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NOTES ABOUT NODES AND CODING
About nodes: Nodes are central to understanding and working with
NVivothey let you gather
related material in one place so that you can look for emerging
patterns and ideas. You can create
and organize nodes for themes or 'cases' such as people or
organizations. You can also create
nodes to gather evidence about the relationships between items
in your project.
What is a node: A node is a collection of references about a
specific theme, place, person or
other area of interest. You gather the references by 'coding'
sources such as interviews, focus
groups, articles or survey results.
For example, while exploring your sources (documents, datasets,
pictures, video or audio) you
could code any content related to 'illegal fishing practices' at
the node illegal fishing. Then when
you open the node (by double-clicking it in List View) you can
see all the references in one
place.
Creating node hierarchies: Nodes are containers for your themes,
people, places, organizations
or other areas of interest. You can organize these nodes in
hierarchiesmoving from general
topics at the top (the parent node) to more specific topics
(child nodes)
When do I make nodes: You can add nodes at any stage of your
project but you may want to
consider the following
Do you already know which themes or topics you will be
exploring? You can create a
node structure before you begin coding, and easily add any nodes
that emerge as you
work through your sources.
You might want to work 'up' from your sources, creating nodes as
you go. At first, you
might create nodes at the top level and then organize them into
hierarchies when
connections become apparent.
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If you have descriptive information about the people,
organizations or other 'cases' you
are working with, you can create and classify nodes to represent
them.
If you are working with survey results, you can take advantage
of the automatic and
classifying features to create an initial node structure based
on the survey questions,
respondents or attributesyou can then add nodes for other themes
or topics as you need
them. a
If you are working with structured documents, such as a
collection of interviews, you can
create an initial node structure based on paragraph styles. For
example, automatically
create a node for every question in an interview, then open the
nodes and explore the
answerscreate other nodes as themes or topics emerge.
Create a node in List View (without coding)
1. In Navigation View, click Nodes and then click Nodes.
2. (Optional) In List View, select the parent node if you are
adding the new node to a
hierarchy.
3. On the Create tab, in the Nodes group, click Node.
The New Node dialog box opens.
4. In the Name box, enter a name for the new node.
5. (Optional) In the Description box, enter a description of the
node.
6. (Optional) In the Nickname box, enter a shortened name
(useful for frequently used
nodes to facilitate 'quick coding').
7. (Optional) Select the Aggregate child node check box if this
is a parent node and you
want it to include all the references contained in any child
nodes.
8. (Optional) Click the Attribute Values tab to classify the
node.
9. Click OK.
Create a node while coding in Detail View
1. In Detail View, select the source content you want to
code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, under Code Selection
At, click New Node.
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The New Node dialog box opens.
3. (Optional) In the Location box, click the Select button to
change the folder location for
the new node.
4. In the Name box enter a name for the node.
5. (Optional) In the Description box, enter a description for
the node.
6. Click OK.
Create a node by 'quick coding': You can create a new node by
selecting the content you want
to code and entering a new node name in the Quick Coding bar at
the bottom of Detail View.
Make a node from selected text (In Vivo code): You can create a
new node based on selected
contentthis is called In Vivo coding. The selected text is used
as the node name (up to 256
characters). To create a node In Vivo:
1. Select the text content you want to code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, click Code In
Vivo.
Shortcut Click Code In Vivo on the Quick Coding bar.
A node is created based on the selected text.
Create nodes by auto coding: Depending on the type of sources
you are working with, you can
use auto coding techniques to automatically create nodes. For
example,
If you are working with a survey dataset, you can use the Auto
Code Dataset wizard to
make a node for each respondent or survey question.
If you have a collection of question/answer interview
documentsand the questions and
answers are consistently formatted using paragraph stylesyou can
auto code to create a
node for each question.
If you are analyzing audio/video transcriptsand you have added a
custom field for
speakeryou can auto code to automatically create nodes for each
speaker.
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Create 'case' nodes from sources: You can create nodes from
selected sources. This can be
useful when entire sources contain material that relates to
particular people, places or other cases.
For example, if you have sources containing interview
transcripts (Student 01, Student 02,
Student 03 etc), then you can create a node with a particular
classification to represent each
student and you can assign attribute values for Age, Gender and
Grade.
