7/31/2019 Nociones de albañilería http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nociones-de-albanileria 1/387 Epbhae{ ~o nqs~al cn hosn{hl{ K[HALBEDN - ALOQS[^AAHÑO - CNAL[EAHÑO - DE[CHON[ÍE y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 1
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Pe{e lksnon{ måq l mnolq alos{eqsn no nb nqs~aecl" ve{he{ beaeoshcec cn s hosn u~n qn hoal{pl{e e be mntabe" qniôo qne nb nf nas lu~n qn u~hn{e aloqni~h{/
;
Epbhae{ ~oe meol cn an{e s{eoqpe{nosn qlk{n be q~pn{fhahn x k{~õh{alo ~o s {epl cn ebilcño" nfnas~eocl mlvhmhnos lq ah{a~be{nq/
;
F{lse{ alo ~oe nqpås~be cn ekedl e{{hkes lce be q~pn{f hahn pe{e lks non{ nb k{hbblqnclql ae{easn{íqshal cn nqsn eaekecl/
Fhde{ nb ieoajl cn be pe{snmåq ebndece cnb cnqeiòn bl måqebsl plqhkbn/
S{ete{ ~oe bíone jl{htloseb"alo be ex~ce cnb al{cnb cn me{ae{x ~o ohvnb" cnqcn nb ieoajl jeqsenb b~ie{ cnqshoecl eb cnqeiòn/Aeba~be{ be hoabhoeahño x me{ae{ nbieoajl cnb cnqeiòn/
Fhde{ blq ieoajlq hos n{mnchlqqhi~hnocl be hoabhoeahño x alo~o qnpe{eahño cn 30 am almlmåzhml/^shbhte{ ~oe mlbc~{e besn{eb pe{e{nfl{te{ nb qlpl{sn qh be qnpe{e-ahño cn 30 amol p~ncn qn{{nqpnsece/
Qh nb q~nbl nqså no pnochnosn" qnal{se{åo beq kebclqeq cn be p{hmn{efhbe" d~osl eb q~nbl" x qn cnde{åonosn{eq beq cn be ôbshme fhbe" d~osleb snajl/
1
Epbhaeahño cnb ecjnqhvlx alblaeahño6
Nzsnocn{ nb ecjnqhvl qlk{n bepe{nc alo be bbeoe cnosece/ S{ekede{pl{ peõlq cn ~ol e clq mns{lq a~ec{e-clq" alml måzhml/^shbhte{ ~oe pebnse pe{e peqe{ nb ecjn-qhvl cnb klsn l cn be ievnse e be bbeoe/
55
Albl { b {h { fhb k b l;
1
ôbshme fhbe
eoajl cn be d~ose
kebclqeqal{seceq
q~nbl no pnochnosn
Ed~qse{ be ebs~{e cn nqse bíonejl{htloseb cn fl{me u~n ol jexeu~n jean{ al{snq no be ôbshme fhbecn kebclqeq" d~os l eb s najl /^shbhteocl nb mns{l" l me{aeocl
alo ~oe kebclqe" nbnih{ be qlb~ahñomåq nqsèshae x alo mnolq al{snq/ Ebe jl{e cn aeba~be{" ol lbvhce{ nbeoajl cn beq d~oseq u~n jex u~ncnde{ nos{n beq kebclqeq/
cn be alblaeahño" epbhae{ ~o ml{sn{lpe{e d~oseq/ ^shbhteocl ~oe bbeoe cnilme" {nbbnoe{ beq d~os eq" nzsnochno-cl nb p{lc~as l no cheiloeb x p{nqhl-oeocl be meqe qlk{n nbbeq/
Pe{e mndl{e{ be nqsèshae cnbebhaesecl" beq kebclqeq al{seceqcnkno qhs~e{qn d~osl eb q~nbl lno blq {hoalonq *tloeq mnolqvhqhkbnq cn be jekhseahño(/Pl{ nb alos{e{hl" beq nqu~hoeq qna~k{h{åo qhnmp{n alo kebclqeqnos n{eq e emklq beclq/
Nmpbne{ aeoslon{eq l pn{-fhbnq cn PVA pe{e {nmese{ beq
nqu~hoeq/
Pe{e blq al{snq a~{vlq4 chk~- de{ be bíone cn al{sn qlk{n be keb-c lqe x p{ l sn in{be a lo ahoseecjnqhve" pe{e nvhse{ eqí u~n qncnqpl{shbbn nb nqmebsn/ Alo nbsebec{l x ~oe k{lae cn yhche" h{jeahnocl ei~dn{lq qlk{n be bíonechk~dece/E alosho~eahño h{ ceocl pnu~n-õlq ml{chqalq alo beq snoeteq cnebhaesecl{ jeqse bbnie{ e be bíone
u~n qn ecepseo eb s ebec{l x nqsåochqplohkbnq no chqshoslq chåmn-s{lq/
Seos l nb sebec{l alml be qhn{{e cnaebe{ u~n qn ~shbhano cnkn{åonqse{ p{lvhqslq cn ~o {ni~becl{cn vnblahcec nbnas {ñohal/ Qh be
vnblahcec cn be måu~hoe ol qnp~ncn {ni~be{" qn al{{n nb {hnqilcn cnsn{hl{e{ be kebclqe/
^shbhte{ anonf eq" sealq" mlbc~{eq x ls {eq phnteq an{åmhaeq no almkhoe-ahño alo beq kebclqeq" qh{vn pe{e pn{qloebhte{ nb ebhaesecl x qhnmp{nmndl{e nb nfnas l cnal{es hvl/
an{åmhal alo ~oe eqph{ecl{e xf{nie{ alo ei~e x cnsn{inos n/Qh beq kebclqeq eoshi~eq qlonqmebseceq" epbhae{ ~oe hmp{hme-ahño cn ecjn{noahe/Qh nb q~nbl p{ nqnos e h{ {ni~ be{h -cecnq" {npe{e{bl x ebhqe{bl alo~oe peqse ohvnbecl{e/
Qlk{n kebclqeq eoshi~eq
[ei{èein
Albbn
Eoahnoae{{nbein
P{hmeh{n
Alblaeahño 4 ^shbhte{ ~o ml{sn{lalbe x ~o ml{sn{l pe{e d~oseq"ecna~eclq e beq ae{easn{íqshaeq cnbeq kebclqeq/
Bhmphe{ be qlbn{e alo ~oe eqph{e-cl{e x f{nie{ alo ei~e x cnsn{-inosn/Epbhae{ ~oe hmp{hmeahño" no aeqlonanqe{hl/ Qh nb q~nbl p{nqnoseh{{ni~be{hcecnq" {npe{e{bl x ebh-qe{bl alo ~oe peqse ohvnbecl{e/
Bhmphe{ nb q~nbl alo ~oe eqph{e-cl{e x f{nie{ alo ei~e x cnsn{-inosn/Epbhae{ ~oe hmp{hmeahño" no aeqlonanqe{hl/ Qh nb q~nbl p{nqnoseh{{ni~be{hcecnq" {npe{e{bl x ebh
be u~n ve pn iece e be pe{nc4q~pn{plon{be qlk{n be pnoôbshme xcnqbhte{ ls{e kebclqe pl{ noahmecn nbbe jeqse jean{ slpn alo bepe{nc/S{ete{ be bíone cn al{sn" snohnoclno a~nos e nb eoajl cn be d~os e/
Pe{e nfnas~e{ al{snq ah{a~be{nq4a~k{h{ be bíone cn al{sn alo ahose ecjnqh-ve pe{e nvhse{ u~n nb nqmebsn qn cnqpl{-shbbn/ H{ jeahnocl ei~dn{lq no nb alosl{-o l alo ~ o s ebec{ l p{ lvhqs l cn ~oek{lae cn yhche l chemeos n/E a lo sho~eahño" h{ e{{eoaeoc l
cn blq chqshos lq peu~nsnq eos nq cn p{lancn{ e hoqsebe{beq" p~nq nb s lolp~ncn ve{he{ bhin{emnosn cn ~o peu~nsn e ls{l/
Pe{e nb meos nohmhnos l che{hl cn blq q~nblq an{åmhalq qn ~s hbhte ei~e x~o cnsn{inos n ol ek{eqhvl/ Eabe{e{ alo ei~e bhmphe/
^oe vnt alblaeceq x {nd~oseceq beqkebclqeq" sepe{ be d~ose pn{hmns{ebhoqsebeocl ~o {lcephè eb{ncncl{cn slce be jekhs eahño/
Ol epbhae{ nb ml{sn{l no be d~ose pn{hmns{eb" p~nq nqsn nq ~o nqpeahl cnqshoecl e ekql{kn{ be chbeseahño cn beq kebcl- qeq/ Nqse d~ose u~nce{å cnqp~èq slsebmnosn sepece a~eocl qn hoqsebn nb {lcephè/
E S N O A H L O %
Nb eaekecl8
S{~alq x aloqndlq50
S{ekedeoc l p l{ peõ lq cn ~omns{l a~ec{ecl" ep{lzhmece-mnosn" nzsnocn{ nb ml{sn{l pe{e
d ~ o s eq al o b e b b eo e c n i l m ejeqse {nbbnoe{beq slceq no p{l-f~ochcec/ Be peqse eie{{e mndl{a~eocl qn epbhae no mlvhmhnoslqcheiloebnq alo be bbeoe/S{eoqa~{{hclq ~olq mho~slq" pn{fh-be{ beq d~oseq pe{e u~n slceq sno-
Almpease{ nb q~nbl alo ~o phqñomeo~eb pe{e u~n ieon no nqsekhbhcec/Qh nb q~nbl nq m~x kbeocl" aeve{ måq cn50 am x eõech{ ~oe aepe cn i{eve/
50 am
Vhvhnoce
Pnochnosn =5 am , m
^shbhte{ ~oe pebe de{chon-{e pe{e aeve{ be q~pn{fhahnu~n qn ve pevhmnose{jeqse ~olq 50 am cn p{l-f~ochcec/
Ce{ eb alod~os l ~oe bhin-{e pnochnosn u~n pn{mhsebe nvea~eahño cnb ei~e cnbe bb~vhe *5 am pl{ mns{l(/
5
;
1
A~k{h{ be q~pn{fhahn alo ~ofhbs{l p{lsnasl{ *shpl inl-snzshb(/ Nqsn fhbs{l nvhse{åu~n q~keo beq {eíanq cn beqpbeoseq x qn cnqe{{lbbnonos{n blq mesn{hebnq u~n qnveo e alblae{/
Alblae{ clq mh{eq pe{ebn-beq" {nqpnseocl qhnmp{n bepnochnosn cn 5am pl{mns{l/ Ea~õe{beq e be ebs~-{e u~n snoc{å nb q~nbl
3
>
a~eocl nqsè eaekecl" mnolq be ebs~{e cn beq phnc{eq l kebclqeq/Nqseq mh{eq qn{vh{åo cn qlpl{sn e be {nibe u~n qn ve e ~s hbhte{ cnq-p~èq pe{e hi~ebe{ be e{noe/
6
Naje{ e{noe jeqse u~n bbn-i~n e be ebs~{e cn beq mh{eq*míohml cn 1 e 3 am cn nqpn-ql{( x nzsnocn{be alo ~o {eq-s{hbbl/ Nq hmpl{seosn {nbbnoe{alo e{noe cn måq" p~nq jex
Nb plbhae{kloesl anb~be{ nq ~o mesn{heb pbåqshal {íihcl"s{eoqpe{nosn x nqsekbn e be b~t/ Qn ~shbhte" pl{ ndnmpbl" no pbeaeqpe{e a~k{h{ b~an{oe{hlq l sn{{eteq/
Ae{easn{íqshaeq
{hvns plp
a~ssn{
phqslbns ns ae{sl~ajn
cn meqsha qhbhalon
phoanà {hvnsq
J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
Ahoseecjnqhve cneb~mhohl bhqepe{e alblae{no nb kl{cnq~pn{hl{ cnbeq pbeaeq x nobeq vhieqs{eoqvn{qebnq
Pbeae
Lks~{ecl{
Slpn cn pbeae
Pn{fhb cn kl{cn
Pn{fhb cn ~ohño
Ahoseecjnqhve cneb~mhohlpl{lqe pe{ealblae{ no nbkl{cn hofn{hl{cn beq pbeaeq
Pe{e ie{eoshte{ be nqseou~nh-cec" a~eocl qne onanqe{hl {ne-bht { bb l b d "
Pnie{ ahose ecjnqhve bhqeqlk{n nb kl{cn cn be pbeaeq~pn{hl{ x ahose ecjnqhvepl{lqe qlk{n nb kl{cnhofn{hl{" pe{e nvhse{ benos{ece cn ei~e x plbvl xfeahbhse{ be qebhce cn ei~ecn alocnoqeahño/
keq
je~s
6
1
>
kl{cn hofn{hl{
kl{cn q~pn{hl{
Beq pbeaeq vhnono p{lsnih-ceq pl{ ~o fhbm no q~q clqae{eq" blaebhte{ be ae{e cn beqpbeaeq s{eseceq alos{e be{echeahño qlbe{ *bbnveo hoq-a{hpahlonq( x alblae{beqjeahe e{{hke/
Cnde{ ~o nqpeahl cn > mmnos{n beq pbeaeq x nb kl{cncnb pn{fhb pe{e pn{mhsh{ bebhk{n chbeseahño cn be pbeae/
Inon{ebmnosn" a~eocl qn ebhaese~oe pe{nc no be u~n qn ve e{nebhte{ ~o nome{aecl" qn veoalblaeocl slceq beq kebclqeq"{nqpnseocl nb j~nal no nb u~n qnve e fhde{ nb nqpndl x q~ me{al/ Nqsnj~nal qn chk~de qlk{n be pe{nc alo~oe kls e cn s{ete{/
Pe{e ebhaese{ nb alod~osl cn be pe{nc" qn almp{~nke u~n nqsè vn{shaebalo ex~ce cn ~o ohvnb cn k~{k~de l ~oe pblmece x qn ~shbhteo mh{eqmnsåbhaeq pe{e alblae{ beq kebclqeq *vn{ fhaje p{lxnas l + Añml alblae{kebclqeq no ~o m~{l hosn{hl{+ (/
Nb ecjnqhvl qn nbhin no f~oahño cnb shpl cn kebclqeq an{åmhaeq u~n qnveo e alblae{ x cnb shpl cn qlpl{sn qlk{n nb u~n qn veo e fhde{4
cn > e 50 mm/Be sèaohae cn alblaeahño nq be cn noalbecl qhmpbn" u~n aloqhqsn no~ose{ nb ecjnqhvl qñbl qlk{n nb qlpl{sn/
