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Noise&VibrationControlinWoodFramed,ResidentialStructures
ScottHarvey,PE,INCEBd.Cert.
PhoenixNoise&Vibration,Frederick,Maryland
Disclaimer:ThispresentationwasdevelopedbyathirdpartyandisnotfundedbyWoodWorksortheSoftwoodLumberBoard.
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“TheWoodProductsCouncil” isaRegisteredProviderwithTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystems(AIA/CES),Provider#G516.
Credit(s)earnedoncompletionofthiscoursewillbereportedtoAIACESforAIAmembers.CertificatesofCompletionforbothAIAmembersandnon-AIAmembersareavailableuponrequest.
ThiscourseisregisteredwithAIACES forcontinuingprofessionaleducation.Assuch,itdoesnotincludecontentthatmaybedeemedorconstruedtobeanapprovalorendorsementbytheAIAofanymaterialofconstructionoranymethodormannerofhandling,using,distributing,ordealinginanymaterialorproduct._____________________________Questionsrelatedtospecificmaterials,methods,andserviceswillbeaddressedattheconclusionofthispresentation.
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CourseDescription
• OccupantcomfortmaynotbeanexpresseddesignobjectiveintheInternationalBuildingCode,butit’sveryimportanttothesuccessofaproject.Thisworkshopwillprovidepracticalinformationfordesigningwood-framemulti-familyandmixed-usebuildingstoavoidcommoncomfort-relatedpitfalls.Discussionwillcoverdesigninghigh-performing,acoustically-ratedassemblies,minimizingfloorvibrationandmethodsformeetingorexceedingenergy-efficiencyobjectives.Detailsandcodeprovisionswillbepresentedforeachtopic,alongwithexampleprojectsfeaturingreal-worldissuesandsolutions.Attendeescanexpecttogainabetterunderstandingofthemostcommonoccupantcomplaints,andhowtoavoidthemthroughproperbuildingdesign.
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LearningObjectives
1. Identifypotentialcomfortissuesinmulti-familyandmixed-usebuildingsandhowtoaddressthemthroughproperbuildingdesign.
2. Reviewcoderequirementsforacousticaldesigninmulti-familyandmixed-usebuildings.
3. Highlightoptionsforhigh-performing,acoustically-ratedwood-frameassemblies,includingwallsandfloors.
4. Discussoptionsformeetingorexceedingenergy-efficiencyobjectivesandenergycoderequirementsusingwood-frameassemblies.
Alwaysremembering…
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…thattheymakeguitarsandpianosoutofwood,don’tthey…
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OverviewCodes&
Terminology
RoomtoRoomNoiseControl
MechanicalNoiseControl
OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl
WoodStructures
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Codes
• BuildingOfficialsandCodeAdministratorsInternational(BOCA)–(1999)
• InternationalBuildingCode(2015)
• InternationalResidentialCode
• InternationalCodeCouncil
• GreenConstructionCode
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Agency Unit Types STC/ASTC IIC/FIIC
BOCA(1999) 45/na 45/na
IBC BetweenUnits,Corridor,orCommonSpaces 50/45 50/45
IRC LivingUnits 45/na 45/na
ICC
GroupRfromA orF 60/55
Group RfromR,B,IorM 50/45
GroupRCondos fromR Condos,B,I,MorR 55/50
Group RfromR,A1,A2,A3,B,E,I,orM 50/45
DC
DwellingUnitsfromeachotherandfrompublicserviceareas 50/45 50/45
DwellingunitsfromGroupA-2 55/50
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Codes
• Othercodesorguidelinesdealwith:
• Outdoortoindoornoisecontrol
• Mechanicalimpactuponadjacentproperties
• Primarilytoday,letusconcernourselveswithinteriornoise.
