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Nonresponsive coeliac disease: next steps for investigation Dr Peter Mooney Clinical Research Fellow Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Page 1: Non responsive coeliac disease: next steps for investigation · PDF fileNon‐responsive coeliac disease: next steps for investigation ... • Crohn’s disease ... nutritional requirements

Non‐responsive coeliac disease:  next steps for investigation 

Dr Peter Mooney Clinical Research Fellow

Royal Hallamshire

Hospital,  Sheffield, UK

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Outline

• Cases• Non‐Responsive Coeliac Disease

– Causes– Investigation– Treatment

• Refractory Coeliac Disease– Investigation– Management

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Case 1

• 27 year old female

• GP referral– Lifelong history of GI upset– Intermittent diarrhoea and constipation– Bloating abdominal discomfort– More symptomatic on eating wheat– Positive coeliac serology please see and advise

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Case 1

• Bloods– Anti TTG 36 U/ml– FBC/U+E/LFT/CRP/bone profile normal

• OGD – “Poorly tolerated”

but no mucosal abnormality 

duodenal biopsies taken as requested

• Histology– Raised IELs

and “blunted”

villi

please correlate with 

serology and clinical picture

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Case 1

• Follow up– Diagnosed coeliac disease and referred to dietician started 

on GFD– Good adherence

with GFD

– DEXA – normal BMD –

lifestyle advice only required– 1 year later – after initial improvement ongoing bloating 

abdominal discomfort GP suggests codeine/loperamide for diarrhoea and fybogel

for diarrhoea 

– No weight loss– Normal biochemistry

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Case 1

What would you do next?1.Repeat Serology?2.Repeat Biopsy?3.Steroids?4.Other tests?5.Discharge back to GP for follow up?

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Case 2

• 64 year old female– Diagnosed with coeliac disease many years previously 

in different area but lost to follow up– CD diagnosed on background diarrhoea and iron 

deficiency anaemia– Apparent improvement on GFD and managed CD 

herself so not turned up to follow up

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Case 2

• GP referral on 2 week wait– Weight loss, diarrhoea, iron deficiency anaemia– Seen in surgical clinic gastroscopy

and colonoscopy 

arranged• Bloods

– HB 9.7 MCV 73 Ferritin

4– Albumin 27 ALT 64 Alk

P 189 Bilirubin

18

– U+Es

normal– Corrected calcium 2.01

• OGD/Colonoscopy normal – D2 biopsies taken

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Case 2 

• Histology– Raised IELs

and total villous atrophy “suggest referral 

to gastroenterology for further advice”• Represents to A+E

– Tetany

and positive chvostek’s

sign– Corrected ca – 1.45– Hb7.4– Albumin 17– Continued weight loss and diarrhoea– Apparently good adherence with GFD

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Case 2

What would you do next?1.Prescribe calcium supplements and ask to stick 

to GFD and f/up in clinic?2.Repeat Serology?3.Repeat Biopsy?4.Steroids?5.Other tests?

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Definitions

• Non‐Responsive coeliac disease (7‐30%)Ryan BN et al Gastroenterology

2000;119:243‐51

– Failure of symptomatic or histological improvement with a presumed GFD– Primary or secondary

• Refractory coeliac disease– Persistent malabsorptive

symptoms and villous 

atrophy despite strict adherence to a gluten free diet  (GFD) with negative serology for anti‐TTG or EMA

Grey Cases

NRCD

Refractory Coeliac  Disease

Adherence?

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Non‐Responsive Coeliac  Disease (NRCD)

• Has the correct initial  diagnosis been made

– Review supporting  evidence –

serology, FHx, 

hyposplenism

etc– Review biopsies – Consider alternative causes 

of villous atrophy– Initial symptomatic 

response to GFD not  necessarily a marker of 

coeliac– HLA DQ2/DQ8

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Serology

• Anti‐tTG

alone– 15 U/ml cut off (n=2000)

• Sensitivity 90.9%• Specificity 90.9%• Positive predictive value 28.6%• Negative predictive value 99.6%.• Prevalence of tTG

negative coeliac 

disease – 0.4%– False positive tTG

antibody results may 

occur in chronic liver disease, myeloma,  monoclonal gammopathy, and type 1 

diabetes among others

Hopper AD et al. BMJ 2007;335:558‐562Hopper AD et al. Clin

Gastro Hep

2008;6:314‐320

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Marsh classification

• Marsh stage 0: normal  mucosa

• Marsh stage 1: increased  number of intra‐epithelial  lymphocytes, usually 

exceeding 20 per 100  enterocytes

• Marsh stage 2: proliferation  of the crypts of lieberkuhn

• Marsh stage 3: partial or  complete villous atrophy

• Marsh stage 4: hypoplasia

of  the small bowel architecture

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Causes of small bowel villous  atrophy