Pe{e nbbl" qn alin nb ecjnqhvl cn be ievnse alo ~oe pebnse x qn alblaeqlk{n be pe{sn bhqe cn be bbeoe cnosece/
ALBLAEAHÑO CN BEQ PHNTEQ
7/31/2019 Nociones de albañilería
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nociones-de-albanileria 47/387y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q • ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 1
Beq phnteq an{åmhaeq qn alblaeo ~oe e ~oe/ Qn ep{hns eo jeahnocl f~n{tealo be meol jeqse alblae{beq no q~ plqhahño nzease x" e alosho~eahño"qn ilbpneo alo ~oe mete cn ilme jeqse aloqni~h{ u~n s lceq u~ncnoe ohvnb/ Nq cnah{ qho u~n u~ncno + andeq+ nos{n blq kl{cnq/
E alosho~eahño" x ~shbhteocl nqse pe{snbhqe cn be bbeoe" qn nzshnocn nb ecjnqhvlqlk{n be pe{nc jeqse aloqni~h{ ~oepnbía~be fhoe ~ohf l{mnmnosn {npe{shce/
Qn ce be v~nbs e e be bbeoe" qn hoabhoe ~olq60´ x qn pnhoe nb ecjnqhvl alo be pe{sncnosece cn be mhqme" nq cnah{" qn{nebhteo blq q~{alq l nqs{íeq onanqe{hlqpe{e fevl{nan{ be ecjn{noahe cn beqphnteq/ Be bbeoe cnos ece u~n qn ealoqndepe{e nqse lpn{eahño nq cn 6 z 6 mm/
Qh s{eoqa~{{no måq cn chnt mho~slqeosnq cn alblae{ beq phnteq" qn{åonanqe{hl vlbvn{ e pnhoe{ nb ecjnqhvl/
H M P L [ S E O S NEosnq cn snaje{" almp{lke{ u~n nb mesn{heb e ~shbhte{ {nqpnse be ol{meshve no vhil{/Pe{e ~o {na~k{hmhnosl alo pbeaeq khs~mholqeq" be pnochnosn cnb sndecl cnkn qn{" alml míohml" cnb ;0 . /
K{ha l fha j e 03 /06 ALBLAE[ ^O E VNOSEO E BHQSE CN MESN[HEB BE NBNAAHÑO CNQMLOSE[ BE EOSHI^EVNOSEOE BE ALBLAEAHÑOBE ALBLAEAHÑOCN BE VNOSEOE BE ALBLAEAHÑO ALOQNDLQ
fhdeahlonq" nmphnano pl{ u~hse{" alo nb phn cn aek{e" nbme{al x b~nil nb xnql cnb noa~ec{ecl *alo ~o k~{hb x ~ome{shbbl" l mndl{ eôo ~oe mete(/
AL[SN CN BEQ FH DEAHLO NQ Qh nb me{al nqså fhdecl no be lk{e alo peseq cn qnbbecl"snoc{åo u~n qeae{ e b~ t èqseq alo nb k~{hb x be mete/ Qh ebalos{e{hl nqså fhdecl alo sl{ohbblq x peqecl{nq" nb mèslclmåq {åphcl aloqhqsh{å no qn{{e{ èqslq alo ~oe qhn{{e cnmnsebnq/
BE VNOSEOE MNSÅBH AE
^o me{al cn vnoseoe mnsåbhae" esl{ohbbecl ch{nasemnosn nobe pe{nc" qn cnqmlose qnoahbbemnosn alo ~o cnqsl{ohbbecl{/Qh nb keqshcl{ nqså fhdecl no ~o me{al cn mecn{e"cnqsl{oíbbnobl cn q~ qlpl{sn x b~nil qhn{{no" alo be qhn{{ecn mnsebnq" blq nbnmnoslq u~n fhdeo nb qlpl{sn cn mecn{eno be pe{nc/
BE NQSEOU^NH CECPe{e lksnon{ ~oe k~noe nqseou~nhcec" nq p{nfn{hkbn jean{{novebqlq no be pe{nc" qh ol jekíe/ Me{u~no q~ eoajl x q~p{lf~ochcec e bl be{il cn blq besn{ebnq cn be ekn{s~{e" alobíoneq vn{shaebnq chqseosnq nos{n qí cnb eoajl cnb me{al/Veaíno alo be meanse x nb k~{hb/
Be p{lf~ochcec cnb {novebql qn{å f~oahño cnb nmpbetemhnosl cn be vnoseoe"cnsn{mhoecl nqsn ôbshml pl{ nb s hpl cn eplxl x be oes~{ebnte cn be pe{nc/ Pe{e~oe pe{nc bbnoe nb me{al qn alblae{å e pblml cn be pe{nc hosn{hl{" pn{l snoc{åu~n § {na~k{h{ · nb nqpeahl qnpe{eocl blq clq sekhu~nq cn ~oe pe{nc j~nae/
^O ÔBSH ML ALOS[LBVn{hfhu~no blq ohvn bnq" blq epblmlq x blq åoi~blq {naslq cnbeq pe{ncnq hosn{oeq cn be ekn{s~{e/ Alos{lbno hi~ebmnosnbe jl{htlosebhcec cnb eplxl cn vnoseoe/ Nfnasôno ~o ôbshmlalos{lb" alblaeocl p{lvhqhloebmnosn nb o~nvl me{al no beekn{s~{e/
MÈSLCL 54 PESSEQ CN QNBBECL Pe{e fhde{ nb me{al cn be vnoseoe" p~ncno lpse{ pl{ beqpeseq cn qnbbecl/ Esl{oíbbnobeq qlk{n nb aeosl cnbc~{mhnosn/ Clkbno beq peseq no ~o åoi~bl cn 80°/ Nqslpn{mhsh{å eoabe{beq qñbhcemnosn no be pe{nc/
V E AH E [ S{e ano nb n mpbe temh nosl cn b lq ei~dn{lq cn qnbbecl cn bepeseq no blq b~ie{nq al{{nqplochnosnq/ Alo ~o k~{hb x ~oemete" veaíno blq ei~dn{lq/ P{nvneo clq pl{ aece becl/ Nqslqn{å empbhemnosn q~fhahnosn/
MÈSLCL ; 4 BLQ SL[OH BBLQ-S^N[AEQPe{e be fhdeahño cn ~oe vnoseoe l cn ~oe p~n{se" p~ncno ~shbhte{ hi~ebmnosn~olq peqecl{nq nqpnahebnq/ Nb sl{ohbbl xe nqså alblaecl cnos{l cn be s~n{ae x qnp{lbloie pl{ ~oe phnte añohae u~n qn noqeoaje a~eocl qn esl{ohbbe" x q~dnse bevnoseoe no q~ qhshl/
BE MEQHBBE A~ebu~hn{e u~n qne nb mèslcl" bhmphno cn plbvl nb veol xb~nil cnplqhsno *alo ~o epbhaecl{ cn ae{s~ajlq( ~oe aepecn meqq¾hbbe cn ebkeõhbn{íe qlk{n nb eplxl" no nb qhshl clocnqn alblae{å be vnoseoe" eqí alml qlk{n nb c~{mhnosn/ Pe{ee~mnose{ be aeoshcec cn p{lc~asl u~n qebn cnb epbhaecl{"{nal{sno q~ phal/
BEQ A^ÕEQ No be sh{e cn meqhbbe" alblu~no s{eoqvn{qebmnosn ~oeqa~õeq cn mecn{e qlk{n beq a~ebnq qn eqnose{å be vnoseoe/Nq be ôohae meon{e cn al blae{be khno jl{htlosebmnosn x cncnde{ ~o nqpeahl {ni~be{ nos{n nb me{al x be pe{nc/
BLQ PEQECL[NQPlo ieo n o q~ qhsh l be vnoseoe/ Aåbanobe" pl{ aece becl *xp{nfn{nosnmnosn no be p{lbloieahño cn blq s{evnqeõlq( alopeqecl{nq cn mecn{e *khqnbeclq(/ Vn{hfhu~no k~noealblaeahño jl{htloseb x vn{shaeb cnb c~{mhnosn" x b~nilalos{lbno nb k~no f~oahloemhnosl cn beq jldeq/
B E F H D E AH Ñ O C N B E Q P E S E QPe{e fhde{ beq peseq cn qnbbecl" qèbbnobeq alo ~o anmnosl{åphcl l alo ~o ml{sn{l nqpnaheb/ ^shbhano ~oe pebnsebbeme ce +bnoi~e cn iesl+ pe{e epbhae{bl/ Pe{e {nfl{te{ nbeoabedn" p~ncno eõech{ eb ml{sn{l ~oeq phnc{eq s{hs~{eceq/
BE FH DEAH ÑO CN BLQ PEQECL[NQ Pe{e fhde{ be vnoseoe alo sl{ohbblq-s~n{aeq" cnqbhanocnqnajlq cn eiblmn{ecl nos{n nb me{alq x be pe{nc" no blqb~ie{nq clocn pn{fl{e{åo cnqp~èq blq ei~dn{lq pee{esl{ohbbe{ nb me{al no q~ qhshl/ ^oe vnt nfnas~ece bepn{fl{eahño" plc{åo j~och{ blq sl{ohbblq-s~n{aeq x esl{ohbbe{nb c~{mhnosn no nb veol/
P [ NP E [ E S H V L Q Pe{e q~dnse{ qñbhcemnosn be vnoseoe no be plqhahñocnqnece" be qlb~ahño aloqhqsn no albme{ nb nqpeahl nos{n nb
me{al x be pe{nc alo nqp~me plbh~{nseoe / J~mhchfhu~nop{hmn{l nb me{al" alo ~o vepl{htecl{ pe{e pbeoseq" bl u~nmndl{e{å be ecjn{noahe x be nzpeoqhño cn be nqp~me/
BE NQP^ME NZPEOCH CE Qn s{ese cn ~oe nqp~me plbh~{nseoe e~slnzpeoqhve" u~n ce~oe fhdeahño nzs{nmecemnosn qñbhce" eb mhqml shnmpl u~n~o pn{fnasl ehqbemhnosl sè{mhal x eaôqshal/ Ol ploieocnmeqhecl/ No aeoshcec nzanqhve" q~ p{nqhño plc{íecnqpbete{ nb me{al/
U^H SE[ BLQ NZANCNOSNQ
Cnqp~èq cn u~n qn jexe noc~{nahcl" plc{åo u~hse{ beqa~õeq x sepe{ blq ei~dn{lq alo be nqp~me nzpeochce /Cndno cn o~nvl u~n qn noc~{ntae be nqp~me x {nal{sno blqnzancnosnq alo nb a~ssn{/
AÑML ALMKESH [ BE J^M NCEC BEQ AE^QEQ CN BE J^ MNCEC
BE PL[LQHC EC 4 Nb ei~e x be j~mncec p~ncno hofhbs{eqn no ~o mesn {heb"qlk{n slcl qh èqsn nq pl{lql/ Nb ei~e cn bb~vhe p~ncnhofhbs{e{qn no beq pe{ncnq e ae~qe cn ~oe mebe lk{e cnebkeõhbn{íe *i{evncec( x nb ei~e cn be aepe f{nåshae p~ncnes{evnqe{ be pe{nc jeahe e{{hke *aephbe{hcec(/
BEQ PNU^NÕEQ I[H NSEQ Q^PN[FH AH EBNQ 4 Qn fl{meo c~{eosn nb qnaecl cnb anmnosl" inon{e bmnosn qh je qhcl m~x{åphcl" l qh nb anmnosl ol qn je mntabecl no beq p{lpl{ahlonq al{{naseq/ No
p{hoahphl" nqseq fhq~{eq qlo q~pn{fhahebnq x q~ p{lf~ochcec ol q~pn{e e be cnbnob~ahcl/
[NPE[EAH LONQ H MPL[SEOSNQ 4 Beq f~ieq hmpl{seosnq cnkno s{ese{qn alo ~o p{lc~asl aloilme bíu~hce e nzsnocn{ no clq aepeq cn k{laje 4 bep{hmn{ e cnkn chb~h{qn" pn{l ol eqí be qni~oce *epbhaece s{eqnb qnaecl be p{hmn{e(/ [nf~n{an beq d~oseq alo sndhcl cnfhk{e cn vhc{hl qhnmp{n u~n qne plqhkbn/
ALBLAEAHÑO CN ^OE E BAEAJLFE 4
P~ncn alblae{ ~oe ebaeajlfe no be klae cn be aeõn{íecnqshoece e kblu~ne{ blq {nqhc~lq måq i{~nqlq x nvhse{ eqí u~n nb cnqeiòn qn lkqs{~xe/ Abe{l nqså" cnkn{å bhmphe{ beebaeajlfe e mno~cl/
BE NVEA^EAH ÑO CNB EI^E 4 Pe{e nvhse{ u~n" qhi~hnocl q~ a~{ql" beq ei~eq cn bb~vhenqs{lpnno i{evnmnosn be pe{nc n hoab~ql q~q ahmhnoslq"alblu~n ~o alcl # *)Cnbfío)(# no nb nzs{nml cnb aeoebño u~nbeq {naloc~tae jeahe ~oe ahqsn{oe l ~oe flqe alonasece ebebaeose{hbbecl/
BEQ PE[NCNQ NZSN[H L[NQ AÑML ALMKESH [ BE J^M NCEC
BEQ PE[NCNQ J^NAEQ 4 Beq pe{ncnq j~naeq *clkbnq( lf{nano ~oe mndl{ p{lsnaahñoalos{e be j~mncec/ Nb ei~e cn bb~vhe es{evhnqe nbpe{emnosl nzsn{hl{ x {naen no be aåme{e hosn{hl{" clocn nqnvea~ece pl{ nb kekn{l cn pblml x be d~oseq mloseosnqcndeceq ekhn{seq/ Nb pe{emnosl hosn{ol pn{meonanalmpbnsemnosn qnal/
NB EH QBEMH NOSL CN BEQ PE[NCNQ J^NAEQ 4 Pe{e ehqbe{ ~o pe{nc j~nae *nvhse{ be alocnoqeahño( bbnon beaåme{e qñbl cn fl{me pe{aheb" e fho cn u~n u~ncn keqseosn
nqpeahl pe{e be nvea~eahño cnb ei~e/ Beq aepeq cnplbhnqsh{nol ol ekql{kno nb ei~e/ S{esn nb pe{emnoslnzsn{hl{ alos{e beq hofhbs{eahlonq p{nfn{nosnmnosn alo ~o{nvnqshmhnosl/
NB MEOSNOHM H NOSL CN BEQ D^OSEQ 4 Beq d~oseq qhi~no qhnocl nb p~osl cèkhb cn beq pe{ncnq cnmemplqsn{íe xe qneo j~naeq l ol/ Cnqp~èq cn ebiôoshnmpl" qn jhnbeo" qn cnqml{loeo x ol lplono {nqhqsnoaheeb ei~e/ U~hsn nb ml{sn{l vhndl jeqse 5> mm cnp{lf~ochcec alo ~o m e{shbbl x ~o ahoanb l alo be ex~ce cn~o {eqaecl{/