TIP Before you start, make sure a suitable node classification
has been created in your project
(for example, Student or Person), so you can assign the nodes to
a classification as you create
them.
1. In List View, select the sources you want to use to create
nodes.
2. On the Create tab, in the Items group, click Create As, and
then click Create As Nodes.
The Select Location dialog box opens.
3. Select the location where you want to create the nodes.
4. In the Assign to Classification box, select a
classificationfor example, Person.
5. Click OK.
Nodes are created based on the selected source names and the
content of each source is coded at
its node. The classification is set and attributes are set to
their default values. You can update the
attribute values
Understand how you can use color with nodes: You can keep track
of significant nodes or
relationships by giving them a color.
You can assign a color to a node to visually distinguish it in
coding stripes and in visualizations
such as charts. For example, the node rising sea level could
have a blue coding stripe and a blue
pie chart segment.
You can sort your nodes in List View based on colorrefer to
Customize the workspace for
more information.
Assign color to a node
1. In List View, select the node.
2. On the Home tab, in the Item group, click the arrow below
Properties, and then click
Color.
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3. Select the color you want to assign to the node.
NOTE
The node color is shown by default in List View. You can show or
hide this column
refer to Customize the workspace for more information.
You can set the color of one or more selected nodes via List
Viewselect the nodes, then
right-click to see the shortcut menu, then click Color, and then
select the color you want
to assign to the nodes.
Open a node to see the references
You can open a node to see all the coded references:
1. In Navigation View, locate and click the folder that contains
the node you want inspect.
2. In List View, double-click the node. The node opens in Detail
View.
3. On the right of the node, click the Text tab.
What is coding: 'Coding' your sources is a way of gathering all
the references to a specific topic,
theme, person or other entity. You can code all types of sources
and bring the references
together in a single 'node'
The process of coding can generate ideas and help you to
identify patterns and theories in your
research material.
For example, you could gather all the negative opinions about a
policy and examine them
together in a nodefrom there, you could tease out common threads
and ask questions like What
do young people think and do their opinions differ from those of
older people?
You can also code to gather source content at nodes that
represent the subjects of your research,
such as people or places. For example, if you have survey
responses from a class of students, you
can create a case node to represent each student, and then code
their opinions at their 'case' node.
You can code manually within a source or do some fast coding
using the auto code and query-
based coding features.
Deciding on an approach
The way you approach the analysis of sources can depend on
the
Methodology you are using (if any)
Amount and type of data you have
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Time available
NVivo does not prescribe an approach but provides the tools to
let you work the way that suits
you best. For example, if you have many sources or you have
large dataset sourcesmake the
most of NVivo's auto coding and query-based coding features. If
you have a smaller number of
sources that require close analysistake advantage of the
easy-to-use manual coding tools.
You can create a node structure and then code your material at
the 'ready-made' nodes or you can
create nodes as you work through your source materials.
Manual coding in sources
While working in a source you can select content and then code
it at new or existing nodes.
NVivo provides the following ways to manually code your
sources:
Select and code content using the options on the Analyze tab of
the NVivo ribbon.
Drag and drop selected content on a node in List View. You can
customize your
workspace to make the most of drag and drop codinglist the nodes
on the left and
display your source on the right:
In vivo code to make a new node from selected words or
phrases.
Quick code using nicknames for common nodesfor example
desalination could have
the nickname desal. You select the content you want to code and
enter or select the
nickname.
The content available for coding depends on the type of source
you are working with, refer to the
following topics for more information:
Basic coding in text-based sources
In text-based sources you can select and code:
Textsingle letter, a few words, a whole passage or the entire
source.
Images
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Text and images in tables
Code at a node
1. Select the text or image you want to code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, under Code Selection
At, click New Node.
The New Node dialog box is displayed.
3. (Optional) To choose where you want to store the nodein the
Location box, click the
Select button and select the location.
4. Enter a name for the node.
5. (Optional) Enter a description of the node.
6. Click OK.
NOTE If you want to code at a node that already exists, click
Existing Nodes, under Code
Selection At, and select the relevant node. You can also drag
and drop content on existing nodes.
