure y in this theory. We assume that CO as well as
Eijkl? are expressible as polynomials in their arguments.
Following the results of [3] any scalar invariant polynomial X,,
of three matrices c, \I, and Jr* may be shown to be a polynomial in
the following 34 invariants.
I1 =trc,
f3 = treZ ,
I7 = trc3,
IZ=tr\L,
1, = trJi2,
1,=tr$,
I, = trcJl ,
I, = trcJr2,
I, = trJIJI* ,
I 10 = trc2\li,
(4.4)
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392 E. S. SUHUBI and A. CEMAL ERINGEN
II1=trcJIJr*,
I,,= trc+ ,
Z18 =trc+*JI ,
Izo = trc+JI* ,
f2,=trc\lr\lr*J12,
Iz6 = trc2+2c$,
I,,=trc\lr*JI, 113=tr\)rJI*2,
l,,=trJr2\lr*2, I,, = trc$*+ , r, , = trc'$JI* ,
1 19 = trc\)$*2,
I,, = trc'JrcJr* , I,, = trcJr2$*2, I,, =trc2rjr*c\lr, I,,
=trc\lr'\lr*\lr ,
I,, =trc'$"$*\lr , I,, = trJl\lr*$z$*2, f29 = trc\(r*\(r2+*2 ,
I30 = trJrc$2c2 , I, I= tr\(r*cqf2c2 ,
I,2 =tr$Jr*c2$*2, I33 =tr$*JIJI*2$2, .13_+ = trc$$*J12 .
The most general sixth order isotropic function satisfying
(4.1), has the form
(4.5)
where coefficients cl, g2, . . . and (r, 1 are polynomials in
the 34 invariants Z,, Z2, . . . and 1,, listed in (4.4).
We calculate the various partial derivatives appearing in (4.3)
by the chain rule of differentiation, e.g.,
&z, XX0 81, -=-- s. 0~~~ ar, ackl cl=1,2, . ..) 34.
After some lengthly manipulations we obtain the following
constitutive equations for t, s and h:
t=- P[2a,c+a2~*+4u,c+2u,~*2+a,(~c+c3r*+~*c)+2u,JrJ/*+6a,c3
PO
~3a~\lr*3+ug(JI2C+C~*~+~*~C+~*C~*)+ulO(~C~+C~c+C~~*tC~*C+~*C~)
+2all(JI\CI*c+c\lr\lr*)+2a,,(JI*~c+~cJI*)+u,,(J12JI*+~Jl*2+JI*~~*)
+a~~(JI2c~+C2\b*~+C~~C+CJI*~C+~*~C~+~*C~~*)+2u~,(~~\lr*~+~*.J1~\CI*)
+ 24+*+c2 + *c2\lr* + c\lr*+c) + 2al,(c2$+* $ JIJI*c2 + c\lr+*c)
-I- al &2c$r* + JIc\lr*2 + \(r*2Jrcf \(r*\(r2c+ +*I/@*) +
u19(c\lrZJr* f c\lrJI2 + $$r*%s \lr2**c + +*c\lr$*) + uzo(CZ~2~* +
cZ$\lr*2 + *r\lr*c2 + +2Jr*c2 + \cI*c2*+* + c\lr+*%
+c\lr\lr*c)+2a2,(~c\lr*c~+c\lrc\lr*c~\Ir*c~~c+C~~c~*)+2u22(~~J/*~C+C\C1~\CI*~
+ **c+2\lr*> + 2a2,(+*c\lrc + c**cIJK+ IJK+*c+ c\lrc\lr*) +
u2&J*2Jl\lr*c + \Ir+*\lr2c+ c\cI*2\lr$* + Jr%\lr+* + \Ir**c+*
++*c\lr+*) + u2&+*\lrc + \Ir*+\lr*%+ c\lr*+**2 + +*c+*\lr** +
\Irc\lr+* f \Ir\lr*%$*) +uz6(+*2c2+*c + \Irc2I/lc + +*c+*V +