NB [ND^OSEC L4
Bhmphn be d~oseq x j~mncètaebeq/ P{npe{n ~o o~nvlml{sn{l alo ~oe pe{sn cn anmnosl pl{ s{nq cn e{noe fhoe/Alblu~n nqsn ml{sn{l qlk{n ~oe bbeoe n hos{lcôtaebl alo ~opeb~qs{hbbl pe{e d~ose/ Pe{e nb eaekecl cn be d~oseq" ~shbhanpl{ ndnmpbl ~o {nal{sn cn s~kn{íe cnb mhqml eoajl/
NB EHQBEMH NOSL NZSN[H L[ 4 ^oe pe{ nc meahte p~ncn {na~k{h{qn pl{ f~n{e alo ~oeqeoie{hbbeq cn pn{fhbnq PVA l cn pbeaeq cn mecn{e fhdeceqlk{n ~o e{metño cn mecn{e/ Alblu~n ~o ehqbeosneoshalocnoqeahño nos{n be pe{nc x beq eoie{hbbeq cnb becl cnpe{nc/ Cndn nqpeahl q~fhahnosn pe{e be vnoshbeahño/
H OFH BS[EAH ÑO CN BEQ EI^EQ CN BB^VH E 4 Beq ei~eq cn bb~vhe p~ncno hofhbs{e{qn cn ve{heq fl{meq no ~oe aloqs{~aahño 4pl{ beq {eo~{eq l pl{ blq pl{lq cnb mesn{heb/ Ino n{ebmnosn" be pe{nc måqemnoetece nq eu~nbbe u~n jean f{nosn eb vhnosl clmhoeosn" xe u~n n qsn ôbshmleõecn f~n{te e be aeíce cnb ei~e/Beq pe{ncnq cnq hmp{nioeceq cn j~mncec phn{cno slcl q~ k{hbbl x nqsèshae/ Blqpl{lq q~pn{fhahebnq qn noq~aheo" x o l qñbl qn {nu~nk{ede nb anmnosl no beq~pn{fhahn qhol u~n be phos~{e qn cnqaloaje/ No nb hosn{hl{" blq pepnbnq phoseclqqn cnqpnieo" be phos~{e qn cnqa~nbie x jex cnmeqhece j~mncec no nbemkhnosn/
BEQ FH Q^[EQ H MPL[SEOSNQ 4 Cnkn ek{h{ beq fhq~{eq hmpl{seosnq alo ~o nqalpbl *qlk{n 9 -: mm cn eoajl x 5 am cn p{lf~ochcec(/ Bímphnbeq"cnqnmpñbvnbeq x såpnbeq alo ~oe meqhbbe u~n p~ncephose{qn/ Be phqslbe bn pn{mhsn nzs{en{ be meqhbbe cnbae{s~ajl/ Ebhqn alo be a~ajhbbe cn nob~ahcl" phosn l s{esn bepe{nc/
BE PL[LQHCE C 4 No beq pe{ncnq phoseceq l nob~ahceq qn epbhae ~o{nvnqshmhnosl cnq p~èq cn ~oe aepe cn flocl cnb mhqmlp{lc~asl chb~hcl x nzsnochcl alo be k{laje/ Be aepe olchb~íce qn p~ncn epbhae{ ebi~oeq jl{eq cnqp~èq/ Nb eqpnaslcnb eaekecl cnpnocn{å cnb ~snoqhbhl ~shbhtecl/
Qlk{n ~oe pe{nc cn phnc{e l cn bec{hbblq" peqn ~o p{lc~aslcn nqseou~nhcec hoalbl{l *alo be k{laje" nb {lchbbl l bephqslbe(/ Epbíu~nbl no clq l s{nq aepeq q~anqhveq" pl{s{emlq al{slq" mhnos{eq nb flocl ekql{ke nb p{lc~asl xjeqse u~n qn qes~{n/
BE NBEQSH AH CEC 4 Be p{hoahpeb vnosede cn blq p{lc~aslq cn {nvnqshmhnosljhc{ñf~ilq alo {nqpnasl cn beq phos~{eq nq u~n qlovhqhkbnmnosn måq nbåqshalq x qn ecepseo mndl{ e beqcnfl{meahlonq x e be aloqs{~aahño x nqsl {ns{eqeqnoqhkbnmnosn be epe{hahño cn fhq~{eq/
BLQ P[LC^ASLQ +EH [NEOSNQ+ 4) Be phos~{e x nb {nvnqshmhnosl jhc{ñf~ilq ol cnkno qn{hmpn{mnekbnq/ Pl{ nb alos{e{hl" cnkno cnde{ nqaepe{ be
j~mncec jeahe nb nzsn{hl{ pe{e nvhse{ be cni{eceahño cn beqpe{ncnq no q~ ae{e hosn{oe/ Nqsn nq nb aeql cn blqp{lc~aslq +EH[NEOSNQ+ *l mha{lpl{lqlq(/
BLQ ME[ALQ 4 Beq ~ohlonq no meb nqsecl nos{n blq me{alq cn p~n{seq lvnoseoeq x be lk{e cn ebkeõhbn{íe" cnkno s{ese{qn aloohvnbecl{nq e keqn c n qhbhaloeq l nqp~me P^ *no qp{ex(/Nqse ôbshme qn nzpeocn seosl u~n keqse bbnoe{ alo be mhseccn {eo~{e7 cnqp~èq cn qnae{qn nqse{å {npbnse/
BLQ AH MH NOSLQ 4
Pl{ cn kedl cnb ohvnb cnb q~nbe" ~shbhan ~o p{lc~asl cnnqseou~nhcec u~n ol fl{mn ~oe pnbía~be p{lsnasl{e no beq~pn{fhahn cnb mesn{heb" qhol u~n pnons{n pl{ nos{n q~qpl{lq pe{e on~s{ebhte{ be j~mncec/ Nzshnoce ~oe p{hmn{eaepe alo ~oe k{laje q~evn qlk{n flocl qnal x b~nil cènos{n ; x 1 aepeq q~pbnmnose{heq
BEQ PE[NCNQ NOSN[[EC EQ 4 A~eocl bb~nvn" nb ei~e qn fhbs{e no be shn{{e x s{ese cnpnons{e{ no beq lk{eq cn ebkeõhbn{íe nosn{{eceq pe{e{nmlose{/ Qlaevn be pe{n c" qh nq plqhkbn jeqse be mhqmeqlbn{e cn blq ahmhnoslq x bímphnbe/ Epbhu~n b~nil clq aepeqcn ilme bíu~hce alo ~o phoanb x v~nbve e alblae{ be shn{{e/
KE[[N[E NO BE LK[E 4 Pl{ bl inon{eb" e be jl{e cn aloqs{~h{ beq pe{ncnq" qn p{nvèbe hoal{pl{eahño cn ~oe ke{{n{e cn nqseou~nhcec" *nq cnah{
~o {nvnqshmhnosl khs~mholql" ~o kekn{l cn pblml l ~oepnbía~be cn pbåqshal( e be lk{e cn ebkeõhbn{íe" an{ae cnb ohvnbcnb q~nbl x e be mhqme ebs~{e no slcl nb pn{ímns{ l cn beaeqe/
BE E BS^[E AL[[NASE 4 Be ke{{n{e cn nqseou~nhcec cnkn qhs~e{qn pl{ noahme cn besn{{ete no be ae{e nzsn{hl{ cn be pe{nc x cns{åq cnb pbhosl *e{eq cnb nob~ahcl( no be ae{e hosn{oe/ Be j~mncec cnb q~nblcl cnkn nos{e{ no aloseasl alo be lk{e oh nb nob~ahcl/
ALBLAEAH ÑO NO ^O E AEQE XE NZH QSNOSN 4
Qh be aeqe qn aloqs{~xñ qho ke{{n{e cn nqseou~nhcec" cnkn{nebhte{ qeoi{íeq e bl be{il cn slce be pe{nc *alo ~oeemlbecl{e eoi~be{(" pn{l cndeocl qhnmp{n ~o mns{l cnpe{nc hosease pl{ aece mns{l cn pe{nc qeoi{eceebsn{oeshvemnosn pe{e ol cnkhbhse{ be aloqs{~aahño/
BE MNMK[EOE 4 Cnqp~èq" p~ncn alblae{ be mnmk{eoe no beq ekn{s~{eq xa~k{h{be alo ml{sn{l/ A~eocl qn jexe qnaecl" p{lancn{å cnhi~eb meon{e alo beq tloeq eôo pl{ s{ese{/ No beq pe{ncnqclkbn q" be mnm k{eo e cnkn e pbhae{qn no be ae{e hosn{oe*alqsn nbnvecl(/
BEQ PE[NCNQ H OSN[H L[NQ AÑML ALMKESH [ BE J^M NCEC
BEQ FHQ^[EQ 4 B~ajn alos{e be j~mncec no nb nzsn{hl{ cn be aeqe qhnmp{nu~n qne plqhkbn/ Qh ol bli{e" cnkn{å s{ese{ semkhèo beqpe{ncnq hosn{hl{nq/ Cnkn{å sepe{ beq fhq~{eq q~pn{fhahebnqalo ~o nob~ahcl cn ohvnbeahño x beq {eo~{eq måqhmpl{seosnq alo ~oe meqhbbe nbåqshae/
BLQ ME[ALQ 4 Eqniô {nqn cn u ~n b eq ~ohlonq nos{n p~n{seq x vnoseoeq xq~q me{alq nqsèo khno nqseoaeq/ Be nqp~me P^ no qp{ex
lf{nan eb mhqml shnmpl ~o k~no ehqbemhnosl x ~oenqseou~nhcec qeshqfeasl{he e be jl{e cn alblae{ nqslqme{alq/
NBH MH OEAHÑO CN BE PH OS^[E X CNB MLJL 4 Beq meoajeq cn j~mncec u~n qn fl{meo qlk{n nb hosn{hl{cn be pe{nc p~ncno qn{ s{eseceq alo ~o p{lc~asl nqseoal/Eosnq u~n oece" u~hsn be phos~{e cnqaloajece l nb pepnbalo ~o anphbbl c~{l l ~oe {equ~nse/ Nbhmhon nb mljl aloei~e x anphbbl" qh ol vlbvn{åo e epe{nan{/
[NVNQSH MH NOSL CN PE[NCNQ H OSN[H L[NQ 4
Epbhu~n ~o {nvnqshmhnosl s{eoqpe{nosn pe{e pe{ncnqhosn{hl{nq alo ~oe k{laje" no ; aepeq" måq ebbå cn be tloejômnce/ Nqsn p{lc~asl fl{me ~oe ke{{n{e nqseoae nos{n bepe{nc jômnce x nb {nvnqshmhnosl m~{eb x p~ncn {na~k{h{qnalo phos~{e l pepnb phosecl i{eaheq e q~ pn{mnekhbhcec/
NB QEBH S[N 4 Beq nfbl{nqanoaheq kbeoaeq bbemeceq +qebhs{n+ qn fl{meoa~eocl be j~mncec eqanocnosn nos{n no aloseasl alo nblzíinol cnb eh{n no p{nqnoahe cn aebahl 4 nosloanq qn fl{menb ohs{esl cn aebahl *qebhs{n(/ Pl{ bl seosl" jex u~n nvhse{nqseq q~khceq cn j~mncec *hoxnaahlonq l epbhaeahño cn ~o{nvnqshmhnosl cn ae~ajl(/
BEQ PE[NCNQ H OSN[H L[NQ AÑML ALMKESH [ BE J^M NCEC
BLQ BLAEBNQ JÔMNCLQ 4 AEbi~oeq jekhseah lonq qlo jômnceq cnkhcl e beq eashvhcecnq e beq u~n nqsåocnqshoeceq 4 alahoeq" bevecn{lq" a~e{slq cn keõl x a~e{slq *cn cl{mh{(/ Bej~mncec qn ch{hin cnb aebl{ eb f{íl" hoqsebåoclqn p~nq no beq pe{ncnq meahteql qlk{n nb pe{emnosl nzsn{ol cn beq pe{ncnq j~naeq/ Be alocnoqeahño epe{nanseosl no nb hosn{hl{ cn beq vnoseoeq alml no blq aloc~aslq cn ei~e" måq f{ílqu~n nb eh{n emkhnosn/ Qh nqslq aloc~aslq qn noa~nos{eo cnos{l cn be lk{e" bealocnoqeahño p~ncn qn{ pn{meonosn x cn ejí be epe{hahño cn tloeq jômnceq/
BE VNOSH BEAH ÑO 4 Nb eh{n f{íl u~n nos{e no be jekhseahño qn aebhnose x ae{ie cnj~mnce c/ A~ hcn cn u ~n j exe ; ekn{s~{eq cn vnoshbeahñopl{ a~e{sl jômncl pe{e nvea~e{ nqsn eh{n qes~{ ecl cnei~e *~oe ebse x ls{e kede( l chqplqhshvlq cn vnoshbeahñoalos{lbece *nb eh{n vhahecl nq eqph{ecl pl{ nzs{eaahñomnaåohae x {nnmpbetecl pl{ eh{n bhmphl(/
NB EH QBEMH NOSL CN BEQ PE[NCNQ 4 Be alocnoqeahño qn fl{me semkhèo no beq pe{ncn q mebehqbeceq/ Be pn{fnase alblaeahño cn ~o ehqbemhnosleoshalocnoqeahño no be pe{sn cnb aebl{ nvhse u~n bej~mncec qn hoqsebn no be pe{nc/ Ol lbvhcn u~n be j~mncecchqmho~xn nb plcn{ ehqbeosn cn blq mesn{hebnq 4 easônaloahnot~cemnosn/
NB KH QS[N CN BEQ AJH MNONEQ 4 Qh qn p{lc~an alocnoqeahño no be ajhmnone" be j~mncecchq~nbvn nb jlbbío x be q~ahncec x es{evhnqe be pe{ncae~qeocl jl{{hkbnq meoajeq no nb hosn{hl{/ Snoc{å nosloanqu~n u~hse{ nb nob~ahcl" epbhae{ ae~ajl bíu~hcl x b~nil ~os{ltl cn {ndhbbe eosnq cn vlbvn{ e nob~ah{/
NB EKQL[KNOSN CN J^MNCEC 4 P~ncn p{lsnin{ blq blaebnq an{{eclq n hoq~fhahnosnmnosnvnoshbeclq x nzp~nqslq e hmpl{seosnq ve{heahlonq cnjhi{lmns{íe alo ~o ekql{knosn cn j~mncec {nae{iekbn e~o cnqj~mhchfhaecl{ nbèas{hal a~xl alocnoqecl{ aepsn bej~mncec emkhnosn x be {nalde/
BLQ KE[OH ANQ 4 Cnkn{å epbhae{ ~o ke{oht hmpn{mnekbn e keqn cnplbh~{nseol *nqpnaheb pe{e blq mesn{hebnq pl{lqlq almlanmnosl ~ jl{mhiño( no ; ñ 1 aepeq *be p{hmn{e alophoanb(/ Nqsn p{lc~asl ol qn cnqieqse x p~ncn snon{ ~oeaekecl +eoshcnqbhteosn+ no fl{me cn e{noe qnae nzsnochceqlk{n be ;¤ aepe eosnq cnb qnaecl/