• Agammaglobulinaemmia

or  hypogammaglobulinaemia

Check immunoglobulins

• AIDS enteropathy

HIV  status

• Amyloidosis• Autoimmune enteropathy

anti enterocyte

ABs• Bacterial Overgrowth –

SB 

aspirate/?H2 breath test• Collagenous

sprue

• Crohn’s

disease• Eosinophilic

enteritis

Mooney PD et al. JGLD 2012;21(2):197‐203

•Giardiasis

Stool OCP/SB biopsy  for PCR

•Graft versus host disease•Intestinal lymphangiectasia•Intestinal lymphoma•Ischaemia

CTA/MRA

•Mastocytosis•Tropical sprue•Tuberculosis•Radiation enteritis•Whipple’s disease –

SB biopsy 

for PCR•Zollinger

Ellison Syndrome

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Adherence to GFD

• No adherence most common cause of NRCD• Estimated adherence 42‐91%• Check serology – marker of gluten exposure not 

villous atrophy• Food diaries• Dietetics input• ?Oats

O’Leary C, et al. Am J Gastro 2004;99:2437‐2441Leffler

DA, et al. Dig Dis

Sci

2008;53:1573‐1581Hall NJ et al Ali Phar Ther

2009;30:315‐330.

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Other causes for symptoms

• Linked with coeliac  disease

• Microscopic colitis• Lactose/fructose 

malabsorption• Small bowel bacterial 

overgrowth• Pancreatic exocrine 

insufficiency

•Other co‐existing  conditions

•IBS•IBD•Anal sphincter 

dysfunction•Protein losing 

enteropathies•Hyperthyroidism•Giardia

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Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency using  FEL‐1

p=<0.0001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Group A – newly diagnosed CD Group B – Asymptomatic (on GFD) Group C – CD with chronic diarrhoea (on GFD) 30% low Fel-1 Group D – Controls with diarrhoea
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Response to therapy

p<0.0001

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Summary of data on exocrine  pancreatic insufficiency

• N=259 (50 controls)• 20/66 CD with diarrhoea

had low FPE (30%)

• Stool frequency reduced but no changes in  weight

• Creon

initially at 10,000 units tds

then  titrated

Leeds JS et al Aliment Pharmacol Therap 2007;25:265-71.

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What happened with time? Evans KE at al Dig Dis

Sci

2010;55(10):2999‐3004 

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome in  patients with coeliac disease

• IBS prevalence: coeliac disease  22%, (n=225)

• Concomitant IBS was associated  with reduced SF‐36 scores in 

patients (P=<0.0001). 

O’Leary C et al Am J Gastroenterol

2002;97:1463‐67Barratt SM et al Eur

J Gastroenterol

Hepatol

2011;23:159‐165

• Adult coeliac patients  on GFD  (n=51) still have more GI 

symptoms than healthy controls  (n=182)

Midhagen

G et al Am J Gastroenterol

2003;98:2023‐6

Barratt SM et al Gut 2010;59:suppl1  A94

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Bacterial overgrowth in coeliac  disease

• N=15 with persisting GI symptoms• lactose malabsorption

(n=2), inadvertent gluten 

exposure (n=1), giardia

(n=1), ascaris

(n=1), • 10 had a positive lactulose

H2 breath test and responded 

symptomatically to rifaximin

800mg/day (1 week)• Difficulties with H2 breath tests in CD?

Tursi

A et al Am J Gastroenterol

2003;98:839‐43

• 50 patients with NRCD randomised to Rifaximin

or  placebo

• No difference in GI symptoms following 10/7 Rifaxmin• ?actual numbers of pts with SBBO

Chang MS et al Dig Dis

Sci

2011;56:2939‐2946

Presenter
Presentation Notes
False positives with H2 breath tests due to high background hydrogen
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NRCD

• Repeat gastroscopy

with biopsy and aspirate• Colonoscopy and biopsy• Faecal elastase• Stool culture• Bloods inc inflammatory markers, thyroid function

• Microscopic colitis• Exocrine pancreatic 

insufficiency• Giardiasis• Hyperthyroidism

Dietary review Gluten contamination

Exclude other causes:• SBBO• PLE• Fructose intolerance

Consider RCD?