See what you have coded
To see what has been coded in a source, you can
Turn on coding highlighton the View tab in the Coding group,
click the arrow next to
Highlight, and then select a highlight option. Coded content is
highlighted in yellow:
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Turn on coding stripeson the View tab in the Coding group, click
the arrow next to
Coding Stripes, and then select an option. Coding stripes are
displayed on the right of the
source:
Basic coding in dataset sources
In dataset sources you can select and code:
The entire sourceall content in codable fields is coded.
Text in codable fields (columns)a single word, a phrase, or a
whole cell.
A source shortcut
An entire rowall content in codable fields within the row is
coded.
You can identify codable fields by colorcodable fields have a
white background.
Code at a node
1. Select the content you want to code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, under Code Selection
At, click New Node.
The New Node dialog box is displayed.
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3. (Optional) To choose where you want to store the nodein the
Location box, click the
Select button and select the location.
4. Enter a name for the node.
5. (Optional) Enter a description of the node.
6. Click OK.
NOTE If you want to code at a node that already exists, click
Existing Nodes, under Code
Selection At, and select the relevant node.
Basic coding in audio and video sources
In audio and video sources you can code:
A section of the media via the timeline
Text in the Content field (column) of a transcript (if you have
one)
Code at a node
1. On the timeline, click and drag to select the timespan that
you want to code. You can also
code text in the Content column of the transcript.
NOTE You can hide the waveform to make selection on the timeline
easier on the Media tab
in the View group, clear the Waveform check box.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, under Code Selection
At, click New Node.
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The New Node dialog box is displayed.
3. (Optional) To choose where you want to store the nodein the
Location box, click the
Select button and select the location.
4. Enter a name for the node.
5. (Optional) Enter a description of the node.
6. Click OK.
NOTE If you want to code at a node that already exists, click
Existing Nodes, under Code
Selection At, and select the relevant node.
Understand shadow coding
When you code a portion of the timeline, the associated
transcript text is also indirectly coded,
this is called 'shadow coding'. Similarly if you code the
transcript, the associated section of the
media is shadow coded. This is a quick way of determining which
part of the timeline the coded
transcript refers to and vice-versa.
Shadow coding saves you from having to code both the media and
associated transcript content.
For example, if you coded the transcript entry, you do not have
to code the associated
audio/video timelinewhen you open the node, you can see the
timeline that has been shadow
coded.
Highlight coding or display coding stripes
Highlighting is an easy way to check what you have and have not
coded. If you want to see the
coding for specific nodes, you can display coding stripes
To turn on highlight coding:
1. Open the source or node in Detail View.
2. On the View tab, in the Coding group, click Highlight.
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3. Select what you want to highlight:
Coding for Selected Items this opens the Select Project Items
dialog box select the
nodes to highlight, and then click OK to close the dialog box.
The nodes in bold indicate
they have been used to code the content.
Coding for All Nodes this highlights coding for all nodes
Understand coding stripes
Coding stripes are colored bars that show you the nodes that
code a source:
The stripes show you
Nodes that code specific content
Users who coded the content
Attributes of coded content (sex, age and so on)
You can select the nodes that most, least or recently coded the
content and indicate the number
of stripes to display. In audio and video sources, coding
stripes are displayed both in the
timeline and the transcript. This is called 'shadow coding'. The
color of the stripes is either
automatic or user assigned based on item colors. If the color is
based on item colors, any nodes
that have no color will display as white..
When a source is in edit mode, coding stripes are disabled (and
do not update) while you type or
make other changes to the content of the source. The stripes
refresh automatically when you:
Code or uncode the source content
Switch to read-only mode
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Save the project
Use the 'undo' function
You can refresh the stripes manuallyclick the yellow information
bar at the top of the coding
stripes pane, or click Refresh, in the Workspace group, on the
Home tab.
NOTE If you code text in a cell in a dataset, a table (in a
text-based source), an audio/video
transcript, or a picture log, the coding stripe is displayed
against the whole row.
Display coding stripes
1. Open the required source or node.
2. On the View tab, in the Coding group, click Coding
Stripes.