c\lr%\lrc + c+*c\cI*2c + +2c\lrc + c+*V+* (4.6) + c2**c+*2 +
\Ir*c2+*c\lr*> + a2,(\lr*+$*c + c\lr+*\lrc+ cJI*+rJI*%+
\Ir\lr*$c + c2**\lr\lr* + \Ir*c2+*\lrJI* + \Irc2J12\lr* +
\Ir$*c\lr*) + 2u2*(+2\lr*2+JI* + \Ir**JIJI* f +*JI\)*Q2+*) +
u29(+*J12+*c + +2JI*+JJc+ Jj2JI*2c+*
+JlcJI2JI*+~*\)rc~~~*+~*cJI*\)~~*+c~*J1~~*~)+u~~(~*c~JI*~c+~~c2~c +
+*2cJI*c2 + cJlcJ12c + c+*2cJr*c+ Jlc\lrc + czJj*2cJI* $
cJI*c2+*2
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Nonlineal theory of micro-elastic solids-11 393
s= - ~[~U,c+U2(~+~*)+~U,E+2U,(~+~*)+Ui(c9+~C+~*e+C~*)
+ 2a,($$* + +*+I) + 6a,c3 + 3a,($ + $*> + ag(cG2 + Jlc + $cJI
+ cJ~*~
+\Ir*2C+~*CJI*)+a,,(~C2+C2~+C~C+JI*C2+C~*C+C2~*)+2u,,(JrJr*c +
cJIJI* + +*0/f) +2a&*\lrc + cl/f** + $c$*) + a13(\lr2$* +
+*\lrJI* + \lr*2JI -t $\lr*2 + JrJI*JI + lJJr*\lr2) + u14($2c2 +
c2qJ2 + ce2c + $c2\lr + c2JI*2 + +*2c2
+ cJr*2c + \Ir*cZJI*) +2u,,(\jr$*2$ + Jr*Jr*JI* + e2+* + JI*2$2)
+ 2Ul&r*$C2 + c2\lr*\lr +cJl*qK + JIc2+*) + 2u&JfJI*c2
+c2$$* + c*\lr*c + +*c%Jl> + a&Jf*2+c + \jr*\lr2c+ Jr2c\lr*
+ \Irc**JI + c**qf2 + c\lr*\lr + qmJl*2 + \JI*lJm+*) +
ul&lJI*c+ e2Jr*c + $*2c$ + Jr*c*+* + cqf2Jr* + a#* + JI*c* +
JrJI*c\lr> + u2&$2\lr*c+ *IJI*c2 + +qJ*c2 + +*c2+1JI* +
JI*c%J? + clJftJ#*% + c%JAJ/* +c2Jl\lr*2+qnJI*c2JI+**2 2 c $) + 2u,
l($cJr*c2 + **c2JIc + c2+cqf* + c+*cqJ + c\lrc\lr*c> +
2u22(lJf*c~2JI* + Jr2\lr*c + JI$*2cJr f cqAjf*2 + \lr*2c*q +
2U23($*C\JIC2 + $C2\jr*C+ cJI*c+ + c\lrc2$* + c$*c~c) +
u24(\lr*2@/f*c + *+*qJ2c + $2c$$* + +*++*c** + **\lr2c* + c***\lr2
+ c\lr*2+cl\lr* + \Ir\lr*cJ/*2 + *cw*\lr + $r*c$r*\lr) +
u2&Jf2+*+c+ \Ir*+$*2c+ ~*c+*~l\lr* + tjK*2JI* + \Ir*+c\lr2 +
c**\lr+* + cQ2$r*\lr + \Ir+*\lrc\lr + lJJ$*2cJ/* + +**c\lr*\lr>
+ u2&*%2$*c + +*cqf*v + qK2\lr2c + c\lr%\lrc + qf%$c2 +
$*c+*c$* + c$c2qJ2 + c2$2c++ c~*%2~* + c\lr*c+*2c+ c2+*c**2 +
\Irc\cIcqf) (4.7) + u&*+l\lr*c + c\lr2\lr**c + \lr2+*+c2 +
\Ir*c2+*++* + \IrcqJr\lr* + +*l/Ky/2 + c2qf2\lr*\lr + c$*$+*2c +
c2\lr*$$* + ~Jr*~c2+ + ql$*cqf* + +*%qt*+>
+ 2a2*042**2N* + +*w*\lr2** + w*\1/2$*2 + w*$b*Q + JI*$2\lr*2+
++*2$$*+2) +u29(9*~2\lr*2c+ $2$*2qw+ $2+*c\lr* + q/*Jrc\lr2$*
+ **c\lr*e2\lr* + qJ*2c$*+2 + c+2$*2+ + c$*qf2Jr* + \lrc+2\lr*2