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TerminologySTC
NC
FSTC dBA
IIC
ASTC
OITC
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Terminology• Loudnessmeasuredindecibels(dB)
• dB=10xlog(Pressure2/refPressure2)
• HumanRange:0to130dB
• “A-weight”tosimulatehumanhearing…dBA
NamedforAlexanderGrahamBell
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Terminology
• WhydB???• Exampleofthelogarithmicnature:
• EasesComparisons:30to33=“BarelyPerceptible”90to93=“BarelyPerceptible”
ChangeindB Subjective Response
3dB BarelyPerceptible5dB ClearlyPerceptible10dB TwiceasLoud
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Terminology
•Everythingisbaseduponthedecibelscale
•It’sthefundamentalunitofmeasure
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Terminology
• There are noise barriers and there are noise absorbers.
• Barriers are not absorbers. • Absorbers are not barriers. • Many times the absorber is somewhat acoustically transparent.
• Barriers are generally composed of dense, heavy material layers. (Quiz Later)
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Quiz
BarrierorAbsorber?
• Barrier
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Quiz
• BarrierorAbsorber?
• Absorber
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Quiz
• BarrierorAbsorber?
• Barrier
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Quiz
BarrierorAbsorber?
• Absorber
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RoomtoRoomNoiseControl
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Sidetrack…
•AirBornevs.StructureBorneNoise
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AirBorneandStructureBorne
• Airbornenoiseandstructurebornenoisearereallydescriptorsofthepathwaysbywhichsoundarrivesatthelistenerfromthenoisesource.
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AirBorneNoisePath
• Thesoundheardintheroomwhichcontainsthesourceistransmittedthroughpartitionsandbecomesairbornenoiseinotherrooms.
• Generallyairborneissoundornoise
• Example:
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ToControlAirBorneNoise…
• Remember:Usenoisebarrierstocontrolorblockairbornenoisefromotherlocations.
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StructureBorneNoisePath
• Vibration fromthesourceistransmitteddirectlytothebuildingstructure,propagatesthroughthatstructureandbecomesaudiblesoundinanotherpartofthebuilding.
• Generallystructureborneisvibration
• Examples:
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Pumpsonthefloorabove,or
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PUMPS onthefloorabove.
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StructureBorneNoise
1. Ideally,ifthevibratingobjectdidnottouchanythingtherewouldbenostructurebornenoise
2. Since#1isprettymucha“nogo”,proceedto#33. Introducevibrationisolation• Hardsurfacedfloorunderlayments
ToISOLATEthevibrationorimpactingobjectfromthestructure.(morelater)
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Alittlequiz…
•Isit•AirborneNoise?•OrStructureBorne?
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Backonthemaintrack
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Terminology
SoundTransmissionClass(STC)
ImpactInsulationClass(IIC)
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Terminology
• SoundTransmissionClass(STC) – asinglenumberratingofthepartition’sabilitytoblockspeechfrequenciesfromonesidetoanother.
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RoomtoRoom
STCApplies toBothFloor/Ceiling SystemsAndWalls
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RoomtoRoomSTC ASTC SubjectiveDescription
30 22-25 Mostsentencesclearlyunderstood
40 32-35 Speechcanbeheardwithsomeeffort
50 42-45 Loudspeechcanbeheardwithsomeeffort
60 52-55 Loudspeechessentiallyinaudible
70 62-65 Loudmusicheardfaintly
75+ Mostnoiseseffectivelyblocked
Credit:ArchitecturalAcoustics:PrinciplesandDesign 1999
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RoomtoRoom
• STCdevelopedforspeech,appliedtomanyothernoisesourcessuchas:
• Mechanical• Transportation• Music
• Warning:Notalwaysaccuratefortheseothersources
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RoomtoRoom
• ImpactInsulationClass(IIC)- Asinglenumberratingusedtocomparetheeffectivenessoffloor/ceilingassembliesinprovidingreductionofimpact-generatedsoundsuchasfootsteps.
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RoomtoRoom
IICOnlyAppliestoFloor/Ceiling Systems
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RoomtoRoom
• ThepopularityofhardsurfacedfloorsinapartmentandcondominiumbuildingshasbroughtalotofattentiontoIICratings.