3. Select which coding stripes you want to display:
Selected Items displays the Select Project Items dialog
boxselect the nodes then click
OK to close the dialog box. The nodes in bold indicate they have
been used to code the
source content.
Nodes Most Coding displays the most frequently used nodes of all
the nodes that code
the content
Nodes Least Coding displays the least frequently used nodes of
all the nodes that code
the content
Nodes Recently Coding displays the most recently used nodes of
all the nodes that code
the content
Coding Density Only shows only the coding density bar
Show Items Last Selected shows the nodes that were last selected
for viewing. This
option can be useful when you want to check coding at the same
nodes across multiple
sources.
See the coding stripes for different team members
To see the coding done by different members of your team:
1. Open the required source or node.
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2. On the View tab, in the Coding group, click Coding Stripes,
and then click Select Items.
The Select Project Items dialog box opens.
3. On the left, select Users.
4. On the right, check the box for each team member whose coding
you want to see.
5. Click OK.
Automatic coding
Automatic coding in text-based sources: You can auto code
text-based sources (documents,
externals and memos) based on paragraphs or paragraph
styles.
Use consistent paragraph styles to auto code: If you have
applied heading styles in your text
based sources you can use them to automatically code the
content.
For exampleif you have a collection of question/answer interview
documents, you could auto
code to create a node for each question (based on heading 1 [H1]
and heading 2 [H2] styles) and
code all respondent answers at the nodes:
NOTE You can apply heading styles in Word before you import the
source, or you can apply
them in NVivo.
To auto code using paragraph styles:
1. In List View, select the text based sources you want to auto
code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, click Auto Code.
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The Auto Code dialog box opens.
3. From the Code by list, select Paragraph Style.
4. From the Available paragraph styles list, select the styles
you want to use for coding.
5. Click the right arrow button >> to add the styles to
the Selected paragraph styles list.
NOTE A node is automatically created for each paragraph that is
formatted in the selected style,
and the text under the style is auto coded at the node. The
order of the styles in the list
determines how they are nested in the node hierarchythe first
style is the parent of the second
and so on.
6. Under Code at Nodes, select where you want to store the newly
created nodes. Choose:
Existing Node to store the created nodes under an existing
nodeclick Select to display
the Select Project Items dialog box, then select the node, and
then click OK to close the
dialog box.
New Node to store the created nodes under a new nodeclick Select
to display the
Select Location dialog box, then select the location (for
example, a folder or a node), and
then click OK to close the dialog box. Enter a name for the new
node.
7. (Optional) Select the Aggregate coding to parent node check
box, if you want the content
coded at child nodes to be shown in the parent node.
8. Click OK.
Auto code to make a numbered node for each paragraph
You can auto code 'by paragraph' if one or more text based
sources are tightly structuredfor
example, paragraph 1 in each document is about fossil fuel and
paragraph 2 is about government
policy. NVivo makes a node for each paragraph and uses the
paragraph number as the node
name. You can rename the nodes as required.
To auto code by paragraph:
1. In List View, select the text based sources you want to auto
code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, click Auto Code.
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The Auto Code dialog box opens.
3. From the Code by list, select Paragraph.
4. Under Code at Nodes, select where you want to store the newly
created nodes. Choose:
Existing Node - to store the created nodes under an existing
nodeclick Select to display
the Select Project Items dialog box, then select the node, and
then click OK to close the
dialog box.
New Node - to store the created nodes under a new nodeclick
Select to display the
Select Location dialog box, then select the location (for
example, a folder or a node), and
then click OK to close the dialog box. Enter a name for the new
node.
5. (Optional) Select the Aggregate coding to parent node check
box, if you want the content
coded at child nodes to be shown in the parent node.
6. Click OK.
Automatic coding in audio and video sources: If you have added
custom fields (columns) in
your audio or video transcripts, you can use them to quickly
code an audio/video source.
For example, if you added the custom field Speaker, NVivo can
create a node for each speaker
and code the content at that nodethis way you can gather
everything said by a specific person.
Auto code a transcript using custom fields
1. In List View, select the audio or video source you want to
auto code.