NB [NVNQSH MH NOSL CNAL[ESH VL 4 Shnon eqpnasl cn phos~{e x p~ncn epbhae{qn fåahbmnosn alophoanb" {lchbbl l phqslbe/ Qn noc~{nan eb nos{e{ no aloseasl
alo be j~mncec cnb eh{n7 nq m~x c~{l x {nqhqsnosn x e bmhqml shnmpl nq nbåqshal/
BE ILME BÍ U^HCE 4 Blq bec{hbblq q~nbslq cnb noblqecl" beq d~oseq nomljnahceq"beq j~nbbeq cn j~mncec l nb q~nbl mldecl no shnmplq cnbb~vhe fevl{nano be hofhbs{eahño cnb ei~e no nb q~nbl cn beaeqe/ U~hsn nb {nvnqshmhnosl nzhqsnosn" epbhu~n clq aepeqcn ilme bíu~hce x {no~nvn nb {nvnqshmhnosl/
BE PNBÍ A^BE CN PLBHNSH BNOL
Alblaeocl ~oe pnbía~be cn plbhnshbnol" qlk{n pebaeq cnplbhnqsh{nol pl{ ndnmpbl" qn fl{me ~oe ke{{n{ehmpn{mnekbn/ Qni~hcemnosn" qn plon ~o {nvnqshmhnosl ‑nvn os~ebmn osn e{mecl ‑ qlk{n be pnbía~be x b~nil nb q~nbl/Be almkhoeahño cn ehqbemhnosl x vnoshbeahño nvhse{åo beepe{hahño cn alocnoqeahño no nb q~nbl/
BE ALOCNOQEAHÑO 4 Be j~mncec cn be aåme{e qeohse{he pl{ nd/ Q~pn{e qhnmp{ne be cnb eh{n emkhnosn/ Qh nb q~nbl nqså pn{fl{ecl" ~oe pe{sncn be vnoshbeahño qn nfn asôe pl{ be aåme{e qeohse{he *nqsl qncnkn eb nfnasl sh{l(/ Hmpn{mnekhbítnbl" {nbbnoeocl beq{eo~{eq *eb{ncncl{ cn blq s~klq" nsa/( alo nqp~ me P^/
Abhme cn be tloeAece shpl cn ehqbeos n shnon ~oalnfhahnos n cn ehqbemhnos l s è{-
mhal no f ~oahño cn q~ almpl-qhahño x cn q~ i{lql{/
Nzhqsno ol{meq nqpnaífhaeq pe{eaece tloe4 ol c~cn no pnch{
hofl{meahño e o~nqs{lq vnocn-cl{nq/
Qlpl{snNb ehqbeosn x be sèaohae cn alblaeahño u~n qn nbhde pe{e fhde{bl"cnpnocn{åo cn be qnpe{eahño" nb i{lql{ x be ebhoneahño cn beqvhieq cn be e{mec~{e cnb sndecl *nqseq vhieq semkhèo qn cnol-
mhoeo aek{hlq/
E
K
A
Ep{lvnajemhnosl cnb nqpeahlC
Alblaeahño pl{ nb hosn{hl{ l pl{ nb nzsn{hl{N
A~eocl nq onanqe{hl ep{lvnaje{ eb måzhml nb nqpeahl chqpl-ohkbn no be k~je{chbbe" qn p~ncno nmpbne{ ehqbeosnq u~n" alo ~oalnfhahnosn sè{mhal nu~hvebnosn" qlo måq fholq u~n blq mesn-{hebnq ehqbeosnq s{echahloebnq/
No beq {nfl{meq" alml ol{meinon{eb" nb ehqbemhnos l qn {nebh-te e be meon{e s{echahloeb"alblaeocl ~o ehqbeosn kedl blqfebclonq cn be e{mec~{e cnbsndecl/
No lk{e o~nve" qn p~ncno albl-ae{ ~olq peonbnq ehqbeosnqnqpnahebnq qlk{n be e{mec~{e xfhde{ qlk{n nqslq mhqmlqpeonbnq blq {eqs{nbnq u~n qh{vnocn qlpl{sn e be alkn{s~{e cn
k~h{ l{hfhahlq pe{e be vnoshbe-ahño pl{ be e{mec~{e cnb snde-cl/ Nqseq vnoshbeahlonq qnek{no no be pe{sn ebse" no bekede x vn{shaebnq *iesn{eq(" e{etño cn ~oe vnos hbeahño pl{aece 5> m ; cn sndecl/
3 am
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6
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9
Hoqsebeahño35( Qlk{n vhieq {ni~be{nq
Alblaeahño cn pbeaeq cn plbhnqsh{nol nzs{~hclFhdeahño alo abevlq l sl{-ohbblq4
Eosnq cn nmpnte{" x alo nb f ho cn nbnih{ be qlb~ahño cn ehqbemhnos l måqnfhaet" alovhnon eoebhte{ beq ae{easn{íqshaeq cn be k~je{chbbe x vebl{e{blq qhi~hnosnq eqpnaslq4
Nzhqsno ol{meq nqpnaífhaeq pe{eaece tloe4 ol c~cn no pnch{
hofl{meahño e o~nqs{lq vnocn-cl{nq/
A( Qlpl{snNb ehqbeosn x be sèaohae cn alblaeahño u~n qn nbhde pe{e fhde{bl" cnpno-cn{åo cn be qnpe{eahño" nb i{lql{ x be ebhoneahño cn beq vhieq cn bee{mec~{e cnb s ndecl/
C( Alblaeahño pl{ nb hosn{hl{ l pl{ nb nzsn{hl{No beq {nfl{meq" alml ol{me inon-{eb" nb ehqbemhnosl qn {nebhte e bemeon{e s{echahloeb" alblaeocl ~o
ehqbeosn kedl blq febclonq cn bee{mec~{e cnb s ndecl/
No lk{e o~nve" nq plqhkbn alblae{~olq peonbnq ehqbeosnq nqpnahebnqqlk{n be e{mec~{e x fhde{ qlk{n
nqs lq mhqmlq peonbnq blq {eqs{nbnqu~n qh{vno cn qlpl{sn e be alkn{-s~{e cn sndeq" phte{{e" nsa/
Almp{lke{ nb nqsecl cn be e{mec~{ecnb sndecl x s{ese{be qniôo beq onanqh-cecnq p~nqsl u~n" ~oe vnt u~n qn jexealblaecl nb ehqbeosn" xe ol qn{å eaan-qhkbn/
No nb aeql cn u~n qn ~shbhan ~o qlblpeonb cn beoe mhon{eb" nq hochqpnoqekbnu~n ~oe cn q~q ae{eq snoie ~o {na~k{h-mhnosl cn pepnb g{efs l eb~mhohl u~neasôn alml ke{{n{e cn vepl{" nq cnah{" u~nnvhsn u~n be alocnoqeahño qn p{lpei~npl{ beq fhk{eq {nc~ahnocl be {nqhqsnoahe sè{-mhae cnb ehqbeosn/ Alml qn vn no nb nqu~n-
y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 3
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5 Jn{{emhnoseq x mesn{hebnqJ N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
M E S N [ H E B N Q
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m c
p b s
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; Chqshoslq shplq cnehqbemhnosl
Ehqbe{ be qlbn{e nq ~o {na~{ql nqnoaheb seosl cnqcn nb p~osl cn vhqse cnb
ehqbemhnosl sè{mhal" alml cnb eaôqshal/ Nb ehqbemhnosl {nq~bsenqpnahebmnosn hmpl{seosn alml almpbnmnosl e be hoqsebeahño cnpevhmnoslq u~n" alml be mecn{e" aloqshs~xno e~sèoshaeq aedeq cn{nqloeoahe cn hmpeaslq x phqeceq/
Nzhqsno chqshoslq p{lc~aslq pe{e feahbhse{ nb ehqbemhnosl cn beq qlbn{eq xcn blq f l{declq/ Beq pbeoajeq l b lqnseq nbekl{eceq e pe{s h{ cn mes n{hebnqalml nb plbhnqsh{nol" seosl nb nzs{~hcl alml nb nzpeochcl" be nqp~me cnplbh~{nseol" be beoe cn {lae l be beoe cn vhc{hl x" alml qlb~ahño måqeas~eb" beq fhk{eq vninsebnq" qlo chqshoseq qlb~ahlonq u~n sn ie{eos hteo ~o
Nb p{hmn{l nq nb cn be ebs~{e u~np~ncnq eõech{ e s~ q~nbl/ Qh veq ejean{ ~oe qlbn{e alo ~oe pbeae cnjl{mhiño fblseosn" cnknq alose{alo nb i{lql{ cnb ehqbeosn nbnihcl"
måq 30 mm cn be pbeae cn jl{mhiñou~n veq e plon{" måq nb nqpnql{ cnb{nvnqshmhnos l u~n jexeq nbnihcl / Nqcnah{" nq m~x p{lkekbn u~n" qhaemkheq nb pevhmnosl eõechnoclnqsn ehqbemhnosl" s~ q~nbl ieonnos{n 9 x 50 am cn ebs ~{e/
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Nb qni~ocl qn {nfhn{n eb shpl cnehqbemhnosl u~n veq e ~shbhte{/ E bejl{e cn nbnih{bl" cnknq snon{ noa~nos e qh veq e alblae{ ch{nasemnos nqlk{n èb ~o {nvnqshmhnosl" alml nqjekhs~eb alo nb pe{u~è" l qh bl veq e~shbhte{ alml keqn cn ~oe qlbn{efblseosn cn jl{mhiño/ Aloq~bse nonqsn ôbshml aeql be {nqhqsnoahemnaåohae cnb ehqbemhnosl x u~n s~
vnocncl{ sn ealoqndn qh nqalovnohnos n e{me{ alo ~oe mebbe beblqe cn jl{mhiño/
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No inon{eb" blq shplq cn ehqbemhnosl u~n noalos{e{åq no s~ shnoce nqsåoeqlaheclq eb {nvnqshmhnosl u~n veq e ~shbhte{/ Blq fl{meslq cn nqslqp{lc~aslq shnono no a~nos e ol qñbl be nfhaeahe cn q~ almplqhahño qhol bealmlchcec cn q~ alblaeahño/ Ecnmåq" no nqse fhaje p{lxnas l qn cnqa{hknslcl bl onanqe{hl pe{e bbnve{ e aekl q~ hoqsebeahño/
Nb qlpl{s n cnkn nqse{ bhmphl x al{{nasemnos n ohvnbecl/ Nvhse {~ilqhcecnqcn måq cn ; mm" xe u~n q~nbno qn{ pn{d~chahebnq pe{e nb qlpl{sn/
Pe{e beq i{eocnq {npe{eahlonq l cnqohvnbnq cn måq cn > mm ~shbhteml{sn{l/ Pe{e aloqni~h{ ohvnbeahlonq måq bhin{eq epbhae ~oe peqseohvnbecl{e/ Qh u~hn{nq qekn{ måq qlk{n añml jean{ nqse epbhaeahño"aloq~bse be fhaje p{lxnas l + [npe{eahño x ebhqecl cn q~nblq+ /
Aloqni~h{ ~oe pn{fnase cnqalonzhño cn be s{eoqmhqhño cn qlohclqqhiohfhae plon{ nqpnaheb esnoahño e blq noa~nos{lq alo blq m~{lq xsekhu~nq/
Pe{e nbbl" qhi~n nqslq peqlq4
3 Ehqbemhnosl kedl blqefblseosn
Nb sn{an{ eqpnasl qlo beq alochahlonq cnb qlpl{sn/ Eqí" qh qn s{ese cnfl{declq l qlbn{eq qlk{n nb sn{{nol" sn alovnoc{å alose{ alo ~omesn{heb cn ebse {nqhqsnoahe e be j~mncec x e be p~c{hahño" almlp~ncn qn{ pl{ ndnmpbl nb p lbhnqsh{nol/
Pl{ ôbshml" qh veq e ~shbhte{ ~oe aebnfeaahño cn q~nbl {echeosn" cnknqsnon{ no a~nos e u~n ol s lclq blq mesn{hebnq qlo {nalmnocekbnq pe{enqsn qhqsnme cn aebnfeaahño/
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1 P{npe{eahño cnb qlpl{sn
E/ CNQALONZHÑO PN[HMNS[EB
Al{s e ~oeq sh{eq cn peonb ehqbeos n cn beoe cn {lae l cnb mesn{heb u~nnqsèq nmpbneocl/
Albñaebeq alos{e blq m~{lq x sekhu~nq qhi~hnocl slcl nb pn{ímns{l cnbe jekhs eahño/ Nqsn tñaebl cnkn s non{ be ebs~{e cn be blqe cn jl{mhiñomåq ; am/
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Fídebl alo nb ecjnqhvl måq ecna~eclpe{e nb shpl cn mesn{heb u~n nqsèq~shbhteocl" pn{l ol epbhu~nq nb
ecjnqhvl no be pe{sn måq ebse pl{u~nb~nil shnonq u~n al{se{ nb qlk{eosnq~pn{hl{/
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Nvhse no bl plqhkbn phqe{ blq peonbnq cnqp~èq cn q~ alblaeahño xp{npe{e nb vn{shcl cnb jl{mhiño cn fl{me u~n bl hohahnq no nb b~ie{måq ebndecl cnb eaanql e be jekhseahño/
Pbeohfhae khno nb s{ekedl x nb q~mhohqs{l cn mesn{hebnq pe{e plcn{{nebhte{ be blqe almpbnse no nb mhqml cíe/