+ ~+*2c~*JI
+ \IrJr*zJIc$ + $*24fc\lr2> + u3&*cZ+**c + qf2c2$c +
4!*2cJI*c* + cJrcJ12c
+ Jrc$2c2 + JI*c\)*c2\lr* + c$2c$ + cJI*c2JI*2 + c~c\lr* +
cJI**ctJ/*c
+ c2Jc*2c$* + Jrc2gwJI) + u3~(~*cJlc + c+*cJI2c + *2c2JI*c +
qf*c\lrc2\lr*
+ Jr*oJ12c2 + Jrc2Jr*c + c2qI*cJI2 + cJr*2c+c + ctJlc2ql* +
*c2JI*c\lr + cJI*2cg/
+ CJ12C2$*) + U3*(\lrJI*\lr2C2 + C$*JrJI*C + $*2JIJI*C2 +
lJ/2C2JIlJ/* + Jr*JIJI*CJr*
+ \lr*c2JI*2\lr + cZ$*\lr+* + c\lr\JI*lJJlc + c2+cI\JI*+* +
+ljJ*c\lr* + \Irc2\Jl\lr*+
+ +*+c*\lr) + 2U&*/2j*\lr$* + \Ir*+$*\lr + \Ir+*$$*$ +
$*\lr$*\lr
+ w*+JI* + q2JI*q.$*2) -t a34(JI$*2$2C + $*24hJt*c + ~*\lr*cJr$*
+ JI*2tJ?cJI + qJ*+*+*cJI* + +2c++*2 + cljJr*$\JI* + clJ/~*Jr2 +
tJ!+*c**2JI + $*c$*+I
+ wJJI*Jr + \Ir2~*cJI*)l where
a=l, 2, . ..) 34.
From (4.5) and (4.3), we find
(4.8)
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394 E.S. SUHIJBI and A. CEMAL ERINGEN
The above expressions are reducible further involving only
matrix products up to and including fifth power. We have not
attempted to make this reduction since the coefficients will be
extremely complicated.
The above expressions are useful in finite deformation theories.
For approximate theories these expressions must be transformed to
those involving strain measures e and E, For the stress tensor t
and s these are given below:
t=~~jb,(I-2e)+b,(I-E*)+2b,(e-2eZ)+2b,(E*-E*2)+blCe+(E)S-2(Ee)S-E*e]
+ 2b,(e - EE) + 3b7(e2 - 2e3) -t 3b,(e* - &*3) + b,(ea* +
E*e+ (E2)s- 2(C2e), -E*2e-E*eE*]+b,,[e2+(eE+~e),-2(EeZ
+eee),-E*eZ]i-b,,[2ee+~~*
-4(EE*e),]+b,,(2Ee+E*&-2&*Ee-2&e&*)+b13[E2
+&*&+&&*-~(&E*)~-~*EE*] + b14[e2E* + e*e2 +
(eE2 + E2e)s - 2(E2e2 -t eE2e), - E*2e2 --*e2E*] + 2bl 5(~2~* +
E*E2 -E2E*2 -E*&2E)+2h16[(e&*&)s+Ee2 - E*Ee2
-Ee2E*-~E*&e]$2b,,[(eEE*), + e2e - 2(e2EE*), -ees*e]
+b,,[~~e+~e~* + ~*ce+(~*~~)~-22(~~eE*)~-E*~~e
-E*&2e-E*EeE*]+b,,[eE2+&*eE+eEE*+(E&*2),-2(e&2E*+e&E*2)~-E*e&E*]
+ b2,[e2EE* f E*eE+ e2E2 + (eE2E* + e&E*2)S - 2(e2E2E* + e2EE*2
+ e&E*2e)S
-&e2E&*]+621[2(Ee&*e)S+E*e2E+2e2Ee-4(~e~*e2)s-2e~e~*e-2~*e2~e]
+ b22[E2E*2 + 2e&E* + 2E*eE2 - 4(E2E*2e), - 2E*eE2E*]
+b,,[2(&*e&e), + &e2&* + 2eEe2 - E*2E&*e-
2(EEE2e),- E2eEE* - E&*e&*2 - &*eE2E*] + b2,[eE*2E +