Review original diagnosis: biopsy, HLA, serology, FHx No coeliac disease

• Lactose intolerance• Consider FODMAP's

Investigation NRCD Algorithm

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Refractory coeliac disease

• Rare cause of NRCD unknown true incidence ? 1.5%• Diagnosis of exclusion• Persistent changes of CD despite strict adherence to 

GFD• Pre‐malignant condition• Type 1 – polyclonal expansion of IELs

and villous 

atrophy• Type 2 –

includes ulcerative jejunitis, 

clonal

expansion of abberant

IELs

(CD8+ TCR γδ cells)

• Enteropathy

Associated T‐cell Lymphoma (EATL) 

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Refractory coeliac disease

• Symptoms– Persistent 

malabsorptive

symptoms  should prompt re‐

evaluation– Diarrhoea/steatorrhoea– Iron deficiency– Weight loss– Micronutrient loss  ‐

Zn, 

Cu, Se etc

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Investigation

• Rule out malignancy – EATL/adenocarcinoma/other

– ‘B’

symptoms?– Abdominal pain– GI bleeding– Obstructive symptoms– EATL most commonly affects 

proximal jejunum• Consider CT/PET‐CT, small 

bowel imaging (MR/Ba/capsule  etc) 

• DBE

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Investigation

• OGD – multiple bx

strategy  ‐

discussion with tertiary  centre –

Histology for IEL population analysis 

(PCR/immunohistochemistry)– Caveat 1 : Study of asymptomatic coeliac patients only 

17.5% had achieved complete histological response at 2  years                                    (Bardella

et al. Histopath. 2007;50:465‐471)

– Caveat 2 : Changes are well recognised to be patchy in  some patients                          (Hopper et al. Endoscopy 2007;39:219‐224)

– Caveat 3 : Recent evidence has shown that the presence  of an aberrant  immunophenotype

and monoclonality

do 

not definitively confer a diagnosis of RCD – can be seen in  uncomplicated coeliac disease           (Liu et al. Gut 2010;59:452‐460)

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Management

• Nutrition, nutrition, nutrition• Gluten free diet • Enteral

vs

PN

• Micronutrients• Re‐feeding

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Management

• Steroids –

budesonide/prednisolone?• 5‐ASA?• Azathioprine?• Cladribine?• Stem cell transplant?• Inliximab? Why not…• IL‐15? Enhances anti‐tumour immunity in CD8+ T‐

cells

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Prognosis

• Type 1– 90‐100% 5 year survival

• Type 2– 50% 5 year survival

• Ulcerative jejunitis– Dismal

• EATL– 20‐30% 2 year survival– 50 times more common in someone with coeliac disease, the annual

incidence is low (0.5‐1 per million people)

• Not necessarily a linear progression 

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Cases

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Case 1

• 27 year old female with persistent GI symptoms  despite apparent adherence to GFD

What would you do next?1.

Repeat Serology?

2.

Repeat Biopsy?3.

Steroids?

4.

Other tests?5.

Discharge back to GP for follow up?

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Case 2

• 64 year old female with symptoms of severe  malabsorption

and weight loss on background of 

coeliac disease• What would you do next?

1.

Prescribe calcium supplements and ask to stick to GFD and  f/up in clinic?

2.

Repeat Serology?3.

Repeat Biopsy?

4.

Steroids?5.

Other tests?

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Case 2

• Given IV calcium, IV iron• Senior dietician review – apparent adherence to GFD, 

BMI dangerously low – NG feeding commenced• Anti TTG – normal• Immunoglobulins

IgA

low

• CT chest abdo

pelvis – oedematous small bowel,  scattered lymphadenopathy

but not significant by 

size criteria• Referred to surgeons for laparoscopy/LN biopsy – no 

evidence of lymphoma

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Case 2

• Unable to tolerate NG feeding and TPN  commenced

• Commenced on prednisolone

and slowly starts to  put on weight and taken off PN

• Starts to tolerate oral intake and meeting  nutritional requirements

• Unfortunately develops Hospital Acquired  Pneumonia and rapidly deteriorates – Despite ICU 

input dies 3 days later

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Thanks Thanks –– Any Questions?Any Questions?

OnOn--going Research at the Royal going Research at the Royal HallamshireHallamshire HospitalHospital