Non-Aqueous Solvents for Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture RTI International Luke Coleman, Marty Lail, Steven Reynolds, Markus Lesemann , Raghubir Gupta BASF Christian Riemann, Kumar Sugavanam, Sean Rigby, Georg Sieder, Todd Spengeman, Torsten Katz 1 st Post-Combustion Capture Conference (PCCC1) Abu Dhabi May 18, 2011 RTI International
18
Embed
Non-Aqueous Solvents for Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture...RTI’s Non -Aqueous Solvent have potential to significantly lower ICOE Significantly lower energy penalty Potential for lowering
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Center for Energy Technology
Non-Aqueous Solvents for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
RTI InternationalLuke Coleman, Marty Lail, Steven Reynolds, Markus Lesemann, Raghubir Gupta
BASFChristian Riemann, Kumar Sugavanam, Sean Rigby, Georg Sieder, Todd Spengeman, Torsten Katz
RTI International Research budget >$750MM 13% average annual growth over
the last 10 years. One of the worlds leading research
organizations: >4,200 professionals in more
than 40 countries High-quality scientific staff with
tremendous breadth Over 130 different academic
disciplines
Mission: To improve the human condition by turning knowledge into practice
Center for Energy Technology
RTI Center for Energy TechnologyProgram Areas Advanced Gasification Syngas Conversion and Clean Fuels CO2 Capture and Conversion Biomass Conversion and Biofuels
Center for Energy Technology
Core CompetenciesCatalyst, sorbent and solvent developmentReaction engineeringProcess design and optimizationBench-scale and prototype testing
Technical Maturity
Basic Science Developmental Commercial
Bench
Production
Pilot
Scale
University
Industry
Engineering and Technology Unit
Access to Mission-Oriented Federal Programs
Objective: Development of new energy technologies fromlaboratory bench to full-scale commercialization
3
4
BASF – The Chemical Company
The world’s leading chemical company
Sales 2010: €63,873 million
Income from operations (EBIT) 2010: €7,761 million
Employees at year-end 2010: 109,140
BASF Gas Treatment Leading provider of
gas treatment solutions
Customer focused solution provider
+300 industry references
Innovation driven business unit
Gas treating excellence
Center for Energy Technology
Novel Non-Aqueous CO2 Solvent-based Capture ProcessProject Team:U.S. Department of Energy
Objective: Develop novel non-aqueous CO2 scrubbing solvents and
capture process that could substantially reduce the parasitic energy load and corresponding increase in Cost of Electricity (COE) for post-combustion CO2 capture
Funding: $2.75 M ($2.2M ARPA-E) Performance Period: July 2010 → June 2013
Inventor of novel, non-aqueous CO2solvent chemistry
Novel solvent synthesis and formulation, solvent screening and evaluation, and process design and simulation efforts
Global leader in gas treatment solutions Extensive experience in the design,
engineering, and servicing of acid-gas removal systems
Guide solvent evaluation and process design to focus efforts on solving technical challenges to commercialization
ARPA-E IMPACCT ProgramCO2
Center for Energy Technology
Process Performance TargetsPower Performance• Reboiler Duty < 2.0 GJth/tonne CO2• Plant Efficiency Point Loss < 7 points
Economic Indicators• Increase in COE < 50%• Cost of CO2 Avoided < $45/tonne CO2
5
Center for Energy Technology
Overview of the State-of-the-Art Amine SolventsState-of-the-Art Current state-of-the-art technologies are
estimated to be ~85% in ICOE Current DOE post-combustion research target
for increase in COE (ICOE) is 30-35% R&D Focus:
Largest contributor to ICOE is Power Consumption → Reboiler Duty
Basis: 450 MWe Coal-fired Power Plant
SolventParasitic Energy Cost [$/ton CO2 removed] Cost of CO2
Removed[%] Power Capital Operating [$/ton CO2]†
30 % MEA1 27 29 15 8 52
KS-12 22 23 14.4 8.4 46†Assumed $80/MWh1. Rochelle, G. T. (2009). "Amine Scrubbing for CO2 Capture." Science 2009, 325, 1652-16542. http://www.co2management.org/proceedings/Masaki_Iijima.pdf3. Abu-Zahra, M. R. M.; Niederer, J. P. M.; Feron, P. H. M.; Versteeg, G. F. International Journal
Sensible Heat Heat of Vaporization Heat of Absorption
𝐪𝐪𝐑𝐑 = �𝐂𝐂𝐏𝐏(𝐓𝐓𝐑𝐑 − 𝐓𝐓𝐅𝐅)
∆𝛂𝛂 ∙𝐌𝐌𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐∙𝟏𝟏𝐱𝐱𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
� + �∆𝐇𝐇𝐕𝐕,𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎 ∙𝐩𝐩𝐇𝐇𝟐𝟐𝐎𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐂𝐂𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐
∙𝟏𝟏
𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐� + �
∆𝐇𝐇𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐬𝐬,𝐂𝐂𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐𝐌𝐌𝐂𝐂𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐
�
SolventCp
[J/g K]∆habs
[kJ/mol]∆hvap
[kJ/mol]
Xsolv[mol solvent/ mol solution]
∆α[mol CO2/ mol
solvent]
Reboiler Heat Duty [GJ/tonne CO2]
MEA (30%) 3.8 85 40 0.11 0.34 3.22
Lower Energy Solvent System
Reboiler Heat Duty – R&D Opportunity
All aqueous systems have similar properties such as high heat capacities, heats of absorption and vaporization, and high dilutions
Reboiler heat duties are similar and can only be improved by lower heats of absorption or increase in concentration of amine.
