Non conventional source of energy

non conventional source of energy

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TEAM Members

SARATH K NAIR

NEETHU JAYARAJ

JESLIN C JOHN

ANJALI KRISHNA

IRENE VARGHESE

DELICIA DENNY

CHRISTY JHONSON

NISHOY ALAPPATJESVIN N JOY

JAGANATH

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INTRODUCTION

INDIA ranked sixth in the world in total energy consumption.INDIA has installed power capacity capacity from 1262 megawatt to over 112.058megawatt.this achievement is impressive but not sufficientSo we mostly needed renewable source of energy. Concept of Renewable EnergyRenewable energy sources also called non-conventional energy, are sources that are continuously replenished by natural processes. Solar energy Wind energy Bio energy Hydro energy Geothermal energy Wave and tidal energy

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What is source ofenergy?Sources of energy : a source of energy is that which is capable of providing enough usefulenergy at a steady rate over a long period of time.A good source of energy should be :i) Safe and convenient to use, e.g., nuclear energy can be used only by highly trained engineers with the help of nuclear power plants. It cannot be used for our household purposed.ii) Easy to transport, e.g., coal, petrol, diesel, LPG etc. Have to be transported from the places of their production to the consumers.iii) Easy to store, e.g., huge storage tanks are required to store petrol, diesel, LPG etc

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what is Non-conventional sources of energy

Are those which are not used as extensively as theconventional ones and meet our energy requirement only on a limited scale.

Solar energy,ocean energy (tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, OTE), Geothermal energy and nuclear energy belong to this category.

These sources of energy which have been tapped withthe aid of advances in technology to meet our growing energy needs are also called alternative sources of energy

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TYPES OF ENERGY?

NON CONVENTION ENERGY CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

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NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY

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SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Energy:- The energy produced by the sun in the form of heat and light energy is called as solar energy.Principles of utilisation of Solar Energy: - Solar energy is utilised by theinvolvement of two main principles:(i). In the appliances requiring a moderate temperature, the incident sun rays arereflected by a plain mirror on a black container which absorbs the solar energy and gets heated(ii). In the appliances requiring a high temperature, the incident sun rays arereflected and concentrated by using a large concave reflector which focuses all the sun rays ata single point called focus and any object kept at the focus gets strongly heated.Harnessing or utilisation of Solar energy:- The sun is the ultimate source of energyhaving a remarkable capacity to produce energy in the form of heat and light. The energyproduced by the sun in one day is about 50,000 times more than the energy consumed in thewhole world in one year. But solar energy has certain limitations, which does not facilitate itslarge-scale utilisation. However, solar energy can be put to use in two different ways.

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1. Direct utilization: - Directly the solar energy can be used either by collecting it as heat energy or by converting it into electricity.

2) Indirect utilization: - Indirectly the solar energy can be utilized by converting it into chemical energy like biomass or by utilising the energy obtained from wind, sea waves, tides etc.

Solar Heating Devices: - A device that gets heated by absorbing solar energy radiated by the sun in the form of heat and light energy is called a solar heating device. For eg. Solar cooker, solar water heater, solar furnace and solar cells are solar heating devices.

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SOLAR COOKERSolar cooker: - A solar cooker is a device which utilises solar energy for cooking food material. It consists of an insulated wooden box (B) painted with black from inner side. The lid of the box is provided with a plane mirror reflector (R) and a glass sheet (G). The food to becooked is placed in a metal container (C) painted with black from outer side and kept in thebox .The container is covered with the glass sheet. The box is then kept in direct sunlight andits reflector is adjusted in such away that a strong beam of sun light falls over it. 11

Working: When the solar cooker is kept in direct sunlight, the reflector (R) reflects both visible and infrared

rays of the sunlight on to the top of the box in the form of a strong beam of light. The black surface of the box and the vessel absorbs it. When the inner black surface becomes quite hot, it also starts radiating heat energy in the form of infrared rays, but the upper glass sheet (G) does not allow these rays to pass through it and go outside the box. As a result, these infrared rays get absorbed in the box, which increases its internal temperature up to about 1000C. This high temperature cooks the food material kept in the metallic container inside the box.

Limitations of solar Cookerr:- 1. It can not be used during night. 2. On a cloudy day, it can not be used. 3. The direction of the reflector has to be adjusted according to the position of the sun. 4. It can not be used for making ‘chappatis’. 5. It can not be used for frying.