Be alblaeahño qn jean qnpe{eocl beq phnteq nos{n qí alo ~oe pnu~nõe d~ose cn 5 mm x cn > mm {nqpnasl cn beq pe{ncnq/ Ol jex u~n epbhae{ohoiôo ecjnqhvl/
BE K^JE[CH BBE 4 Alml aece ~ol qekn" nb eh{n aebhnosn qn nbnve/ Ol qnnqaepe qñbl pl{ beq pe{ncnq x beq vnoseoeq" pn{l noi{eo pe{sn pl{ nb sndecl/ Nb ehqbemhnosl cn bek~je{chbbe nq pl{ aloqhi~hnosn p{hl{hse{hl 4 qñbl nbehqbemhnosl plc{å nvhse{ no hovhn{ol be f~ie cnb eh{naebhnosn" x no vn{eol nb {naebnosemhnosl cn be aeqe/
No nb aeql cn ~o sndecl pbeol" nb ehqbemhnosl qn shnonu~n alblae{ pl{ lkbhieaílo qlk{n be aloqs{~aahño cnb
sndecl/ Eb alos{e{hl" be meon{e cn ehqbe{ ~o sndecl nopnochnosn cnpnocn cnb ~ql u~n qn je jnajl cn bek~je{chbbe/ Qh nqså {nvnqshcl" qn alblae{å nb ehqbeosnqlk{n beq pnochn osnq cnb sndecl/ Qh ol qn alblae{åqlk{n nb q~nbl/
BE ALOCNOQEAH ÑO Pe{e p{nvnoh{ be alocnoqeahño" ~o k~no ehqbemhnoslol snoc{å u~n cnde{ peqe{ nb eh{n/ ̂ shbhano pl{ ndnmpbl~oe beoe mhon{eb alo {nvnqshmhnosl cn g{efs leb~mhohl" x vhihbno u~n ol qn {lmpe 4 alblu~n o blqaekbnq nbèas{halq no ~oe {niese
NB PE[E- VEPL[ 4 Nb ebi~olq aeqlq" nb peonb ehqbeosn xe vhnon nu~hpeclalo ~o pe{e -vepl{ *5(/ Qh ol p~ncno ~shbhte{ ~o fhbmcn plbhnshbnol no q~pn{plqhaílo cnb ehqbeosn *;(/Bhmhsno nb oômn{l cn d~oseq nqalihnocl {lbblq eoajlq/
^OE ALBLAEAH ÑO NFH AET 4 ^oeo bl mndl{ plqhkbn blq {lbblq l pbeaeq cnehqbemhnosl" nvhseocl hosn{qshahlq nos{n nb ehqbeosn x bealoqs{~aahño *nb e{metño pl{ ndnmpbl(" l nos{n blqbe{ilq cn ehqbeosn/ Nvhsno blq cnqpn{chahlq cn aebl{chqhm~beocl beq d~oseq alo ahose ecjnqhve nqpnaheb/
BE ALBLAEAÍ LO 4 Nqseq pbeaeq nqsåo inon{ebmnosn a lblaece q qlk{n nb sndecl"kl{cn e kl{cn pn{l qho d~oseq" x b~nil {na~khn{seq cn blqeqbhin{eq l cn ~oe aepe cn i{evhbbe *alo ~o míohml cn > am cnnqpnql{(/ Beq blqeq cn al{kn{s~{e shnono be vnosede cn u~nce{pn{fnasemnosn no q~ qhshl" bl u~n ol nq nb aeql cn bei{evhbbe/q/
Nq nvhcnosn u~n nb pnql cn be i{evhbbe l cn beq blqeq qn {åaloqhcn{ekbn 7 Eosnq cn lpse{ pl{ nqsn qhqsnme cnehqbemhnosl" eqniô{noqn u~n q~ sndecl p~ncn q~pl{se{ beae{ie/
NB SNDECL AEBH NOSN Nb § sndecl aebhnosn · cnqhioe be chqplqhahño s{echah loeb 4 nbehqbemhnosl sè{mhal nqså qhs~ecl cnkedl cnb {nvnqshmhnosl cnalkn{s~{e *pl{ noahme cnb e{metño( 4 pl{ ndnmpbl" beq pbeaeqcn plbhnqsh{nol nzpeochcl a~khn{seq cn ~o {nvnqshmhnoslkhs~mlql/ No aeql c n ~o e{metño cn mecn{e" alblu~no ~ope{e-vepl{ qlk{n nb e{metño/
NB EH QBEMH NOSL NZSN[H L[ 4 Pe{e blq sndeclq no pnochnosn" nb ehqbemhnosl nzsn{hl{ nq semkhèo be mndl{qlb~ahño 4 nb ajhbbecl qn noa~nos{e e qh qhnmp{n cnb becl aebhnosn/ Bealocnoqeahño xe ol nq cn snmn{/ Qho nmke{il" qh be aebnfeaahño anos{eb nqsåhoqsebece no be k~je{chbbe" p~ncno epe{nan{ fhq~{eq qlk{n nb sndecl/ Qh n qsn {hnqil nzhqsn" qn {na lmhnoce an{{e{ nb ajhbbecl" qne alo ~oe pnbía~be cnplbhnshbnol" qne alo peonbnq cn pe{sha~beq {nqhqsnosnq eb ei~e/ Nb mesn{heb cnehqbemhnosl ol pe{e nb peql cnb eh{n x ol aloqshs~xn n o ohoiôo aeql ~oeqlb~ahño qeshqfeasl{he/
BE BEOE MH ON[EB 4 Qn p~ncn alblae{ nb ehqbeosn *beoe mhon{eb pl{ndnmpbl( nos{n beq alos{e-{hpheq" cn seb meon{e u~nèqseq qlk{nqebieo cn ; am no ebs~{e/ P{l snde be ae{eq~pn{hl{ cnb ehqbeosn a~k{hèoclbe cn pepnb pl{lqlcneocl peqe{ be j~mncec/ V~nbveo e alblae{ beq sndeqqlk{n beq alos{e-{hpheq/
NB PLBH NQSH [NOL NZS[^QH LOECL 4 Qh beq alos{e-{hpheq ol nqsåo eôo alblaeceq" l qh beq
SÈ[MH AL, EAÔQSH AL 4 Qn {na~{{n m~ajl pe{e nb ehqbemhnosl cn blq sndeclq" ebe beoe mhon{eb *cn vhc{hl l cn {lae(/ Nqslq mesn{hebnqeqlaheo ~o ehqbemhnosl sè{mhal x eaôqshal x {nqhqsnosneb f~nil" alos{e{hemnosn e blq peonbnq cn nqp~meqhosèshae" no inon{eb hofbemekbnq x meblq ehqbeosnqeaøqshalq/
BEQ ^OH LONQ PE[NCNQ, SNDECLQ 4 Nos{n beq pe{ncnq x nb sndecl qn noa~nos{eoi{eocnq ekn{s~{eq e s{evèq cnq beq a~ebnq qnnqaepe nb aebl{ e~ ou~n blq åoi~blq nqsèokhno eaekeclq 7 Albmno nqseq ekn{s~{eq alocnqpn{chahlq cn beoe mhon{eb x såpnobeq blmndl{ u~n p~nceo/ Sepno beq pnu~nõeq{nochdeq alo meqhbbe l alo nqp~menzpnochce/
BE SLME CN MNCH CEQ 4 No ~o e{metño clocn blq aek{hlq nqsåo alblaeclq e
Nqsn shpl cn pbeae qn hoqsebe alo~o p{nnoalbecl/ Pe{e nbbl" p{n-pe{e{ ~o plal cn ecjnqhvl måqbíu~hcl mntabeocl nb plbvl aloei~e/ Be aloqhqsnoahe cnknep{lzhme{qn e be cn be oesebíu~hce/
Nzsnocn{ be mntabe lksnohcealo ~oe nqpås~be qlk{n be ae{ecn be pbeae u~n bbnve nb ehqbeosnhoal{pl{ecl/ Epbhae{be no keo-ceq s{eoqvn{qebnq cn 50 am cneoajl" qnpe{eceq 10 am nos {n qí/
Qlk{n aece keoce cn p{nnoal-becl" chqplon{ a~es{l pnilsnqcn ecjnqhvl e 5> am cn blq
kl{cnq/
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Epbhae{ nb ecjnqhvl qlk{nbe ae{e cn be pbeae u~nbbnve nb ehqbeosn hoal{pl{e-cl/
Chqplon{ blq pnilsnq e 5>am cnb kl{cn x aece 10am" e bl eoajl x e bl be{il/No nb aeql cn pe{ncnq pho-seceq" ol lbvhce{ phae{ bephos~{e pe{e lksnon{ ~oemexl{ ecjn{noahe/
5 P{npe{eahñoBhmphe{ nb plbvl cn be pe{nc"nb q~nbl x nb snajl no nbb~ie{ clocn qn ve e aloq-s{~h{ nb sekhu~n/
Me{ae{ nb nmpbetemhnoslcnb sekhu~n no nb q~nbl aloex~ce cn ~o sh{ebíoneq/E alosho~eahño" s{eqbece{nqsn s{etecl e beq pe{ncnq xeb snajl ~shbhteocl ~oe{nibe x ~oe pblmece/
;Al{se{ blq pn{fhbnq mnsåbhalq *aeoe-bnq x mloseosnq( e be mnchce onan-qe{he" ~shbhteocl ~oeq shdn{eq cn al{-se{ ajepe l ~o e{al cn qhn{{e/ E bejl{e cn al{se{ nb aeoeb cnb q~nbl"snon{ no a~nose nb j~nal cn bep~n{se/ Alml qn vn no nb chk~dl" nbaeoeb qn clkbe fl{meocl ~oenqa~ec{e cn 5> l ;0 am no nbnoa~nos{l alo nb an{al cn be p~n{sex qn al{seo beq ebeq alo beq shdn{eq/
Fhde{ nb aeoeb eb q~nbl ~shbhteoclsealq x sl{ohbblq ecna~eclq" aece60 am ep{lzhmecemnosn/ Alblae{nb aeoeb cnb snajl" e ohvnb alo nbaeoeb cnb q~nbl" x fhde{bl alo blqmhqmlq sealq x s l{ohbblq/
Alblae{ nb p{hmn{ pn{fhb vn{shaeb*mloseosn(/ Be bloihs~c cn blqmloseosnq nq hi~eb e be ebs~{e cnq~nbl e snajl mnolq 5 am/ Esl{-ohbbe{ nb mloseosn qlk{n ~oe cnbeq nqa~ec{eq p{npe{eceq pe{e bep~n{s e x qlk{n nb aeoeb cnb snajl/Alblae{ nb an{al cn be p~n{sehos{lc~ahèoclbl no nb mloseosn/Almp{lke{ nb ohvnb x esl{ohbbe{ nban{al eb mloseosn alo sl{ohbblqe~sl{{lqaeosnq/
Al{se{ ~o s{ltl cn mloseosn cnbeoajl cnb an{al cn be p~n{se måqclq nqa~ec{eq besn{ebnq cn 5> e ;0am/ Clkbe{ beq nqa~ec{eq/ Alml qnvn no nb chk~dl" esl{ohbbe{ nqsns{ltl cn mloseosn alo nqa~ec{eqeb s{evnqeõl q~pn{hl{ cnb an{al cnbe p~n{se x eb mloseosn besn{eb/
Alblae{ nb qni~oc l mlos eosn nonb ls{l becl cn be p~n{se" hos{l-c~ahèoclbl no blq aeoebnq cnbq~nbl x cnb snajl/ Esl{ohbbe{bl ebaeoeb cnb q~nbl" eb aeoeb cnb s najl
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j~nal cnbe p~n{se
aeoeb c nbsnajl
aeoeb cnbq~nbl
an{al cnbe p~n{se
Mlosedn cn benqs{~as~{e mnsåbhae
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x eb an{al cn be p~n{se/Pe{e u~n nb s ekhu~n ieon no qlbhcnt" alo-vhnon plon{ clkbnq blq clq mloseosnqu~n veo cnqcn be pe{sn q~pn{hl{ cnb an{alcn be p~n{s e eb aeoeb cnb s najl/
Pe{e almpbnse{ be nqs{~as~{e mnsåbhae" qnveo hos{lc~ahnocl blq mloseosnq nos{nblq aeoebnq cnb q~nbl x cnb snajl aece 30l 60 am/ Nq m~x hmpl{seosn almp{lke{u~n nqsåo e ohvnb eos nq cn esl {ohbbe{blq/
Peqe{ blq s~klq nbèas{halq u~n veo e ebhmnose{ cn al{{hnosn beqs lmeq x blq hos n{{~psl{nq/ Blq mloseosnq chqplono cn pn{fl{eahl-onq pe{e nb peql cn nqslq s~klq/ Cn ejí u~n qne m~x hmpl{seosn
Pe{e {nc~ah{ nb ohvnb cn {~hcl u~n es{evhnqe nb sekhu~n" qn p~ncn hos{lc~ah{ ehqbemhnosl eaôqshal *peonbnq cn ae~ajl eaôqshal( no nb nqpeahl u~n u~nce chqplohkbn no be nqs{~as~{e" l ~shbhte{ pe{e q~ aloqs{~aahño pbeaeq cn ae{sño-xnql u~n bbnveo hoal{pl{ecl nqsn mesn{heb ehqbeos n/
Qh qn alolan cn eos nmeol nb b~ie{ no nb u~n qn veo e albie{ lkdnslq pnqeclq no nqsn sekhu~n" ejl{e nq nb mlmnos l cn {nf l{te{ be nqs{~a- s~{e no nqslq p~oslq/
A L O Q N D L Q
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Al{se{ beq pbeaeq/ Q~ b loih-s~c qn{å be ebs~{e cn q~nble snajl mnolq 5 am/ Nqsnanosímns{l cn chfn{noahenvhse u~n nb xnql qn cnsn-{hl{n alo blq plqhkbnq{nmlosnq cn j~mncec cnbq~nbl/
Alblae{ clq a~õeq cn 5 am
cnkedl cn be pbeae x" alo~oe pebeoae" hos {lc~ah{be es lpn no nb aeoeb cnb snajl/Eqni~{e{qn cn u~n be pbeaeu~nce khno anos{ece alo{nqpnasl eb ndn cnb mlo-seosn vn{shaeb pe{e u~n qnemåq fåahb esl{ohbbe{be/
Fhde{ beq pbeaeq e blq mlo-