E2eE + EE*eE* + E*E&*e + (EE*E2)S - 2(&E*E2e $
E2e&E*)S- E*2EE*e- &*eE2E*]
+b2,[eE*EE*+~*eE*E+EeE2+&E*2e+(E2E*E)~-2(E2E*Ee+Ee&2E*)~-E*EE*2e
- E*ea*EE*] + h2,[eeh2e2 + eE*eE* -t- (Ee2E2 + es2e& + e2eEe)S-
2(Ee2C2e f eaese + E2eEe2)s- E*e&*2e2 - E*eE+e -E*e2E*e&*]
+ bz7[e2e*EE* + E*e2E*E + Ee2E2 + EEh2e2 + (eE2&*E + eE*EE*2)g-
2(eE2E*Ee + E2E*&e2 + Ee2E2E*)a- E*EE*2e2 - E*e2E*EE*] +
2b2,[E2E**E+ E&*e2E* + E*EE*E - 2(E2E*2&E*),- E*EE*E2E*]
(4.10) + b29[(E2E*2E)s+ E2Ee2e + EeEE* + E*El?E2 +E*eE*E2 +eEE2E* -
2(&e.E2Ee2 +E2E*2Ee)S-&*E2E*2e-E4EeE2E* - E*eE*E2&*] +
b,,[(E2e2E+ eseE2 + eea2e)a +e2E**efeE*e2Eh
+E*e&*e2-2(E2e2EefeEeE2e+EeE2e2)S-E*e2E*2e-E*2eE*e2 - E*eE*eE*]
+ b, l[(eE*ett2 + E2e2E + E*eE2e)S + eE2e2 +es*e2c* + s*ee*e2 -
2(ea*eE2e + ec2e2E* + E2e2E*e)S - E*2eEe2 - E*ec2e2 - E*eEe2E*] +
bS2[(E8*E2e + eEE*E2)S f E2e2E+ e2Ee2& + E*E&*e2 + EE*e2E*
- 2(EE*E2e2 + eEE*E2e + E2e2&E*)s - E*2EE*e2 -
&*&E*eE*] + 2h,3(&E*2&2 + E2E*EE* $ &*EE*E -
EE*2E2E* - &*EE*&&* - E2E*E&*2) +
b34[(E&*2E2)S+ eE*2E2 + E*E2eE + E2eEE* + EE*eE* f E*E2E*e -
2(EE*2&2e + &2e&E*2)s - Ee2E2E*e - EE2eEE* -
E*E2E*eE*]},
s=~{b,(I-2e)+2b2(I-s)s+2b,(e-2e2)+4b~(E-El),+b,(2e+E-2e~-2~e)~
+ 2bJ2(~)~- EE* - E*E] + 3b,(e2 - 2e3) + 6b8(~2 - F.~)~ + bg[~2
+ 2(Ee+ e&) - 2(eE2 -I- E2e + EeE)ls + b,,[eE + Ee + 2e2 -
2(ce2 + e2E + eae)ls + bl ,[4(eE - e&e*), + E&* -2E*eE]+
b,,[4(Ee-eE*E),+E*E-2EeE*]+2b,,(E2 + E*&+ EE* - E2E* -GLEE* -
E*2~)s + b,,[eE f E2e + 2(e2E + Ee) - 2(E2e2 + e2E2 + eE2e+ Ee2E)ls
+2b,,[2(&2E*+&*E2-EE*2E)~-E2E*2-E*2&2]+26~~[(eE*&+2Ee2-2E*E~2)~
-e~*Ee-&e~~*]+2b,,[(eEE*+2e~E-2es*e~),-eee*e-E*e~E]+b~~[E*E~
+2(E2e+&eE* + E*&e)-2(&*2Ee+E*E2e+E2eE*
$&e&*&)],+b,~[&E*~ +2(e&
-
Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids-II 395
where
+~*~E+~EE*)-~(EE*~~+E~E*~+E*~~E+E*~EE*)]~+~~~[~E~E*+~EE*~~~(~~EE* +
E*es + e2E2) - 2(eE2s*e + a*e2 + E2E*e2 + E*e2rx* + E*e2E2)]s + b,
1 [2(seE*e
+2e2~e-~es*e2-2~*e2~e)s+~*eZ~-2e~e~*e]+b22[4(e~2~*+~*ea2-~*e~Z~* -
E2E*2e)s + E2E*2 -2E*ea] + 6,,[2(E*eEe+ 2e&e2 - 2E*eae2 -
2Ee2E*e), + Ee2&* - 2es*eee] + b2J~~*c2 +2(eE*2& + E2e&
+ E&*eE* + E*eE*e) - 2(E*2EE*e+ &&*E2e + E2eEE* +
E*EE*eE* + E*EeE)],+ b2,[E2E*& + 2(eE*&E* + E*eEE $ EeE2 $
EE*2C!)