NOTE When auto coding multiple sources, you can only select the
same source typeall audio
or all video sources.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, click Auto Code.
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The Auto Code dialog box opens.
3. From the Available Transcript Fields list, select the custom
fields you want to use for
coding.
4. Click the right arrow button >> to add the custom field
to the Selected Transcript Fields
list.
NOTE A node is created for each unique text string in the custom
field and the text in the
Content field is coded at the node. The order of the custom
fields in the list determines how they
are nested in the node hierarchythe first custom field is the
parent of the second and so on.
5. Under Code at Nodes, select where you want to store the newly
created nodes. Choose:
Existing Node to store the created nodes under an existing
nodeclick Select to display
the Select Project Items dialog box, then select the node, and
then click OK to close the
dialog box.
New Node to store the created nodes under a new nodeclick Select
to display the
Select Location dialog box, then select the location (for
example, a folder or node), and
then click OK to close the dialog box. Enter a name for the new
node.
6. (Optional) Select the Aggregate coding to parent node check
box, if you want the content
coded at child nodes to be shown in the parent node.
7. Click OK.
Understand automatic coding in datasets: Datasets can contain
classifying columns (fields)
and codable columns. In the example dataset below, the first
three columns have been imported
as classifying fields, and the last two columns have been
imported as codable fields.
Respondent Age Sex Question 1 Question 2
Anna 29 Female I think there should be
more car-free zones
Electric buses and
taxis would help
reduce pollution in
the inner city
Jack 31 Male Pedestrians need to feel
safe. There should be
better lighting and more
police
We should create
more green spaces
Maria 52 Female Safety barriers at busy
intersections
I don't think they
should tax car parks
Peter 47 Male Better education in More street trees
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schools about road safety
The Auto Code Dataset Wizard allows you to code the content of
codable columns at nodes that
match either
The names of the codable columns
Row values in classifying columns
Using the dataset above as an example, if you code by column,
you can group all the responses
to a particular survey questionby coding at nodes for Question 1
and Question 2.Alternatively,
if you create 'case' nodes for Anna, Jack, Maria and Peter, and
code their responses to Question 1
and Question 2 at code the case nodes. You can then add
demographic information about your
respondents to their 'case' nodes.
When you are analyzing a dataset you may use the Wizard more
than onceyou might first
gather responses by questions, and then gather them by
respondent.
Use the Wizard to auto code a dataset
1. In List View or Detail View, click on the dataset you want to
auto code.
2. On the Analyze tab, in the Coding group, click Auto Code.
The Auto Code Dataset Wizard dialog box opens.
3. Follow the steps in the wizard.
4. When you are done with the Wizard, click Finish.
Choose to create nodes for each column or each row
On the first step of the wizard, you must choose whether you
want to create nodes based on
column names or row values. The options you get later in this
wizard depend on your choice in
this first step.
For example, if your dataset contains survey responses in the
following structure:
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Respondent Sex Sex Question 1
Natural Environment
Question 2
Water Quality
DE001 Male 52 Becoming poorer with pollution due
to chemical runoff from local farms
Important for marine
nurseries
DE002 Female 35 Priceless and vulnerable to
pollution from over development
Good for now but
needs to be monitored
Then you can choose:
Code at nodes for each column to create a node for all Question
1 responses, and another
node for all Question 2 responses.
Code at nodes for each row to group everything that a particular
respondent has said, by
creating a node for DE001, and another node for DE002.
Everything the respondents
said in response to Question 1 and Question 2 will be grouped at
their respective nodes.
Create nodes for each column
If you choose Create nodes for each column (on step 1 of the
wizard), then as you move from
step-to-step of the wizard, you will be asked to:
Wizard step Description
Choose whether
to code all rows
or filtered rows.
This step is only displayed if a filter is applied to the
datasetchoose
whether you want to use all rows when auto coding, or only
filtered
rows.
Select the
columns you
want to create
as nodes.
Select the columns that you want to create nodes for.
The preview area at the bottom of the wizard shows the nodes
that will
be created based on the options you have selected (you can
choose a
location for the nodes in the next step).
Select a
location for the
nodes.