seosnq alo sl{ohbblq nqpn-ahebnq pe{e ae{sño-xnqlaece 10 am ep{lzhmece-mnosn *qhi~hnocl beq me{-aeq no be pbeae(/ Qh beq pbe-aeq shnono blq kl{cnq{ncloclq" cnde{ ~o nqpeahlcn > mm nos{n beq pbeaeq/
Qh qn je lpsecl pl{ ~s hbh -te{ ~o ehqbeosn" nqsn nq nbmlmnosl cn hos{lc~ah{blno be nqs{~as~{e/ E alosh-o~eahño qn esl{ohbbeo beqpbeaeq cn be ae{e s{eqn{ecnb sekhu~n/ Nq m~xhmpl{seosn alos{epne{beq"nq cnah{" u~n ol alhoahceobeq d~oseq cn beq pbeaeq cnbe ae{e cnbeosn{e alo beqcn be ae{e s{eqn{e/ Cn nqsefl{me" nb sekhu~n ieoe{åno qlbhcnt x nqsekhbhcec/
5
;
1
3
1 Alblaeahño cnbeq pbeaeq
a~õe
pebeoae
;
pbeae cnae{sño-xnql
10 am
ehqbeosnmloseosn
1 3
Nvhse{ u~n beq d~oseq vn{sh- aebnq nos{n beq pbeaeq cn ae{sño xnql alhoahceo alo blq mloseosnq besn{ebnq u~n {lcneo be p~n{se/[nal{se{ nb j~nal cn be p~n{se no beq clq pbeaeq u~n bl veo e {lcne{ x qhs ~e{ be d~ose anos{ece no be pe{s n q~pn{hl{ cnb an{al cn be p~n{se/
A L O Q N D L
y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q • ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 ;
Blq al{snq {naslq qn nfnasôeoalo ~o a~ssn{ x ~oe {nibe/Qlk{n be ae{e vhqse cn be pbeae"qn qhsôe be {nibe no be bíone cnal{sn x qn peqe nb a~ssn{ alof~n{te/
Qn plon be pbeae cn phn x qnclkbe pl{ be bíone cn al{sn/ Ealosho~eahño" qn v~nbvn epeqe{ nb a~s sn{ pl{ be ae{e s{e-qn{e cn be pbeae/
NB SNDECL PBEO L 4 Be aloqs{~aahño cn ~o sndecl pbeol phcn be ~shbhteahño cn mnolq mesn{hebnqu~n be cn ~o sndecl no pnochnosn/ Pn{l nb ei~e cn bb~vhe" no vnt cn h{ch{nasemnosn jeahe nb aeoebño" qn u~nce nqseoaece no pe{sn qlk{n nb sndeclpbeol4 pl{ aloqhi~hnosn èqsn shnon u~n u~nce{ almpbnsemnosn hmpn{mnekbn/Nq nb p{lpñqhsl cnb +{llfhoi+/
BE H OAHQH ÑO CN BEQ EMPLBBEQ 4 Be p{nqnoahe cn eh{n l cn j~mncec cnkedl cnb {nvnqshmhnoslqn meohfhnqse pl{ emplbbeq/ Qn shnono u~n epbeqse{ nhmpn{mnekhbhte{/ Hoaíqnobeq no a{~t alo ~o a~ssn{" cnqp~èqbhmphno a~hceclqemnosn nb qlpl{sn/ Fhoebmnosn cndno qnae{/
NB NOALBEC L4 Alo ~oe a~ajhbbe cn nob~ah{" l alo ~o phoanb" epbhu~no cnos{lcn be emplbbe ~oe aepe cn p{lc~asl ecjnqhvl nqpnaheb/
V~nbveo e an{{e{ be emplbbe x ep{hnsno f~n{snmnosn/ Pe{e{nfl{te{ be {npe{eahño" qn p~ncn ecnmåq abeve{ blq kl{cnqal{seclq alo ~olq abevlq nqpnahebnq iebveohteclq cn aeknteeoaje/
NB [NA^K[H MH NOSL 4 Cnqp~èq cn slcl" a~k{eo be {npe{eahño alo ~o pnu~nõlnqpnql{ cn {na~k{hmhnosl" u~n epbhae{åo alo be a~ajhbbe cnnob~ah{/ Qh f~n{e onanqe{hl" {na~k{eo slcl alo ~oe snbe cn{nf~n{tl cn ;0 am cn eoajl/ Nqse nq nbåqshae x ealmpeõe{åbeq cnfl{meahlonq nvnos~ebnq cnb eqfebsl/
BNB S[ESEMH NOSL EOSH -M ^QIL 4
Nb m~qil p~ncn nosl{pnan{ l hoab~ql hmpnch{ nb peql cnbei~e cnb sndecl/ Nb {nmnchl al{{nasl aloqhqsn no epbhae{" ~oel clq vnanq nb eõl" ~o s{esemhnosl eosh-m~qil/Ol{mebmnosn èqsn qn shnon u~n chb~h{ x epbhae{qn alo ~oe{niecn{e l ~o vepl{htecl{/
CNQS[^AAH ÑO CNB M^QIL 4 Qh nb m~qil qn je cnqe{{lbbecl q~fhahnosnmnosn pe{e fl{me{meoajeq vn{cnq khno vhqhkbnq no nb sndecl" oes~{ebmnosnsnoc{åo u~n p{lancn{ e ~o s{esemhnosl eosh-m~qil/Cnqp~èq cn ; ñ 1 cíeq" nbhmhono nb m~qil m~n{sl alo ~oenqalke pl{u~n qhol blq {nqslq plc{íeo hmpnch{ be qebhce{åphce cnb ei~e/
BE SH [E SN[MLECJNQH VE 4 Be sh{e sn{mlecjnqhve u~n qn noa~nos{e qlk{e be ae{e hofn{hl{ cn beq ajhbbeq qn{nkbeocnan{å kedl blq nfnaslq cnb qlb x beq noalbe{å ~oeq alo ls{eq/ ̂ oe q~k-aepe cn nqseou~nhcec shnon u~n nu~hpe{ blq peonbnq u~n qlpl{seo ~o sndeclhoabhoecl e mnolq cn 59° *vnbl cn vhc{hl +eqfebsecl+ pl{ ndnmpbl(/
NB [NP^NQSL 4 Qn snoc{åo u~n u~hse{ ve{heq ajhbbeq pe{e plcn{ {nnmpbete{ be u~n nqsånqs{lpnece/ Fhdno be ajhbbe o~nve no nb qhshl cn be u~n nqseke nqs{lpnece xv~nbveo e abeve{ beq ls{eq/
[NPE[E[ KEDL BE BB^VH E 4 Nzhqsno {na~k{hmhnoslq nqpnahebnq u~n qn p~ncno epbhae{hoab~ql kedl ~oe f~n{sn bb~vhe *¥Nb ei~e eanbn{eocl nb qnaecl
%(/ Qn s{ese inon{ebmnosn cn peqseq qnmhbíu~hceq e nzsnocn{alo phoanb l {lchbbl" l khno e phqslbe/ P{nvhemnosn qn shnonu~n bhmphe{ a~hceclqemnosn nb qlpl{sn *alo be a~ajhbbe cnnob~ah{(/
BE ALMPLQH AHÑO CN BLQ [LBBLQ 4 Be aebhcec cn blq p{lc~aslq cn § {llfhoi · cnpnocn eosn slcl cnb shpl cneqfebsl x cnb e{metño ~shbhteclq/ Nb eqfebsl EPP lf{nan ~oe mndl{ {nqhqsnoahe eblq {exlq qlbe{nq x e beq snmpn{es~{eq nzs{nmeq u~n nb eqfebsl bbemecllzhcecl/ Nqsn ôbshml nqså {na~khn{sl cn nqaemeq cn phte{{e /
Blq e{metlonq qn chvhcno no s{nq aesnil{íeq/ Be måq eoshi~e" nb fhnbs{l" qnshnon u~n nvhse{ no aepe cn eaekecl/ Nb vnbl cn vhc{hl nq hmp~s{nqahkbn/ Nqhi~ebmnosn ahn{sl pe{e nb plbhèqsn{" u~n lf{nan be vnosede q~pbnmnose{he cn{nqhqsh{ m~x khno e blq cnqie{{nq/
Nb mndl{ +{llfhoi+ cnb mn{aecl bnq cnanpahloe{å qh olbl jeo alblaecl al{{nasemnosn/ Snoc{åo p~èq u~nqni~h{ alo p{nahqhño beq hochaeahlonq lf{nahceq pl{ nbfek{haeosn u~n noalos{e{åo no nb nmkebedn/
P [H O AH P H L 4S{ean no nb mnchl cn be pe{nc ~oe bíone vn{shaeb ~shbhteoclbe pblmece x nb al{cnb pe{e me{ae{/ Ol nmphnan no ~o{hoaño xe u~n ol p~ncn qekn{ qh fl{m l ~o åoi~bl {nasl/Cndn pe{e blq {hoalonq blq et~bndlq al{seclq" ejí nb al{snqn{å mnolq vhqhkbn/ Almp{n qhnmp{n ~o 50. cn et~bndlqnzs{e/
{nqslq · x p{nvn{ ~oe alblaeahño qhmès{hal cn blqet~bndlq eb{ncncl{ cn beq ekn{s~{eq/ Cnahce be eoaj~{ecn be d~ose4 cn ; mm *pe{e blq e t~bndlq 5> z 5> am( e> l hoab~ql : mm/
EPBH AEAH ÑO CN BE ALBE 4Pe{e be alblaeahño cn et~bndlq n b ml{sn{l bn je anchcl nbqhshl e be albe hmpn{mnekbn/ Nqse cnkn pnhoe{qnjl{htlosebmnosn no nb qlpl{sn fl{meocl q~{alq {ni~be{nq/Nqsl qn {nebhte mncheosn ~oe nqpås~be nqpnaheb a~xlqchnosnq cnsn{mhoeo nb nqpnql{ cn be aepe cn albe*anmnosl-albe l peqse ecjnqhve7 albe f~oihahce no blq b~ie{nqjômnclq(/
ALBLAEAH ÑO C N BLQ ET^BNDLQ4 Alblu~n be p{hmn{e phnte qhi~hnocl bl pblmece no
a~eosl chqs{hk~xe be albe/ Cndn ~oe d~ose nos{n nb beclhofn{hl{ cn nqsn et~bndl x pl{ ndnmpbl be noahmn{e" nbkl{c n cn b e keõn{e l ~o bhqsño cn mecn{e p{lvhqhloeb/Phnahseq cn pbåqshal a{~ahfl{mnq meosnoc{åo nb et~bndlno q~ qhshl/
ALOS[LBNQ 4Alblu~n nqseq phnteq cn pbåqshal a{~ahfl{mnq no blq åoi~blqq~pn{hl{nq cn blq et ~bndlq pe{e lksnon{ d~oseq hi~ebnq ebalblae{ nb et~bndl qhi~hnosn/ *Beq d~oseq ekql{kno benzpeoqhño cn blq et~bndlq(/ Vn{hfhu~n be pbeonhcec cn blqet~bndlq alo ~oe {nibe cn eb~mhohl x al{{hde mncheosn bemete cn ilme/
AL[SN NO MNCH L CN ^OE ET^ BNDL 4 Pe{e jean{ ~oe i{eo ekn{s~{e no ~o e t~bndl *pl{ ndnmpblpe{e ~oe s~kn{íe(" hochu~n p{hmn{l nb alosl{ol7 b~nil jeieei~dn{lq cnos{l cn nqsn aí{a~bl alo be sebec{ecl{e *e kedevnblahcec(/ Q~nbsn be phnte qlk{eosn ceocl ilbpnahslq *nhi~ebn blq kl{cnq alo beq snoeteq(/
[ND^OSE CL 4
[nd~osn a~eocl jexe qnaecl ~o cíe/ ^shbhan bnajeceseped~oseq *kbeoae l albl{nece( l ml{sn{l cn {nd~osecl/Nzshèocebl qlk{n blq et~bndlq alo be bbeoe cn ilme/ Noa~eosl nmphnan nb noc~{nahmhnosl *eb aekl cn ~oeq jl{eq(u~hsn bl q~pn{fb~l alo ~o s{epl qnal l ~oe nqplode /
H M P N[ M NE K H B H C E C 4 [nebhan ~oe d~ose hmpn{mnekbn cn qhbhaloe mncheosn ~oephqslbe/ Eaekn alo ~o cncl p{nvhemnosn mldecl no ~oeqlb~ahño cn e i~e dek lolqe/ ^oe nqpås~be nqpnaheb semkhèoplc{å qn{vh{ no vnt cnb cncl/ Semkhèo plc{å ~shbhte{ ~opn{fhb nqpnaheb cn eaekecl/
NDNQ 4Be nqsèshae nzhin u~n e bl be{il cn be pe{nc cn be p~n{se qnalblu~n ~oe fhbe cn kebclqeq nosn{eq/ S{ean ~oe bíonepn{pnocha~be{ e nqse pe {nc e bl be{il c n be a~eb alblae{å beqkebclqeq *eoaj~{e cn beq d~oseq4 > mm pe{e 50 z 50 am7 9mm pe{e 5> z 5> am7 je qse ;0 mm pe{e 10 z 10 am(/Me{u~n nb b~ie{ clocn u~nce{å be ôbshme kebclqe nosn{e/Pe{shnocl cnqcn nqsn p~osl s{ean ~oe bíone pn{pnocha~be{ ebe p{hmn{e bíone/ Qh ~oe cn beq pe{ncnq nq pe{ebnbe e nqsebíone pe{se cnqcn nb åoi~bl fl{mecl/ Qh ol" s{ean ~o
qni~ocl ndn no nb mnchl cn be jekhseahño noahme cn ~oe d~ose/ Nqse nq be bíone cn qebhce/ Pe{e måq cn 5; m; p{nvne~oe d~ose cn chbeseahño eb{ncncl{ cn be jekhseahño *> mm(/Almp{n qhnmp{n ~o 50. cn kebclqeq nzs{e e fho cn nvhse{ql{p{nqeq cnqei{ecekbnq/
ALBLAEAH ÑO QLK[N ^OE AJEPE O ^NVE 4Qh je vn{shcl ~oe ajepe qlk{n slce be q~pn{fhahn eqlbe{ *bl u~n nq honvhsekbn q¥ nb q~nbl p{nqnosei{eocnq cnqhi~ebcecnq(" alblu~n beq kebclqeqeosnq cn u~n qn qnu~n almpbnsemnosn be ajepe/Qlbemnosn no ~oe ajepe almpbnsemnosn bhqe nbpevhmnosl semkhèo u~nce{å bhql/
ALBLAEAH ÑO QLK[N ̂ OE AJEPE EO SH I^E 4Qh nb q~nbl nqså no meb nqsecl l qh ol nqså jl{htloseb cnkn{åalblae{ beq kebclqeq qlk{n ~oe aepe cn ml{sn{l *; e 1vlbômnonq cn e{noe pl{ aece vlb~mno cn anmnosl( Ebhonnbeq kebclqeq fhbe s{eq fhbe alo ~oe {nibe x ~shbhan phnanahseq cnpbåqshal a{~ahfl{mnq/ Vexe vn{hfhaeocl be pbeonhcec *al{{hdealo be mete(/