- 2(E2&*Ee + &*EE*2e + E*eE*EE* + EeE2&* + E*EeE2)lS
+ b2,[&e2E2+ eE2eE + E2eEe (4.11)
+2(es*2e2+e2E*es*+E*e2E*e)-2(E*2e2E*e+E*ea*2e2+Ee2E2e+esze~e+~2ece2
+&*e2E*eE*)], + b2,[eE2&*E + EE*&e +2(e2E*EE +
E*e2E*& + Ee2E2 +&E*e2) - 2(E*E&*2e2 + eE2E*Ee+ E2E*Ee2
f E*eE*EE* + Ee2E2E*)ls + 2b2,[2(E2E*2&
+ EE*E2E* + E*EE*E2 - E2&*2EE* - E*EE*E2E*)S- E*E2E*2E -
E*E&*E] + b2,[E2&*2E + 2(EZE*2e + EeE2E* + E*&eE2 +
&*e&*e2 + eE*E2E*) - 2(E*&2&*2e+ E2E*2Ee+
E2E*2eE
+ E*EeEE* + E*eE*EE* + E*2eE*E2)]s f b,,[E2e2E + eEeE2 +
EeE2e+2(eE2e2 + EeEe + e2EeE) -2(E*eZE*2e + E2e2Ee+ E*2eE*e2 +
eEec2e + EeE2e2 + Ee2EeE)ls
+ 63 JeE*eE2 + E2e2E* + eE*2eE + 2(eE2e2 + Ee2Ee+ eces) -
2(E*2ee2e2 + eE*eEe + E2e2E*e+ &*eEeE* + E*eE2e2 + Ee2E*2e)]s +
b,,[&&*E2e+ eEE*& +2(E2e2E + e2Ee2& + E*EE*e
+EE*e2E*) - 2(EE*E2e2 + t?Ee2EE*C?+ E*E&*e2 + E2e2EE* +
E*&E*eE
+ E*e2E*2E)]s++b33[2(EE*2E2 + EE*EE* + &*E2E*E- E*E2E*EE* -
E*E2E*& - EE*EE* - E2E*E&*2] + b,,[EE*E2 + 2(eE*2E2 +
E*E2eE + EzeEE* f E2E*e&* + E*EE*e) -2(E&*2E2e + E*EE*e +
&*EeE&* f E*2E2eE + E*EC*e&* f E2eEE*2)]S}
7:-T;,-- (a=1 3 , -9 .., 34) . (4.12)
The invariants J, are identical in form to those listed in (4.4)
except that they are formed by e, E, and E* respectively instead of
c, $ and $*.
The parentheses carrying a subscript S indicate the symmetric
part of the matrices enclosed within, i.e.,
(A),=t(A+A*).
The constitutive equation for h is given by
+mmkYrlr +6k,YmrJ fGj~klYrm+~,ylmk +Zg(ymkl +yktrn) +rgyIkm
+Io?
mk I f~~~~km~-~~(~m~Yk'~+g'"k~r~YPpr)-~~(~m~~rkr+Ek,~,r")
(4.13)
- 3&m,yr,k - ZqgmkErlylp - T,(gmkE,ypr, +Ekrymrr) -
Z6Eklyrm- Z,&;yrmk
where - T8(ErlYmkr +&lykrm)- ZgE;y,km- T,,E;ymrk- Z1
lEr,ykmr]
G=z,(JI, J,, . . . . 534). (4.14)
(ii) Constitutive Equations Linear in E and y In the ewessims
(4.10), (4.11) and (4.13) if we keep only the linear terms in E we
get
t=-$po +B;, +@I +PsV2 +(P3 +A#5 +a$ -wJ103~+m3 +/%3 -Po
-
396 E.S.SUHUBI and A. CEMAL ERINGEN
where the foI~owing expansions are used
B1=P,+PlJz+P3Js+P4J10, b,=P13+P19J2fP2OJ5-/.82,J1*, b16=Pm
bz=Po+P5J2+B6J5+P,JID, b=&z, b17=B31, bJ=Ps+PsJz+B,oJs3.BitJlo,
&O &=B121
=2(P,,+P24J2f825J$$P26J10), ;=gD,2. &1=P27, 2?-- 33%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ b12=82~5, k=Pxn b14=&&
and &I> A, 81, 3 833 are functions of the i~variants J1,
J,, J, only.
+fZg(gmkYrir -i+y,) +Zg&klYrmr f2glmk +2*(ymki +ykgrn)
+ZgYIkln+Tt*Ymlk+Z*lYkmll (4.17)
where 2, are functions of invariants J,, J3 and J7 only. From
these expressions by retaining various powers of e in the
polynomial constitutive
coefficients we obtain various order theories involving the
elastic strain e. Below we only give the linear theory.
{iii) The Linear ~o~stitut~ve ~quutions The linearization of the
foregoing constitutive equations with respect to e resuits in
t=[:-n+(i+~)ekk]I+2(1(~cr)e+qk,lfve*~rc&, (4.18)
s= I- x +(A ik)e$ +2(@ +k)e f(2q-z)EkkI +(v +K-u(r){&
+&*) (4.19)
where n, 1, p, r, CJ, y, JJ and K are material constants. From
the above expressions it follows that the only possible initial
stress in isotropic micro-elastic solid is a hydrostatic pressure
x. Thus for a natural stress free state n==O, The stress potential
X corresponding to these constitutive equations is
-
Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids-II 397
T9 ijk +zy Yikj +yYijkyjik +++jkykji . (4.20)
The const~tLltive equation for h is identical in form to (4.17)
except that the coefficients t, are now constants.
Thus the micro-elastic properties of an isotropic linear elastic
solid are completely described by 18 material constants.
It is to be noted that in conformity with the above
linearization the strain must also be linearized leading to
(4.21 j
5. FIELD EQUATIONS IN LINEAR THEORY
The partial differential equations of linear micro-elastic
solids are the union of the equations of co~lservation of mass,
balance of momenta and the constituti~e equations obtained in
Lyiii). Were we list them
(5s)
l5.2)
(5.3)
(5.4)
(5.5)
(5.6)
Were ekl, ekl and lj& are given by (4.21) and the spin
tensor tin has the general expression
5 *!m=FgfNgmp(SPN +@PM)$N, . (5.7)
In conformity with the foregoing linearization we get for the
linear theory
where the synlmetric tensor
-
398 E. S. SUHUBI and A. CEMAL ERINOEN
s a function of X only since IRM is so, The material tensor PM
depends on the position X of a material point for inhomogeneous
materials and it is constant for homogeneous materials. If the
material possesses micro-isotropy then IRM=I,GRM and Ym = I,g so
that (5.8) reduces to
1,20. (5.10)
Combining (5.1) to (5.6) and using (4.21) and (5.10) we obtain
the partial differential equations of the displacement fields
If we take z = r~ = v = q = hc = z, = I0 = I= 0 equations (5.12)
reduce to an identity and equa- tions (5.11) reduce to the
celebrated Naviers equations of the classical theory of
elasticity.
For a traction and surface moment boundary value problem the
appropriate boundary conditions are:
(5.13)
where ttnj and a,,, are prescribed on the deformed surface 9 of
the solid. There are twelve boundary conditions to determine twelve
unknowns uk and 4*. In place of (5.13) a displacement boundary
value problem may be set up by prescribing uk and +k on 9. Various
mixed boundary value problems are possible. The problems that are
well set require the proof of existence and uniqueness
theorems.
6. LINEAR TKEORY OF COUPLE STRESS*
In the couple stress theory the equation of local balance of
moment of momentum has the form [2, Art. 401
mklm ;k + tlm +p( I** - 3) = 0 (6.1)
where nzklnr PI and cirm are skew-symmetric in the indices f and
M and f pm3 E 3(p _ p) . (6.2)
Comparing (6.1) with the equations of stress moments (5.3) we
see that if in (5.3) we set
th _ $l s ttkl , ;IWM z 0 3 jlkCM z _ ,#m , pm) 2zz& 0 ,
pl+ _ fm 6.3) t p0 _= 0 , (j[hl, _p
* This theory is diierent than that discussed recently by Toupin
[4] and MindI~ and Tiersten [5] in the sense that in the theory
presented by these authors the skew symmetric parts of the stress
tttil and couple stress &flm. are indeterminate. In the present
theory no such indeterminacy arises.
-
Nor&near theory of micro-elastic sdids-II 399
we obtain equation (6.1). Conditions (6.3), and (6.3), impose
restrictions on the constitu- tive equations (5.4), (5.5) and
(5.6). These conditions are satisfied for all motions if and only
I:f
z=fJ=~=o, PC=-v,
zl=z~=z~=o, zq= -z,=r6-@a/2 f (6.4)
r,= -2r*--p/2, z*== -zg= -r,,z6/2 0
The condition (6.3), of skew-symmetry of ri requires that
which reduces the number of independent Cp, from nine to three.
