Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Nomadic Empires and Eurasian IntegrationChapter 18 Review

Ch 18.1 Turkish Expansion Objectives

Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

Turkish Economy Nomadic herders; organized into clans with

related languages Turks refer to a large group of peoples

Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers= no Complex Societies

Nomads and their animals; few settlements Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles Lived mostly on animal products limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

Turkish Society Fluidity of classes in nomadic society

Two social classes: nobles and commoners Autonomous clans and tribes

Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity; 10th cent Islam major

Military organization Khan ("ruler") organized vast confederation

(alliances) Outstanding cavalry forces, formidable military

power

Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire

Next to Abbasid, mid-8th to 10th cent Moved in; served in Abbasid armies Controlled Abbasid caliphs by 11th cent

Puppet Gov’t

Extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and more

Saljuq Turks & Byzantine empire Large # move into Anatolia, 11th cent Manzikert 1071, Defeat Byzantine army

Turning Point Byz down Turks up

Made Anatolia an Islamic society

More Turkish Expansion Remember Mahmud?

Attacks Northern India plunderer

Ghaznavid Turks dominate northern India through sultanate of Delhi

End of Ch 18.1 Explain the Turkish migrations

and their imperial expansion along with the consequences of these events

Ch 18.1 Mongol Empires Objectives

Understand the Turkish migrations and imperial expansion and its consequences

Chinggis Khan makes the Mongol empire

Chinggis Khan ("universal ruler") unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquests

Mongol political organization Organized new military units; broke up tribal affiliations Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty Established capital at Karakorum

Strategy: horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare- scare the snot out of…

Mongol Conquest of northern China Raid Jurchen in north China in 1211 Controlled north China by 1220 South China ruled by Song dynasty

Mongol conquest of Persia 1218 CK tried to set up relations with

Khwarazm shah Saljuq leader of Persia Rejected, bad idea- CK led force to

pursue the Khwarazm Mongol destroy Persian cities & qanats CK dies 1227, foundation of empire set

Mongols after Chinggis Khan

Empire run by Ogodai - CK’s son Continued conquest Dies in 1241

Empire divided -- four regional empires

Khubilai Khan CK grandson, consolidated Mongol

rule in China Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists,

Muslims, and Christians Khubilai extends rule to all of China

Hangzhou (Song) fell 1276, Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279 No Luck in of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

Mongol Rule in China Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols &

Chinese Chinese couldn’t learn Mongol language Foreign administrators (Uighurs) put in charge End civil service examination, downfall of

Confucian scholars Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions

in China Lamaist Buddhism (Tibetan) became popular

w/Mongols

The Golden Horde What a cool name!

Mongols overran Russia 1237 - 1241 Invaded Poland, Hungary, & e

Germany, 1241-1242 Had hegemony in Russia ‘til mid 15th cent Hegemony- control by one person/group over others

The ilkhanate of Persia Hülegü, captured Baghdad in 1258 Persians served as ministers, governors,

and local officials Mongols only cared about taxes and order Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, 1295

massacres of Christians and Jews

End of Ch 18.2

Ch 18.3 xxx Objectives

Tamerlane (1336-1404) Had a limp, Timur was self-made built central Asian empire 1360s; capital in Samarkand Tamerlane's conquests

First conquered Persia and Afghanistan Next attacked the Golden Horde At the end of the fourteenth century, invaded northern India Ruled the empire through tribal leaders who relied on existing

bureaucrats to collect taxes Tamerlane's heirs struggled and divided empire into four

regions

Ottoman Empire- Founding Osman

Nomadic Turks migrated to Persia and Anatolia Osman, carves out a small state in northwest

Anatolia Claimed independence from the Saljuq sultan

in 1299

Ottoman Conquests The Balkans (SE Europe) in 1350s

Sultan Mehmed II sacks Constantinople 1453, renamed it Istanbul

Absorbed the remainder of the Byzantine empire 16th cent, extended to southwest Asia, southeast

Europe, and north Africa