• MostAnyCarpetandpad>60IIC• Hardfloors<40IIC
• ButRemember…
•IBCstandardis50IIC
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Application 50to55IICDepending uponUnderlayment
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Underlayments:ChooseWisely!
• Therearenumerousunderlaymentsonthemarket• Manyarecopiesoforiginals• Makesurethereisatestfromathirdpartylaboratory• Makesurethetestisofyoursystem
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Soyougoonlinetobuysomeunderlayment…
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No,No,No…
Getdocumentation!
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Underlayments:ChooseWisely!
• Makesurethetestisofyoursystem!
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ForVeryHighSTC&IICinFloorCeiling…
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Application
• OnecosteffectivewaytoaddSTCand IICpointstoawallorfloor/ceilingsystemisthroughtheuseof
ResilientChannel• Costeffective,but…
• NOTSOSIMPLE…
• (Thisreallyneedsmuchmoretime…)
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ResilientChannelSingleLegged,RC-1(DietrichRCDeluxe)
DoubleLegged,RC-2
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ResilientChannel
Worksinfloor/ceilingstoo…
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WithTheDoubleLegged…
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ResilientChannel– Yes!
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The#1ProblemwithRC
CourtesyofPliteqInc.
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ResilientChannel– NO’s!
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Quiz:What’stheDifference?
• InsertULU311detail
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34STC 36STC 38STC
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40STC
50STC
54STC
57STC
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MechanicalNoiseControl
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RatingMechanicalNoise• Loudness
• Soft• Quiet• Loud• Noisy
• QualityofNoise• Rumble• Roar• Hiss• Tonal
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• Singlenumberratingsdescribingtherelativeloudnessandspeechinterferencepropertiesofagivennoisespectrum•Usedtospecifybackgroundnoiselevelsforvariousspaceuses,mainlyHVACandmechanicalnoise
BackgroundNoiseMeasures
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BackgroundNoiseMeasures
•NoiseCriteria(NC)• Simplebut,• Noassessmentofsoundquality
•RoomCriteria(RC(N))• Moredifficulttocomprehend• Evaluatessoundquality• Diagnostics
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MechanicalNoiseMeasures
Method Loudness Quality
dBA • -NC • -
RC(N) • •
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ASHRAE*RecommendedBackgroundLevels
*Valuestakenfrom2011ASHRAEApplicationsHandbook,Chapter48,Table1.
RoomType NC/RC dBA
Residences,Apartments,Condominiums
Livingareas 30 35Bathrooms,kitchens,utilityrooms 35 40
Hotels/Motels Individual roomsorsuites 30 35Meeting/banquet rooms 30 35
Officebuildings Executiveandprivateoffices 30 35Conferencerooms 30 35OpenPlanoffices 40 45
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Butwait.Whataboutvibration?
• Vibration:anoscillationofthepartsofafluidoranelasticsolidwhoseequilibriumhasbeendisturbed.
• Sound:vibrationsthatwehear
• Noise:myneighbor’sstereo
• It’sallvibration.
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SignificantSources
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Findthebigstuffbecause….
Biggerislouder!
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EmergencyGenerators
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ElevatorMachinery
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RooftopCondensingUnits
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Biggerisrelative…
• Thesmallerstuffcanbeannoyingtoobutitiseasiertofixafterthefact….
…..unlessyoubuilt300unitswithnoisywatersourceheatpumps
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NoiseControlSchemes
SnidelyWhiplash
ByJayWard
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TheBestMethodofNoiseControlisatthesource…• Buythequieterunittobeginwith…• Increasethedistancebetweensourceandreceiver• Scheduleoperationsoftheunitduringnon-noisesensitivetimes
Butthenwhat?
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• StructureBorne• ProperIsolation
• Springs• Pads• RoofCurbs
MechanicalVibration
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Page42,Chapter47,2003ASHRAEHandbook
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• EquipmentType• StructuralSupport• BaseType• IsolatorType
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…orPumpsonthefloorabove.