[ND^OSE CL 4 Nb {nd~osecl cnkn{å nfnas~e{qn a~eocl be albe l nb ml{sn{lnqsèo almpbnsemnosn qnalq" nq cnah{ e beq 5; e ;3 jl{eq
{nqpnashvemnosn/ Beq d~oseq ex~ce{åo e meosnon{ beqkebclqeq no q~ qhshl x ekql{kn{åo nvnos~ebnqcnfl{meahlonq cn be q~pn{fhahn/ Nzshnoce be bnajeceseped~oseq qlk{n nb q~nbl x peqn alo be bbeoe cn ilme/ Ebaekl cn ~oeq clq jl{eq nzshnoce ~o plal cn qn{{ío x f{lsnalo ~o anphbbl pe{e eanbn{e{ nb noc~{nahmhnosl cn beq
K{ha l fha j e 0 ; / 06 ALBLAE[ L [NNMPBETE[ ^OAEOEBÑO BHQSE CN MESN[HEB EBI^OEQ INON[EBHCECNQ BE ALBLAEAHÑO NB MLOSEDN BE ALBLAEAHÑO BEQ FHDEAHLONQBLQ AEOEBLONQ CN AHOA
EBI^OEQ INON[EBH CECNQ ALBLAE[ L [NNMPBETE[ ^ O AEO EBÑO
NB CNQEIÒN 4 Beq ei~eq cn bb~vhe shnono u~n qebh{ e ahn{se chqseoahe cn beq pe{ncnq x cn blqahmhnoslq/ No aeql alos{e{hl" blq ahmhnoslq eb ol u~nce{ hmpn{mnekbnq cnde{åoq~kh{ be j~mncec pl{ beq pe{ncnq/ Be qebhce cn beq ei~eq cn bb~vhe qn nfnasôepl{ blq aeoeblonq x blq s~klq cn kedece/
NB ALOS[LB 4 Beq ek{etecn{eq cn fhdeahño cnb aeoe bño x cn blq s~klq cn kedece phcno ~oalos{lb {ni~be{/ Eb mnolq {nvíqnoblq ~oe v nt eb eõl/ Qlpl{ snq lzhceclqplc{íeo alobbnve{ nb cnqpblmn cnb aeoebño u~n qn plc{íe cnqie{{e{ l vn{ q~pnochnosn mlchfhaece l eo~bece/
BLQ CH VN[QLQ SHPLQ 4 Blq clq shplq qlo blq aeoeblonq no +I+ *cn mnche -aeõe( l no+^+ *alo flocl pbeol(/ Qn q~qpnocno mncheosn ieoajlqqnbbeclq no be pe{nc l fhdeclq no nb f{hql u~n nqalocn beqnzs{nmhcecnq cn blq aek{hlq/ No beq aeqeq eoshi~eq" p~ncnonoalos{e{qn noaedeclq cnos{l cn ~o noalf{ecl cn mecn{ealblaecl qlk{n a~õeq/
B E H O A B H O E AH Ñ O 4 Nb ei~e cn bb~vhe ol cnkn o~oae pn{meonan{ no ~o aeoebño/Pl{ aloqhi~hnosn èqsn cnkn snon{ q~fhahnosn hoabhoeahño/ Bepnochnosn no ch{naahño eb s~kl cn kedece" nq inon{ebmnosncn 1 mm pl{ mns{l cn aeoebño/
NB MEOSNOH MH NOSL 4 Nb aeoebño qn bbnoe {åphcemnosn cn jldeq x cnqnajlq xp~ncn ek{hie{ ohclq cn påde{lq/ Qh nqså eseqaecl x ol qnp~ncn veahe{ cnqp~èq cn ~o f~n{sn ajepe{{ño" blqcnqpn{fnaslq qn{ blq mhqmlq u~n qh ol j~khnqn ohoiôoaeoebño/ ^o meosnohmhnosl eo~eb nq pl{ aloqhi~hnosnhochqpnoqekbn/ Ploieo hi~ebmnosn ~o fhbs{l e be nos{ece cnbe kedece/
BLQ CH ÅMNS[LQ 4 Blq chåmns{lq cn blq aeoeblonq x cn blq s~klq cn kedececnpnocno cn be q~pn{fhahn cnb sndecl/
NB NOALF[ECL CN ME CN[E 4 Qh q~ eoshi~l aeoebño nqseke noaedecl no ~o noalf{ecl cnmecn{e x u~n èqsn nqså no k~no nqsecl" aloqè{vnobl pe{ealblae{ q~ o~nvl aeoebño/ Qh nb noalf{ecl nqså nqs{lpnecl"q~p{ímeobl x {nnmpbeano nb alod~osl pl{ aeoeblonq no +I+l no +^+ q~qpnochclq pl{ ek{etecn{eq/
B E FH D E AH Ñ O 4 ^o aeoebño q~qpnochcl nqså fhdecl pl{ qlpl{snq nqpnahebnq"khno no nb f{hq l cnb snde cl" l eôo qlk{n nb bhqsño u~n kl{cnenb sndecl/ Qh q~p{hmno ~o eoshi~l aeoebño noaedecl"inon{ebmnosn snoc{åo u~n alblae{ ~o bhqsño eb kl{cn cnbsndecl pe{e p{nvnoh{ be hofhbs{eahño cn bb~vhe l cn ohnvn/
BE PNOCH NOSN 4
^oe pnochnosn cn 1 mm pl{ mns{l ie{eoshte{å ~oe k~noenvea~eahño cnb ei~e/ S{eano ~oe bíone jl{htloseb qlk{n nbf{hq l" mncheosn nb ohvnb cn k~{k~de x nb al{cnb" x pbeosno ~oabevl no aece ~oe cn q~q nzs{nmhcecnq/ Cnqp~èq hochu~nobe ebs~{e cn pnochnosn cnqnece pl{ noahme l pl{ cnkedl cnbaebvl cn {nfn{noahe/
BEQ NZS[NMH CECNQ 4 No beq nzs{nmhcecnq cnb sndecl" fhdno blq qlpl{snq l beqek{etecn{eq alo abevlq iebveohteclq/ No nb p~osl måqkedl" alblae{åo ~o nbnmnosl u~n plc{å ~oh{qn alo nb s~klcn kedece/ Nqsn eaanql{hl bbnve inon{ebmnosn ~oe fhdeahño"pl{ bl u~n ol snoc{åo u~n p{nvn{ ek{etecn{eq nqpnahebnq/
B E ^ O H Ñ O AE O E B ÑO - K E D E C E 4 Nb aeoebño ol nqså eplxecl alos{e nb m~{l" qhol bhin{emnosn jeahe f~n{e 4alml be kedece qn shnon u~n fhde{ alos{e be pe{nc" snoc{å u~n h{ p{lvhqse cn ~oalcl no q~ nzs{nmhcec q~pn{hl{ l qn{íe hmplqhkbn nfnas~e{ be ~ohño/
NB ALCL 4 Pe{e aeba~be{ nb be{il cnb alcl *Z(" alblu~no blq clqnbnmnoslq e ~oh{ no nb q~nbl no be mhqme plqhah ño x bemhqme chqseoahe nb ~ol cnb l{l u~n a~eocl nqsèo alblaeclqno q~ qhshl/ Mhceo nb be{il cnb nbnmnosl cheiloeb *X("{nañ{snobl alo be qhn{{e cn mnsebnq x bhdno q~qnzs{nmhcecnq/
BE FHDEAH ÑO EB AEOEBÑO 4 ^oeo" eb oeahmhnosl cnb aeoebño" be pe{sn jnmk{e cnb alclx no be kedece b e pe{sn meajl / Nfnasôno p{lvhqhloebmnosn
be ~ohño x cnsn{mhono nb nmpbetemhnosl cn be ek{etecn{eu~n fhde{å nb alcl/ Cnqmlosno nb alod~osl x pn{fl{no nbei~dn{l pe{e be fhdeahño cn be ek{etecn{e *alo abevhde(/
U^H SE[ NB PLBVL 4 Beq kebclqeq cn al{ajl cnkno alblae{qn no ~o qlpl{snbhmphl x qho plbvl pe{e pn{mhsh{ ~oe k~noe ecjn{noahe/Ecnmå q n b q lpl{sn cnkn nqse{ pn{f nasemnosn bbeol xe u~nnb al{ajl eclpse be fl{me cnb {nbhnvn n o nb u~n qn alblae/Nmphnan u~hseocl a~hceclqemnosn nb plbvl/
U^H SE[ NB [NVNQSH MH NOSL EOSHI^L 4Be mlu~nse" beq kebclqeq cn pbåqshal" nb vhohbl l nb bhoñbnlcnkno u~hse{qn alo ~o p{lc~asl ep{lphecl u~n alosnoie nbqlbvno sn cn be albe ~shbhtece pe{e nb {nvnqshmhnosl/ [åqpnblpe{e u~hse{bl" bhdn cnqp~èq *p~ncn ebu~hbe{ ~oe måu~hoepnqece(/ A~eocl be q~pn{fhahn jexe u~ncecl bhqe peqn beeqph{ecl{e/
PL[LQHC EC 4Vhn{se ~oe ilse cn ei~e qlk{n nb q~nbl4 qh e blq 1 mho~slqje qhcl ekq l{kh ce cnkn{å epbh ae{ ~oe hmp{hmeahño *mntabe{
alo ei~e x ~oe nm~bqhño pbåqshae(/ Epbíu~nbeek~oceosnmnosn alo ~o {lchbbl/ Nqse aepe chqmho~xn beekql{ahño" fhde nb plbvl x mndl{e be ecjn{noahe/
[NBBNOE[ 4 Q~p{hme blq fhb lq a lo me{shbbl x nqalpbl x bhdn cnqp~èq/ Blqei~dn{lq l i{eocnq cnqhi~ebcecnq qn {nbbnoeo alo meqhbbe/Nqsn p{lc~asl qn p{npe{e fåahbmnosn mloseocl nb eihsecl{no be sebec{ecl{e nbèas{hae/
OH VNBE[ NB Q^NBL 4
NNb mhqml eihsecl{ qn{vh{å pe{e p{npe{e{ nb p{lc~aslohvnbeosn u~n cnde{å {nplqe{ no nb a~kl c~{eosn ~o a~e{slcn jl{e/ Mhnos{eq seosl {nbbnon blq ei~dn{lq x beqcnqhi~ebcecnq/ V~nbve e mntabe{ nb p{lc~asl ohvnbeosna~hceclqemnosn e blq 5> mho~slq/
S[ETE[ 4 P~nqsl u~n plaeq pe{ncnq qlo almpbnsemnosn {naseq" nqp{nfn{hkbn nmpnte{ be alblaeahño e pe{sh{ cn be qni~oce fhbe/S{ean e nqsn fh o ~oe b íone kh no cn{ n aje alo nb al{cnb pe{eme{ae{/ Pe{e kebclqeq cn 1> am/ pl{ ndnmpbl nqse bíone qnqhsôe e ;> am/ cn be pe{nc/ Cn nqse meon{e nqse{å qni~{lcn nmpnte{ khno/
NOALBE[ NB QLPL[SN 4Alblu~n clq fhbeq cn kebclqeq e bl be{il cn be bíone4 cn nqsnmlcl qek{å a~åoseq shnon u~n p{npe{e{/ U~ísnbeq x noalbn
~oe eoaj~{e cn q~nbl u~n al{{nqploce alo clq kebclqeqaloshi~eq/ ̂ shbhan nb {lchbbl cn pnbl al{sl x nb phoanb pbeolpe{e blq kl{cnq e bl be{il cn beq pe{ncnq/
PNIE[ BEQ KE BCLQEQ 4 Noalbn e alosho~ea hño be pe{sn hofn{hl{ cn beq kebclqeq xalbñu~nbeq no nb q~nbl alo be pe{sn noalbece jeahe e{{hke/Cèdnbeq qnae{ c~{eosn ~ o a~e{sl cn jl{e *jeqse u~n be albenqsè qnae eb slae{be(/ Noalbn be qn{hn qhi~hnosn mhnos{eq qnqnu~n be p{hmn{e/
ALBLAEAH ÑO4
Alb lu~ n be p{h mn{e kebclqe e bl be{il cn bl bíone s{etece x d~o sl l b e pe{n c p n{pnocha ~be{/ P~n qsl u~n nb al{ ajl "i{eaheq e be aepe cn ke{oht u~n bn qn{å epbhaeceplqsn{hl{mnosn" xe ol qn cnfl{me{å alml aloqna~noahe cnbeq ve{heahlonq cn snmpn{es~{e" ol cnkn cnde{ me{inoohoi~ol e bl be{il cn be pe{nc/
AL[[NAAH LONQ 4 No {nebhcec be albe cn aloseasl ol pn{mhsn bbnve{ e aeklal{{naahlonq ~oe vnt u~n be kebclqe jexe qhcl alblaece noq~ qhshl/ Qh be kebclqe ol je u~ncecl khno alblaece"cnqpèi~nbe alo be nqpås~be x v~nbve e alblae{becnkhcemnosn/ Ilbpènbe bhin{emnosn alo be mete cn ilme lcn mecn{e/
QNI^OC E KEBCLQE 4 Slmn be qni~oce kebclqe x ep{hnsn nb kl{cn s{eou~hbemnosnalo ~oe meol e bl be{il cn be bíone cn aloseasl alo bep{hmn{e meosnohèoclbe bnveosece alo be ls{e meol/ ̂ oevnt ed~qsece albñu~nbe cnqpeahl e bl be{il cn be bíones{etece x ilbpènbe {ni~be{mnosn/ Ol ep{hnsn cnmeqheclf~n{sn beq kebclqeq pl{u~n plc{íeo cnfl{me{qn/
AL[SE[ 4 Pe{e {nebhte{ jhbeceq *mnchl bec{hbbl( nmphnan be fhbeqhi~hnosn alo mnche kebclqe/ Mícebe" me{u~n be bíone cnal{sn x añ{snbe alo nb al{secl{ ~ohvn{qeb x ~oe {nibemnsåbhae/ Al{sn ~o plal no khqnb cn mlcl u~n be ae{eq~pn{hl{ qne ~o plal måq i{eocn u~n be ls{e ae{e/ Bhdnbhin{emnosn no aeql cn onanqhcec/
E BL BE [IL CN BEQ PE[NCNQ 4 ^oe vnt alblaeceq beq clq p{hmn{eq fhbeq p~ncn la~pe{qn cnbe fhbe e bl be{il cn be pe{nc/ Al{sn beq kebclqeq eosnq cnnoalbe{beq/ Al{sn semkhèo cn eosnmeol beq ekn{s~{eq pe{ebeq s~kn{íeq *~shbhan no aeql cn onanqhcec ~o almpåq l ~opes{ño(/ Sn{mhon fhoebmnosn nb {nqsl cn be jekhseahño/