For a micro-isotropic solid, (6.5) reduces to
(6.5)
tjfklLof
The constitutive equations (5.4) to (5.6) now become
rk = llem,gkr + 2pek + 21cerki1 ,
Sk1 = Aem,gk + 2,uek ,
(6.6)
(6.7)
(6.8)
(6.9)
where on account of (6.6) we also have
Y ktm= _ tkm
Y *
The stress potential corresponding to the present case is
obtained by carrying (6.4) into (4.20)
I
E=$tre)2 +j.&re+~~traa*-tre2)+c((traa*-tral)+(/I-J)traa*
+6(&a) (6.10)
where akt = t&ijtYk . (6.12)
For the classical theory of elasticity YE is non-negative if and
only if 3,I-t 2~ > 0 and p > 0. For constant u and $ fields e
= a = 0 and we see that rc must be non-negative. Since each of the
terms containing a are non-negative if we select c( 3 0, /? - 6
> 0 and S 2 0 the contribution of a in E; would be non-negative.
Thus a su$icient condition for C to be non-negative is
31+2@0, P>O, Ic>o, a>o, B-S>O, 6>0 s (6.12)
Clearly these conditions are too restricted and the necessary
conditions for the non- negativeness of the stress potential needs
a separate proof. However, for the present investigation these
conditions are found to be adequate.
Carrying (5.10), (6.6) to (6.9) into (5.2) and (5.3) we obtain
the field equations for the displacement fields u, and q&, = -
41k.
=0 (6.13)
(~-~)(#~k3.(bks~~)$~#~m~k-22h-~tn3-~(~~; -u;r) +~*~~m-~~)=O .
(6.14)
-
400 E. S. SIEIUBI and A. CEMAL ERINCSEN
The boundary conditions corresponding to (5.13) now read
~~~~?~ = $a)i
mklmrtk = rncnjim 011 Y (6.15)
where m(,, is the prescribed surface couple on the surface of
the body. We can obtain uncoupled partial differential equations
for II and Q, by an elimination
process. These are
(~+2~+~)~l-a~*vz]vv * u- ( )
p+f (1-;1,2v2)v xv x u+p,f-;/&?oVV * f
+R42Pov x v x f+kPoV * 1 (6.16)
_a6272(4 k m a21 ln
at2 t ; k -+ cbk;kt) - PO*
I
(6.27)
p42 = P +I,@ + G Polo CC-6 u !h2=-, pfj2=-. K
7. PROPAGATION OF SURFACE WAVES IN A MICRO-ELASTIC HALF
SPACE
In this article we investigate the propagation of surface waves
for a micro-elastic material characterized by the couple stress
theory developed above.
We select our rectangular coordinates x1, x2, x3 with x3 =0
plane being the bounda~ of the half space and xg pointing into the
medium (Fig. 1).
A micro-surface wave may be characterized by the forms
u,=a,exp[ - [x& + i&+Skl - ct)] , = ,
(birn= b~mex~~-+@k3 + i&kdki - ct>] , bin= - brnf
(7.1)
where al, bl,, 5, q and c are constants,
-
Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids--II 401
Fro. 1.
Substituting (7.1) into (6.13) and (6.14) with f=l=O gives
[(~+~)(~~-q2)-(A+~-~)q2+p~q2c2]a,-i~(~+~-~)qa,-rKb,~=O,
-i~(n+~-Ic)qa,+[52(1+~--)+(~++)(52-q2)+p,q2c2]u,-ilcqb3,=O,
(7.2)
~h-a,+ik-qu,+[(ar+~-6)(i2-42)-2ti+~~I~q2C2]b~~=0
and
(7.3)
For plane waves travelling in the direction of positive x1 axis
a2 =0 and therefore b,, = b =0 so that equations (7.3) are
satisfied identically. The necessary condition for the eiktence of
a non-trivial solution of (7.2) for a,, a3 and b,, is the vanishing
determinant of the coefficient. This gives
[I,ew(l9- -$)+2&]{(1 +4jl-[2+2E- .$ -(l +e)$-J%y
+(I- $)(I+&- $)CP]+e2[+2- $)W+(l- $]=o (7.4)
-
402 E. S. SUHUBI and A. Ch.w %uNGEN
where
J
A-i-2@ cl= -,
PO
of which c1 and c2 are, of course, res~ct~ve~y the velocities of
irrotationat and equi- voluminal waves. We see from the
inequalities (6.12) that c3 and c4 are real.