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TypicalPumpIsolation
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MechanicalNoise
• Aforestofcondenserontheroof…directlyabovethemostexpensiveunitsinthebuilding.
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CondenserNoise
• Location,location,location…• Abovenon-noisesensitiveroomssuchascorridors• Aidsintheair-bornenoise• Butstructure-borne…notsomuch
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Notjustthe“unit”,ductsandpipingtoo!
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Iftheperceivedvibrationseemstoohigh…• ISOhasdevelopedaseriesofcurvestoevaluatevibrationthatismeasuresinthefloorofanoccupiedroom.
• Theseareguidelines,notcode.• Localcodesmayormaynotbeavailable.• Residentialnightis100micrometers/second,½ofthedaytimelimit.
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OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl
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TransportationNoise
• Planes,Trains,&Automobiles• On-sitemeasurements• ComputerModeling• HUDNoiseGuidebook• LdnorLeqindBA
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LocalTransportationInteriorNoiseLevelRequirements
State/City/County Roadway/Railway Airport
Virginia 45dBALeq NAHUD 45 dBALdn 45dBALdnAnneArundel 45dBALeq 45dBALdnHoward 45dBALdn 45dBALdnDC NA NABaltimoreCity NA NAFairfax 45dBALdn 45dBALdnLoudoun 45dBALeq 45dBALdnHUD 45dBALdn 45dBALdn
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OutdoortoIndoor
• TransportationNoise• ComputerModeling• BuildingShellAnalysis• CommonBuildingElements• WindowsandDoors:TheWeakLink• OITC
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BuildingShellAnalysis
• Calculatesaroom’sinteriornoiselevelbasedupon:• ExteriorNoiseLevel• CompositeSTCRating
• Windows,Doors• Walls,Roof• Miscellaneous
• RoomSize&Volume• RoomAbsorption
• Canbeeitherverygeneralorverydetailed
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ExteriorWallSTC
BuildingElement STCRating
CommontoAll Constructions
ExteriorWallsBrick 56
2x4woodstuds,anexteriorlayerof½”OSB orplywood, 3”offiberglassbattinsulation,5/8”interiorlayerofdrywall
VinylSiding 39VinylSidingw/RC 45FiberCement(Hardi)Siding 43FiberCementw/RC 47
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Window&DoorSTC
Building Element STCRating Construction
½”InsulatedWindow 28 1/8”glass,¼”airspace,1/8”glass
1”InsulatedWindow 35 ¼”glass,½”airspace,¼”glass
5/8”LaminatedInsulatedWindow
35 Two1/8”panes laminatedtogether,¼”airspace,1/8”glass
StandardPatioDoor 29 ½”glassmountedinpolystyreneframe
UpgradedPatioDoor 36 1”;dualglazedunitcomposedof3/8”laminatedglass,½”airspace,and1/8”doublestrengthglass
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WindowsandDoors:TheWeakLink
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OITC• Outdoor-IndoorTransmissionClass:anA-weightedsinglenumberratingofthetransportation soundreductioneffectivenessofapartitionthatseparatesanindoorspacefromtheoutside.• STC– SpeechFrequencies• OITC– TransportationFrequencies
Window STCRating OITCRating
½”Insulated 28 265/8”Laminated,
Insulated35 31
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OutdoortoIndoorDesignChallenges• RestrictionsonExteriorFaçadeFinishes• LotsofGlass• HighSTCRatedWindowsandDoors=$$$• GreenBuildingDesign• BiggerWindows• FreshAirOpenings
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InReview…Codes&
Terminology
RoomtoRoomNoiseControl
MechanicalNoiseControl
OutdoortoIndoorNoiseControl
WoodStructures
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Questions?ThisconcludesTheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsContinuingEducationSystemsCourse
ScottHarvey,PE,INCEBd.Cert.
PhoenixNoise&[email protected]