Select the parent node and folder location. If you want to code
at nodes
that already exist in your project, you must select the parent
node and
location so that the hierarchy you are creating matches the
hierarchy that
already exists in your project. If you select a different parent
node or
folder location, new nodes will be created and coded at.
Decide whether you want to turn on aggregation for parent
nodesif you
select this option, then all the content coded at the children
is included in
the parent node.
The preview area at the bottom of the wizard shows the node
structures
that will be created, and the content that will be coded to the
leaf nodes in
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the hierarchy.
Create nodes for each row
If you choose Create nodes for each row (on step 1 of the
wizard), then as you move from step-
to-step of the wizard, you will be asked to:
Wizard step Description
Choose whether to
code all rows or
filtered rows
This step is only displayed if a filter is applied to the
datasetchoose
whether you want to use all rows when auto coding, or only
filtered
rows.
Select the columns
that contain values
you want to use as
node names
Select the column that contains the names of your nodesthese
are
the nodes that will contain the coded content.
For example, if you want to create a node to represent each
person you surveyed, you could select the column which
contains their name or some other identifier.
You should ensure that each cell in this column contains a
different value. If two people share the same name, only a
single node will be created.
(Optional) Choose whether the nodes should be nested into a
hierarchy. For example, if you surveyed high school students in
three
schools, you might create a node structure that has a parent
node for
each school and child nodes for each student. You can select
classifying columns which contain the values you want to use to
build
the hierarchy.
Click the Filter and Group button if you want to further refine
the
node hierarchy that will be created by:
Filtering the row values used to create nodesfor example, if
you want to create nodes based on the values in the column
School, and some cells contain the value Unknown, you can
choose to exclude this value when you create your node
structure.
Grouping the row values that will be used to create nodesfor
example, if a column contains the ages of your survey
respondents, you can group the ages into ranges, so that you
create a node for each age range, rather than a node for
each
age.
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The preview area at the bottom of the wizard, shows the nodes
that
will be created based on the options you have selected on this
step of
the wizard. Click the Expand buttons to expand the hierarchy.
Only
the leaf nodes in the hierarchy are coded to. If you are not
satisfied
with the structure, try changing the options on this step.
Select the columns
that contain the
content you want
to code at these
nodes
Select the (codable) columns that contain the content you want
to code
at the nodes you selected in the previous step. For example, if
you
want to code what people said in response to the survey
questions,
then you would choose the columns containing their survey
responses.
The preview area at the bottom of the dialog shows the node
structures
that will be created, and the content that will be coded to the
leaf
nodes in the hierarchy. Click the Expand buttons to expand
the
hierarchy.
Choose a location
for the nodes
Select the parent node and folder location for node hierarchy.
If you
want to code at nodes that already exist in your project, you
must
select the correct parent node and folder location so that the
hierarchy
you are creating matches the hierarchy that already exists in
your
project. If you select a different location, new nodes will be
created
and coded at.
Decide whether you want to turn on aggregation for parent
nodesif
you select this option, then all the content coded at the
children is
shown in the parent node.
The preview area at the bottom of the dialog shows the node
structures
that will be created, and the content that will be coded to the
leaf
nodes in the hierarchy. Click the Expand buttons to expand
the
hierarchy.
Review the references in a node: Understand what is in a
node
When you open a node in Detail View the Reference tab is in
focus. On this tab you can see all
the references that have coded at the node.
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1 Displays the name of the source that was coded at the
nodeincluding a 'coding summary' (the
number of references that were coded and the percentage of the
source that the coding
represents). To open the original source, click the source
hyperlinkunderlined in blue.
2 Displays the first reference that was coded in the
sourceincluding the percentage of the
source that the reference represents. For example, a coded
section might represent 80% of the
overall documentthis would indicate that most of the source has
been coded at the node.
3 The Summary tab list of all the sources that have been coded
at the node. You can choose to
display the Summary tab by default when you open a node.
4 Select the other tabs to display the content that has been
coded in text-based, audio, video,
picture or dataset sources.
Understand how references are counted
On the Reference tab of a node, you can see the total number of
references for each source:
The total number of references is calculated based on coding
done by all usersfor example, if
two team members have coded the same content at the node, the
coded content is combined and
counted as two references: