1 12 Nonlinear Elasticity, Plasticity, and Viscoelasticity The soft-minded man always fears change. He feels security in the status quo, and he has an almost morbid fear of the new. For him, the greatest pain is the pain of a new idea. ——– Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 12.1 Introduction Recall that nonlinearities arise from two independent sources. (1) Nonlinear- ity due to changes in the geometry or position of the material particles of a continuum, which is called the geometric nonlinearity. (2) Nonlinearity due to the nonlinear material behavior, which is called material nonlinearity. In solid mechanics, the geometric nonlinearity arises from large strains and/or large rotations, and these enter the formulation through the strain–displacement re- lations as well as the equations of motion. In fluid mechanics and coupled fluid flow and heat transfer, the geometric nonlinearity arises as a result of the spa- tial (or Eulerian) description of motion and they enter the equations of motion through material time derivative term. Material nonlinearity in all disciplines of engineering arise from nonlinear relationship between the kinetic and kinematic variables, for example, stress–strain relations, heat flux–temperature gradient relations, and so on. In general, material nonlinearities arise due to the material parameters (e.g. moduli, viscosity, conductivity, etc.) being functions of strains (or their rates), temperature, and other basic variables. The finite element formulations presented in the previous chapters were largely based on geometric nonlinearity. However, the nonlinearity in the one- and two-dimensional field problems discussed in Chapters 4 and 6 could have come from either sources. In this chapter, material nonlinear formulations are given attention. This field is very broad and special books are devoted to various types of nonlinearities (e.g. plasticity, viscoelasticity, and non-Newtonian ma- terials). The objective of this chapter is to briefly discuss nonlinear elastic and elastic–plastic material models for solids, finite element models of viscoelastic beams with the von K´ arm´ an nonlinearity, and the power-law model for viscous incompressible fluids. J.N. Reddy, An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Second Edition. c J.N. Reddy 2015. Published in 2015 by Oxford University Press.
Nonlinear Elasticity, Plasticity, and Viscoelasticity
Jun 19, 2023
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