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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLPhotovoltaic is the technicalterm for solar electric. Photo means "light" and voltaicmeans "electric". PV cells are usually made of silicon,an element that naturally releases electrons whenexposed to light. Amount of electrons released fromsilicon cells depend upon intensity of light incidenton it. The silicon cell is covered with a grid ofmetal that directs the electrons to flow in a pathto create an electric current. This current is guidedinto a wire that is connected to a battery or DC appliance.Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 watts ofpower. Individual cells are connected together to form aApplication of Non-Conventional & Renewable Energy Sources

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contd Solar cell: - A solar cell is a device which converts solar energy (light energy) directly

intoelectricity. It is made of semi-conducting material like silicon, germanium, selenium orgallium. A modern solar cell is made from wafers of semi conducting materials containingimpurities in such away that a potential difference gets generated when light falls on them. A 4 cm 2 solar cells produces a potential difference of about 0.4--0.5volts and generate about 60 milli-amperes of current. To generate a large amount of current a number of solar cells are arranged together in a definite pattern in a solar panel. The energy (electric current) generated in a solar panel is stored in a battery connected to it and can be used for various purposes.

Uses of a solar cell: - The solar cells are used effectively in various fields, but some of itsimportant uses are:

Solar cells are used for production of electricity for lighting, houses, streets etc. Solar cells are used for production of electricity to run electronic appliances like televisions, radios, watches, calculators, toys, toy games etc. Solar cells are used to develop electricity for offshore oil drilling platforms etc. Solar cells are used to generate electricity in artificial satellites, rockets, and space vehicles etc.

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SOLAR CELL

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Did You Know ? India is lucky to receive solar energy for greater part of the

year. It is estimated thatduring a year India receives the energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh. Under clear (cloudless) sky conditions, the daily average varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2. The solar energy reaching unit area at outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere exposed perpendicularly to the rays of the Sun at the average distance between the Sun and earth is known as the solar constant. It is estimated to be approximately 1.4 kJ per second per square metre or 1.4 kW/m2.

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SOLAR WATER PUMPSIn solar water pumping system, the pump is driven by motor run by solar electricity insteadof conventional electricity drawn from utility grid. A SPV water pumping system consists ofa photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a motor-pump set compatible with the photovoltaicarray. It converts the solar energy into electricity, which is used for running the motorpump set. The pumping system draws water from the open well, bore well, stream, pond,canal etc. Application of Non-Conventional & Renewable Energy Sources

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SOLAR PANELS SOLAR LAMP

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Energy from the sea :-

Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar collectorsEnergy from the sea is obtained in three different forms. They are Tidal energy, Sea wave energy and Ocean thermal energy..

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TIDAL ENERGYThe tides in the sea are the result of the universal gravitational effect of heavenly bodies like sun and moon on the earth. Due to fluidity of water mass, the effect of this force becomes apparent in the motion of water, which shows a periodic rise and fall in levels which is in synthesis with the daily cycle of rising and setting of sun and moon. This periodic rise and fall of the water level of sea is called tide. These tides can be used to produce electrical power which is known as tidal powerBy using reversible water turbines, turbines can be run continuously, both during high tide and low tide. The turbine is coupled to generator, potential energy of the water stored in the basin as well as energy during high tides used to drive turbine, which is coupled to generator, generating electricity

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Factors affecting the suitability of the site for tidal power plant The feasibility and economic vulnerability of a tidal power depend upon the following factors. 1. The power produced by a tidal plant depends mainly on the range of tide and the cubature of the

tidal flow occurring in the estuary during a tidal cycle which can be stored and utilized for power generation. The cubatureof the tidal flow not only depends on the tidal range but on the width of estuary mouth.

2. The minimum average tide range required for economical power production is more. 3. The site should be such that with a minimum cost of barrage it should be possible to create

maximum storage volume. In addition to this, the site selected should be well protected from waves action.

4. The site should not create interruption to the shipping traffic running through the estuary other wise the cost of the plant will increase as locks are to be provided.

5. Silt index of the water of the estuary should be as small as possible to avoid the siltation troubles. The siltation leads to reduction of the range of tides and reduces the power potential of the plant.

6. The fresh water prism that falls into the reservoir of the tidal plant (due to the surface flows in the streams having out fall in the estuary) eats away the valuable storage created for storing the tidal prism. Therefore, the

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Advantages and disadvantages of Tidal Power Plants Advantages 1. Exploitation of tidal energy will in no case make demand for large area of valuable land because they

are on bays. 2. It is free from pollution as it does not use any fuel. 3. It is much superior to hydro-power plant as it is totally independent of rain which always fluctuates

year to year. Therefore, there is certainty of power supply a the tide cycle is very definite. 4. As in every form of water power, this will also not produce any unhealthy waste like gases, ash, atomic

refuse which entails heavy removal costs. 5. Tidal Power is superior to conventional hydro power as the hydro plants are know for their large

seasonal and yearly fluctuations in the output of energy because they are entirely dependent upon the nature’s cycle of rainfall, which is not the case with tidal as monthly certain power is assured. The tides are totally independent on nature’s cycle of rainfall

6. Another notable advantage of tidal power is that it has a unique capacity to meet the peak power demand effectively when it works in combinatiion with thermal or hydroelectric system.

7. It can provide better recreational facilities to visitors and holiday makers, in addition to the possibility of fish forming in the tidal basins.

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Disadvantages 1. These Power plants can be developed only if natural sites are available. 2. As the sites are available on the bay which will be always far away fromthe load centers. The

power generated must be transported to long distances. This increases the transportation cost. 3. The supply of power is not continuous as it depends upon the timing of tides. Therefore some

arrangements (double basin or double basin with pump storage) must be made to supply the continuous power. This also further increases the capital cost of the plant.

4. The capital cost of the plant (Rs.5000/kw) is considerably large compared with conventional-power plants (hydro, thermal)

5. Sedimentation and siltration of the basins are some of the added problems with tidal power plants.

6. The navigation is obstructed. 7. It is interesting to note that the output of power from tidal power plant varies with lunar cycle,

because the moon largely influences the tidal rhythm, where as our daily power requirement is directly related to solar cycle.

In addition to all the above mentioned (imitations of tidal power, the utilization of tidal energy on small scale has not yet proved economical.

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Fact: A tidal power plant has an expected operative lifespan of 75

to 100 years which is more than double that of conventional fossil fuel or nuclear power plants. A special characteristic of tidal energy is its predictability; it is invariable throughout the month and independent of water level throughout the year, despite variations within a 24 hour cycle. In Russia, it is possible to generate 270 TWh of electricity annually by means of tidal energy which is sufficient to cover more than one-fourth of current energy consumption in the country

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Components of Tidal Power plants

There are three main Components of a tidal Power plant. i.e,

(i) The Power house(ii) The dam or barrage(iii) Sluice-ways from the basins to the sea and

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Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of kinetic energy associated with them, which can used to drive dynamos which convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.

The kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the seashore can be trapped in a similar manner to generate electricity.

The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the sea. Wave energy would be a viable proposition only where waves are very strong.

A wide variety of devices have been developed to trap wave energy for rotation of turbine and production of electricity.

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Wave Energy Sea wave energy: - The energy obtained from the high speed sea waves is

referred to as sea wave energy. Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the

capture of that energy to do useful work – for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). A machine able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC).

Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology, although there have been attempts to use it since at least 1890.[1] In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was opened in Portugal, at the Aguçadoura Wave Park.[2] The major competitor of wave power is offshore wind power, with more visual impact.

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Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of kinetic energy associated with them, which can used to drive dynamos which convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.

The kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the seashore can be trapped in a similar manner to generate electricity.

The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the sea. Wave energy would be a viable proposition only where waves are very strong.

A wide variety of devices have been developed to trap wave energy for rotation of turbine and production of electricity.

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Fact: Wave energy has one of the highest effi ciency rates of any

non-traditional energy source, but it is also one of the most expensive forms of renewable energy to develop and its practical utilisation is particularly complex in regions with extreme weather conditions. A wave energy station covering 20 km2 could theoretically produce 10 TWh per year. Worldwide wave energy potential is 2 000 TWh annually, or approximately 10% of global electricity consumption.

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Ocean Thermal Energy . Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves, tides, or on the thermal energy (heat) stored in the ocean. The sun

warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference stores thermal energy. The energy available due to the temperature difference between the deeper levels and surface of an ocean is called as

ocean thermal energy The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, and mechanicaL energy from the tides and

waves. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation The water at the surface of the sea or ocean is heated by the Sun whilethe water in deeper sections is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to obtain energy in ocean-thermal-energyconversion plants. These plants can operate if the temperature difference between the water at the surface and water at depths up to 2 km

is 20 K (20°C) or more. The warm surface-water is used to boil a volatile liquid like ammonia. The vapours of the liquid are then used to run the turbine of generator. The cold water from the depth of the ocean is pumped up and condense vapour again to liquid. The energy potential from the sea (tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy) is quite large, but efficient

commercial exploitation is difficult

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There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open cycle, and hybrid. Closed cycle systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine / generator. The hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems.

Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy A barrage (dam) is typically used

to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines, activating a generator.

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GEO THERMAL ENERGYDue to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regionsof earth’s crust are pushed upward and trapped in certain regions called‘hot spots’The steam and the hot water comes naturally to the surface of the earth in some locations of the earth. When underground water comes in contact with the hot spot,steam is generated. Sometimes hot water from that region finds outletsat the surface. Such outlets are known as hot springs. Two ways of electric power production from geothermal energy has been suggested.as between 450 to 5500C can be found. By embedding coil of pipes and sending water through them can be raised. The steam trapped in rocks is routed through a pipe to a turbine and used to generate electricity. The cost of production would not be much, but there arevery few commercially viable sites where such energy can be exploited. There are number of power plants based on geothermal energy operational in New Zealand and United States of America.

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Sources of energy : a source of energy is that which is capable of providing enough usefulenergy at a steady rate over a long period of time.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY :These sources of energy which have been tapped withthe aid of advances in technology to meet our growing energy needs are also called alternative sources of energy

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SolarEnergy :The energy imitted by the sun in form of heat and light is

called solar energy.Solar Constant = 1.4kJ/sm2 Outer edge of the earth receives solar energy equal to 1.4

kJ/sm which is known as solar constant.Solar energy devices :Alarge number of devices that utilize solar energy directly

like :(i) Solar Cooker(ii) Solar furnaces(iii) Solar cells(iv) Solar water heaters

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Box type solarCooker

It consists of a rectangular box which is made up of material such as plastic or ?wood.Box is covered with black sheet and its inner walls are painted black to ?increase heat absorption.Solar cookers are covered with glass plate and have mirros to focus the rays ofthe sun and achieve a higher temperature.

Advantages :1. Use energy which is available in plenty (Solar Energy)2. Is pollution free.3. More than one food can be cooked simultaneously

Disadvantages :1. Cannot be used for frying or baking purpose.2. Food cannot be cooked at night or on a cloudy day.3. Direction of reflector of solar heating has to be changed from time to time tokeep it facing the sun

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panel

Solar cells ; are device that convert Solar energy into electricity.Develops a voltage of 0.5 – IVand can produce about 0.7Wof electricity.Advantages of SolarCell2. Have no moving part.3. No focussing device is required4. Can be set up in remote areas.5. Environment - friendly i.e. do not cause pollution.Disadvantage of SolarCells1. It require high cost2. Efficiency is low3. Initial cost of installation is quite high.Uses of SolarCell1. Used in calculators, watches etc.2. Used in artificial satellites and space probes.3. It is used in radio or wireless transmission system.SolarPanelA large number of Solar Cells connected to each other in an arrangement is called solar panel 49

Limitations of Energy from Oceans :-The limitations of energy that can be obtained from the oceans are:i) Tidal Energy for which very few suitable sites are available for construction of damsand the power generation is intermittent and not very large.ii) Wave Energy where power output is variable and the presently available technologiesare very expensive.iii) Ocean Thermal Energy where the conversion efficiency is low (3% - 4%) and a lot ofcapital investment is required

Energy from Oceans : - The oceans acquire almost 71% of the surface of the earth and theenormous amount of water present in them not only act as a big collector of solar heat energy,but also store large amount of it due to its high specific heat. Thus ocean water can be used asa renewable resource of energy. The main forms of ocean energy are described as under;i) Ocean Thermal energy : - The energy available due to the temperature differencebetween the deeper levels and surface of an ocean is called as ocean thermal energy.ii) Ocean Tidal energy : - The rise of ocean water due to attraction of the moon is referredto as high tide and its fall as low tide. The enormous movement of water due to high and lowtide provide a large amount of energy known as ocean tidal energy. This tidal energy can beutilised by constructing a tidal barrage or dam.iii) Sea wave energy: - The energy obtained from the high speed sea waves is referred toas sea wave energy. Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of kinetic energy associatedwith them, which can used to drive dynamos which convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.

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ANY DOUBTS ?

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CONCLUSIONThe demand of energy is growing owing to the development. Due to the problems associated with the development of conventional sources of energy, the focus is now being shifted to renewable energy sources. India has potential of renewable energy source in abundance, which if developed properly can augment the growing demand of the energy. There is a need to make full use of renewable energy technologies to harness the untapped potential in cost effective manner and fulfill the energy demand.

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