8
Center for Energy Technology
RTI’s Approach: Non-aqueous, organic-based solvent systems More suitable physical and chemical properties Alternative reaction pathways to conventional carbamate and bicarbonate chemistry
Center for Energy Technology
RTI’s Approach to Non-aqueous Solvents
Center for Energy Technology
Potential Reaction Pathways
9
CO2
Non-aqueous reactions offer lower energy reaction pathways
Reactions are reversible at low temperatures
Achieve high dynamic CO2 loadings
Non-aqueous solvents have low specific heat capacities and low solvent dilutions
Diverse group of nitrogenous bases
Center for Energy Technology
Challenges facing Non-Aqueous CO2 Solvents
Center for Energy Technology
Water accumulation and involvement in the CO2capture mechanism Non-aqueous reaction pathway must be essentially exclusive
in the presence of water (no selectivity for rxns involving H2O) Solvent systems with low water solubility form separate liquid
phase
Solvent viscosity Solvent viscosity affects rate of CO2 capture and column
dimensions
Solids formation in rich solvent Solids can accumulate in packing or other undesirable areas in
the process
Foaming Many aqueous and non-aqueous solvents foam when purged
with gasesRTI’s Non-Aqueous Solvents Easily Separate from Aqueous Phase
10
Center for Energy Technology
Automated, Multi-cycle Solvent Evaluation SystemMulti-Cycle Testing With High-Fidelity Flue Gas
Automated batch recycling of solvent Continuous cycling between absorption and
regeneration conditions ~ 150 mL solvent volume Temperature controlled, atmospheric pressure
reactor Simulated flue gas including CO2, H2O, O2, and SO2
(balance N2) Automated data analysis
11
Center for Energy Technology
Reactor
Saturator
CO2 Analyzer
Chiller
Condenser
Gas Metering and Switching
Center for Energy Technology
Automated CO2 VLE and Reaction Calorimeter
Capabilities CO2 Partial Pressure – CO2 Loading Relationship (Vapor-liquid Equilibrium) Heat of CO2 Absorption (Reaction Calorimetry) Specific Heat Capacity Vapor Pressure12
Center for Energy Technology
Heat-balance reaction vessel
Automated Gas Switching
Automation, Control, and Acquisition
Batch Charge Vessel
Calorimeter / Equilibrium Cell
Center for Energy Technology
Screening Results of RTI’s Novel Non-aqueous CO2 Solvents
Screened a broad array of non-aqueous solvent families
Summary of Results: Low regeneration temperatures
40 to 110 C High CO2 loading capacities
60 to 163 g CO2 / L solvent
Identified promising candidate solvents systems that have higher loadings and lower regeneration temperatures than conventional aqueous-amine solvents
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
A B C D E F G H I J K L Aq. MEA
CO2 Lo
ading
[gCO 2/L
solven
t] Pe
ak Re
genera
tion Te
mpera
ture [°C
]
Non-Aqueous Solvent System
LoadingTemperature
13
Center for Energy Technology
Multi-cycle Testing with High-fidelity Flue Gas
Absorption:Temperature: 30 CFlue Gas Composition:
14%CO2, ~3 % H2O, 4% O2, 50 ppm SO2, Balance N2
Regeneration:Temperature: Ramp to 80 CGas Composition: N2 Purge
Summary of Results: Stable CO2 loading and regeneration
temperature in presence of water Not degraded by water
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
CO2A
bsorbe
d [gram
s]
Cycle Number
14
Center for Energy Technology
Representative Non-aqueous Solvent
Center for Energy Technology
Water Accumulation is a Major Hurdle for Non-aqueous SystemsRTI’s Non-Aqueous Solvents: Are selective for non-aqueous reaction pathways in the
presence of water
Have low water solubility and therefore form a separate liquid phase in the presence of water
Have low regeneration temperatures allowing use of lower quality steam
Phase Separation15
Center for Energy Technology
Center for Energy Technology
Lowering Power Load and ICOE
Beneficial Characteristics Lower specific heat capacity (CP) Lower heat of absorption (∆habs) Lower solvent dilution (Increasing xsolv) Increased CO2 working capacities (∆α)
Challenges Lower absorption T for optimal capture Water accumulation due to condensation or desiccation of
water from flue gas Evaporative losses in absorber Degradation by flue gas contaminants (O2, SO2) Cost of solvents
SolventCp
[J/g K]
∆habs
[kJ/mol]
∆hvap
[kJ/mol]
xsolv[mol solvent / mol solution]
∆α[mol CO2 /
mol solvent]
Reboiler Heat Duty
[GJ/tonne CO2]
MEA (30%) 3.8 85 40 0.11 0.34 3.22
Lower Energy Solvent System 1.45* 30* 38 0.3* 0.6* 1.97
*Experimentally measured data
16
Center for Energy Technology
Center for Energy Technology
Technology Development Plan – Current Project EffortsPrevious Work Current Project Future Development
• Identify promising solvent systems• Determine thermodynamic and physio-chemical properties for novel
systems• CO2 capture process modeling
• Develop comprehensive process model• Evaluate novel process configurations and integration schemes• Compare performance with conventional solvent systems
17
Center for Energy Technology
Center for Energy Technology
Technology Development Plan – Next Stage of ProjectPrevious Work Current Project Future Development