We now proceed to soive (7.4) for I. To this end we assume that
8 are uegti~ib~e. In this case the roots of (7.4) are
On the boundary x 3 = 0 we have the boundary conditions
&1=&=&=0, ??23~2=n-l3~3=Ilt323- -0. (7.7)
Thecondition t32=m312-m 323 =0 are satisfied identically so that
the boundary conditions, in terms of the displacement fieids reduce
to
0--2k)u,, 1 -f-u,, 3=0 f
U3,1+U1,3~&(U1,3-U3,t-2~31)=0t (7.8)
(f, -0 31,3 - where
krc,2[c,2 . (7.9)
In order for the waves to be surface waves we must only consider
positive values of the roots cl, Cz and &. Thus the
displacement fields will have the forms
where
(7.10)
(7.11)
Substituting (7.10) into (7.8) we obtain a set of three linear
homogeneous equations for A*, A, and A,. The determinant of the
coe~cients must vanish. Hence
~3-8~2~~~3-2k)~-16(~-k)-~6s(l-k~)~0, (7.12)
-
Nonlinear theory of micro-elastic solids-11 403
where
i#j=O (7.13)
8 c&r% (7.14) c2
For s=O, (7.12) is the classical expression of the Rayleigh
surface waves. Denoting the value of w for this case by oO we
obtain for the root of (7.12), to a first order approxi- mation in
E.
w-0*+ 16(1 -km,)
3w&- 16we +8(3-2k)a * (7.15)
For the Poissons material k= l/3 (which corresponds to Poissons
ratio l/4) and for the incompressible solid k=O we have
respectively the surface wave velocities
e= 0*919(1 sO.932s)cz , (k= l/3)
c=o~955(1+0*783E)c, , (k=O). (7.16)
We note that the terms containing E represent the corrections to
the Rayleigh wave velocity in each case.
Equation (7.13) gives rise to the speed propagation of a new
wave not encountered in the classical theory of elasticity. This is
given by
c==[2&/&,(l +&--~~34-1NN(2Ei10)f4-1 . (7.17) c2
We note that this wave depends on .,,/E and that it is
~~~~er~i~e. By accurate measurements of the surface wave velocities
one can deduce the material
constants of the present theory. This must await future
developments.
REFERENCES
[lf A. C. ERINGEN and E. S. SUHUI, Inr. .7. &gng. Sci. 2,
189-203 (1964) [2] A. C. ERINGEN, ~onI~ne~r Theory of Cu~~~~~off~
Mediu, McGraw-bill, New York (1962). [3J A. J. M. SPENCER and R. S.
RIVLIN, Arch. rat. Mech. Anal. 2,309,435 (1959); 4,214-230 (1960).
141 R. TOUPIN, Arch. vaf. Me& Anal. 11, 385-414 (1962). [S] R.
D. MINDLIN and H. F. TIERSTEN, Arch. rat. Mech. Anal. 11,415-448
(1962).
(Received 6 Jmuary 1964)
R&umL-Le present article constitue une suite a notre
precedent travail sur Ie mCme sujet. Apr&s avoir introduit les
grandeurs mat&elles et la mesure des deformations en
micro-elasticite, nous donnons la forme spticifique des equations
dttat pour les materiaux isotropes, en macro-clasticite, ainsi que
queiques theories approx~atives et la th&orie lineaire
d~te~inante des couples de contraintes. Nous ohtenons, pour ce
demier cas, les equations de champ de la theorie lineaire et nous
les appljquons & letude des ondes de surface de Rayleigh en
micro-~lasticjt~.
Zusammenfassung-Die gegenwgrtige Abhandhmg ist eine Fortsetzung
unserer vorhergehenden Arbeit tiber dasselbe Thema. Nach der
Einftihrung von Materials- und Dehnungsmessungen der
Mikro-Elastizitlit geben wir die kennzeichnende Art von
Aufstellungsgleichungen ftir isotropische makro-elastische
Materialien, verschiedene Annaherungstheorien, die lineare und die
massgebliche Theorie der Dehmmgsdralle. Feldgleichungen der
linearen Theorie fur den letzteren Fall werden aufgestellt und zur
Studie der Rayleigb- Oberfliiehenwellen in der Mikro-Elastizitat
angewandt.
Sommario--I1 presente Iavoro costitnisce ~nt~u~ione di quell0
precedente sullo stesso argom~to, Dopo aver fatto una introduzione
delie misure sui materiali e sulle soIl~i~zioni toccanti Ia
micro-elasticita, si
-
404 E. S. SUHUBI and A. CEMAL ERINGEN
presentano in forma specifica equazioni fondamentali per i
materiali isotropi macro-elastici, varie teorie di approssimazione
nonche la teoria lineare e di calcolo della sollecitazione
combinata. Equazioni fondamentali della teoria lineare vengono
ricavate per lultimo case detto e se ne fa lapplicazione allo
studio di onde superficiali Rayleigh nella micro-elasticita.
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