KE[OH TE[ 4 P{lsnde b lq {lceph èq alo pepnb hochaecl{ xe u~n nb ke{ohtpe{e al{ajl qn u~hse chfíahbmnosn/ Ke{ohan blq kl{cnq x blq{hoalonq alo nb phoanb x beq i{eocnq q~pn{fhahnq alo nb{lchbbl *alo meoil(/ Be aepe cnkn a~k{h{ khno x {nbbnoe{ beq
d~o seq nos{n beq kebclq eq/ S{ekedn no be ch {naahñ o c n bep~n{se/
S[NQ AEPEQ 4 E ~o phql cn al{ajl o~nvl qn bn cnkno epbhae{ s{nq aepeq cnke{oht4 be p{hmn{e qn bn epbhae no nb qnoshcl bloihs~choeb cnbe jekhsea hño" be qni~oce x be sn{an{e a{~teceq/ Cndn qnae{beq clq p{hmn{eq c~{eosn 1 e 6 jl{eq x be ôbshme pl{ blmnolq 50 jl{eq/ Eb aekl cn ~oe qnmeoe nb phql u~nce{åq~fhahnosnmnosn c~{l/
ANOS[L CN BE PE [NC 4 Chvhce be pe{nc no a~es{l q~pn{fhahnq hi~ebnq4 s {ean ~oebíone pn{fnasemnosn jl{htloseb x ~oe vn{shaeb u~n qn a{~anono nb mnchl/ Alblaeocl beq kebclqeq cnqcn nqsn p~oslanos{eb nb chk~dl p{nqnose{å ~oe klohse ~ohcecnoalos{åoclqn beq kebclqeq nosn{eq no nb mnchl x beqal{seceq no blq kl{cnq/
PNIE[ X ALBLAE[ 4 Noalbn be pe{nc x beq kebclqeq alo albe cn aloseasl x cndnqnae{ 5> mho~slq/ Alblu~n be p{hmn{e kebclqe nos{n blq clqndnq7 be qni~oce nqse{å pe{ebnbe eb ls{l becl cnb ndnvn{shaeb7 be sn{an{e qn alblae noahme cn be qni~oce" bea~e{se noahme cn be p{hmn{e" nsa
EP[NSE[ 4 A~k{e p{hmn{l be pe{sn q~pn{hl{ cn be pe{nc b~nil be pe{snhofn{hl{ p{lanchnocl cn be mhqme meon{e/ Ep{hnsna~hceclqemnosn alo ~oe klsnbbe l ~o {lchbbl cn alahoe/F{lsn cnqcn nb mnchl jeahe blq kl{cnq e fho cn n vhse{k~{k~deq cn eh{n
AL[SE[ 4 Al{sn beq kebclqeq cn beq fhbeq nzsn{hl{nq cn be meon{eqhi~hnosn4 ploie ~oe kebclqe o~nve nzeasemnosn noahmecn be ôb shme kebcl qe albla ece/ Ploi e qlk{n n qse qni~ocekebclqe ls{e kebclqe alo nb kl{cn alos{e be pe{nc 7 hochu~nbe chfn{noahe no be kebclqe cnb mnchl x al{sn ~shbhteocl ~oe{nibe/
K{ha l fha j e 03 /03 ALBLAE[ ^O E P^N[SE BHQSE MESN[HEB NB KBLU^N-P^N[SE NB KBLU^N-P^N[SE FEK[HAEAHÑO CNB ME[AL ALBLAEAHÑO CNB KEQSHCL[ NB JN[[EDN NB JN[[EDN CN BE P^N[SE
P[NAE^AH LONQ 4Eosnq cn be hoqsebeahño cn p~n{seq meahteq" *{lkbn" mn{eosh"b~eo" phol(" nb i{ecl cn jhi{lmns{íe cnb blaeb qn snoc{íe u~nqhs~e{ eb{ncncl{ cnb 5;." qh ol be mecn{e plc{íe s{ekede{ xcnfl{me{qn/Alblu~no p~èq qh nq onanqe{hl" ~o ekql{kncl{ cn j~mncecno be jekhseahño x eh{ènobe c~{eosn ahn{sl shnmpl/
BE SLME CN MNCH CEQ 4Ol slmno be mnchceq cn be epn{s~{e cnqshoece e be p~n{se*ebsl" eoajl x nqpnql{" x nql no blq 3 åoi~blq(" måq u~n
a~eoc l beq pe{ncnq x nb q~nbl nqsèo slsebmnosn eaekeclq/Kåqnoqn qlk{n nb p{lmnchl cn nqseq mnchceq/ Nb mlcnbl cnp~n{se u~n bnq qn{å måq fåahb mlose{ 4 nb § kblu~n-p~n{se·alo nb me{al p{n-noqemkbecl/
NB BECL CN EPN[S^[E 4Eosn slcl" snoc{åo u~n cnahch{ nb becl cn epn{s~{e cn bep~n{se 4 jeahe nb hosn{hl{ l nb nzsn{hl{ cn be jekhseahño "jeahe be cn{naje l jeahe be htu~hn{ce/Sèoieobl no a~nose pe{ e be almp{e cn blq pn{ohlq" cnbpnqshbbl *nbnmnosl cn be an{{ec~{e alblaecl qlk{n be jlde( xcnb an{{ecn{l *nbnmnosl qhs~ecl qlk{n nb mloseosn(/
BLQ MLOSEOSNQ 4
Blq mloseosnq qn{åo cn ~o be{ il bhin{emnosn q~pn{hl{ *5 e; mm( eb nqpnql{ cn be pe{nc/Pe{e qn{{e{blq eb be{il cnqnecl" alblu~no nb me{al cn bep~n{se qlk{n ; aekebbnsnq {lk~qslq n hochu~no no nb kedl cnblq 3 mloseosnq *alo 3 p~oslq( be chqseoahe nos{n nb q~nbl xbe ahme cn be epn{s~{e/Cnqp~èq" {nal{sno nb nzancnosn/
BEQ PESEQ CN QNBBECL 4 Beq peseq cn qnbbecl qlo ieoajlq nqpnahebnq cnqshoeclq efhde{ nb keqshcl{ e be pe{nc/ Alblu~no ~olq no blqmloseosnq" e be ebs~{e cn blq pn{ohlq" x no nb s{evnqeõl/Chk~dno q~ alosl{ol qlk{n nb me{al" veaíno alo nb fl{mño"x b~nil fídnoblq alo sl{ohbblq cn aeknte evnbbeocece/Ej~nu~no beq pe{ncnq e be mhqme ebs~{e no be pe{nc/
[NIBEDN CNB ME[AL 4 Aebano nb me{al no be epn{s~{e alo ~olq peqecl{nq" xnoaedno nos{n blq clq mloseosnq an{ae cnb q~nbl" ~oe ke{{ecn qnpe{eahño" cnb eoajl cn be p~n{se *x alo benzs{nmhcecnq no{lbbeceq no s{eplq(/ ̂ oe vnt nb s{evnqeõlno q~ qhshl" kblu~nno nb me{al alo a~õeq cn mecn{e/
FH DEAH ÑO CN BE PESEQ CN QNBBECL 4 Nqseocl nb me{al pn{fnasemnosn meosnohcl no q~ qhshl"qnbbno beq peseq alo xnql u~n epbhae{åo alo be pebnse l alo~oe nqpås~be/ Sepno hi~ebmnosn nb nqpeahl nos{n be pe{nc xnb me{al cn be p~n{se/A~eocl nb xnql nqsè almpbn semnosn qnal" plc{åo u~hse{ beke{{e cn qnpe{eahño x fhde{ be jlde/
BE NQP^ME CN PLBH ^[NSEOL 4 ^o mèslcl måq mlcn{ol aloqhqsn no fhde{ nb me{al cn be p~n{se alo be nqp~meP/^ /" u~n plc{åo noalos{e{ no klmke/Cndno noc~{nan{ be nqp~me" x b~nil {nal{sno nb nzancnosn alo ~o a~ssn{/Sepno nb nqpeahl nos{n nb me{al x be pe{nc alo qhbhaloe u~n plc{åo phose{b~nil/Qh lpsno pl{ ~oe fhdeahño cnb kblu~n-p~n{se alo nqp~me plbh~{nseoe" p~ncnocnde{ be p~n{se no q~ qhshl/ Ol q~knqshmno o~oae nb plcn{ cn nzpeoqhño cn nqsnmesn{heb/ No aeoshcec nzanqhve" q~ p{nqhño plc{íe ae~qe{ n b kblu~n l cn bep~n{se/
BE JLDE 4 Ei~eosn be jlde pn{pnocha~be{mnosn eb me{al x kedno bepe{sn jnmk{e cn beq pe{snq meajl/ Fhdno beq nmp~õec~{eqx beq pbeaeq" x cnqp~èq vn{hfhu~no nb k~no f~oahloemhnoslcn q~ hoqsebeahño 4 be p~n{se ahn{{e khno" ih{e fåahbmnosn xqn u~nce fhde" a~ebu~hn{e u~n qne q~ epn{s~{e/
BLQ SEPE- D^OSEQ 4Blq sepe-d~oseq bnq pn{mhsh{åo chqhm~be{" cn fl{mecnal{eshve" be d~ose nos{n nb me{al x be pe{nc/ [nañ{snoblqeb be{il cnqnecl/ Plc{åo nqalin{ ~oe mlbc~{e abåqhae *e{nal{se{ x noqemkbe{ no hoibnsn( l ~o mlcnbl mlcn{ol cnpn{fhb {naseoi~be{" e noqemkbe{ alo d~ose pbeoe/
NB S[EVNQEÕL 4 Al{sno p{hmn{l nb s{evnqeõl" no ~oe phnte cn mecn{eanphbbece cn ~o nqpnql{ cn 10 mm" x måq be{ ie pl{ 560mm/ u~n nb eoajl cn be p~n{se/ E pe{sh{ cn q~ anos{l"mhceo ½ be{il cn p~n{se ' ; mm" s{eano qlk{n be ae{e xblq aeoslq / E 5> mm no nb nzsn{hl{ cn nqse bíone" jeieols{e {exe/
BE [EO^[E 4 Alo ~o i{emhb *{ni~becl e 5> mm(" ~oeo nos{n qí beq clqpe{ebnbeq" qlk{n aece aeosl/
Fhdno nb s{evnqeõl eb keoal cn s{ekedl pe{e {nal{se{ nqseqpe{ebnbeq *alo nb qn{{~ajl cn alqshbbe(/ Veaíno be mecn{ealo nb fl{mño" ex~cåoclqn cnb metl/ Vexeo cnqcn nb kl{cnjeahe nb anos{l" b~nil ih{no be phnte pe{e be qni~oce mhsec/
BLQ MLOSEO SNQ 4 Pe{e blq mloseosnq" aldeo blq phnteq a~xl be{il qlk{npeqn500 mm e be ebs~{e cn be epn{s~{e/ Alo ~o i{emhb {ni~becle 5 > mm" *l qne ½ n qpnq l{(" jeieo ~o pnu~nõl al{sno no~oe ae{e x no blq aeoslq cn q~ nzs{nmhcec ebse" b~nil nbnzs{nml no slcl q~ be{il 4 ~oeo nqse bíone" pl{ blq aeoslq"eb s{etecl p{nancnosn/
BE BNOIÒNSE 4
Fhdno nb mloseosn no be p{noqe cnb keoal cn s{ekedl" xqhn{{no be bíone s{etece qlk{n nb nzs{nml jeqse beq {exeqfhi~{eocl qlk{n blq aeoslq/ Alblu~no cnqp~èq nb mloseosnpbeol" be ae{e p{nal{sece jeahe ~qsncnq" x qhn{{no jeqseebaeote{ nb al{sn p{nancnosn/Jeieo bl mhqml pe{e nb ls{l mloseosn/
NB NOQEMKBEDN 4S{evnqeõl x mloseosnq shnono ejl{e u~n qn{ noqemkbeclqalo {eo~{eq x bnoiònseq/ Qh nqseq ôbshmeq qlo cnmeqhecleoajeq" edôqsnobeq alo nb fl{mño l alo ~o i~hbbemn * ~oanphbbl nqpnaheb pe{e beq {eo~{eq(/ Pe{e kblu~ne{ blqnoqemkbednq" abevno p~oslq cn 9> mm no be ae{e cnbs{evnqeõl/
NB EAEKEC L 4 Chk~dno be ebs~{e cn be p~n{se qlk{n blq mloseosnq 4míceobe pe{shnocl cn cnkedl cnb s{evnqeõ l/ Qh q~ q~nbl
nqså bhin{emnosn no pnochnosn" ol qn lbvhcno cn snon{bl noa~nose/Alo be nqa~ec{e hochu~no beq mnchceq qlk{n beq ae{eq x blqaeoslq cn blq mloseosnq/[nal{sno blq nzancnosnq cn mecn{e cn blq mloseosnq x cnbs{evnqeõl/
BE ALBLAEAH ÑO 4Alblu~n o n b keqshcl{ no be epn{s~{e x kblu~ènobe no q~qhshl" khno e pblml 4 mloseosnq vn{shaebnq" s{evnqeõljl{htloseb/ Pe{e ed~qse{ be plqhahño cnb me{al" alblu~noa~õeq nos{n blq mloseosnq x be pe{ nc" no nb qhsíl clocnsnoc{åo u~n noalos{e{qn blq sl{ohbblq c~{eosn be fhdeahñocnfhohshve/
B E FH D E AH Ñ O 4E be ebs~{e cn q~q a~õeq" pn{fl{no ei~dn{lq no blqmloseosnq eqí a lml no be pe {nc qh èqse nq cn ebkeõhbn{íe*pe{e blq peqecl{nq(/ Esl{ohbbno blq mloseosnq no q~ qhshl/Semkhèo plc{åo {na~{{h{ e be nqp~me cn P/^/ pe{e nqse{lpn{eahño/ Cnqp~èq u~hsno blq s{nq bhqslonq/
NB ED^QSN 4 Alblu~no be jlde no be epn{s~{e" nb aeosl cnqshoeclq e blqpn{ohlq alos{e nb mloseosn al{{nqplochnosn/ Nos{n nb me{alx blq aeoslq cn be jlde" nb d~nil ol cnkn{íe nzancn{ cn ;mm 7 nos{n nb kedl cn be jlde x nb q~nbl" 3 mm/ Qh nqonanqe{hl" anphbbno nb aeosl hofn{hl{ l nb becl c n epn{s~{e/
BEQ KH QEI[EQ 4Cnsn{mhono nb nmpbetemhnosl cn beq khqei{eq 4 s{eano"qlk{n nb aeosl" clq {exeq qhs~eceq e ;> am cnb ebsl x cnbkedl cn be j lde *pe{e nb kl{cn hofn{hl{ cn beq khqei{eq( x ~osn{an{l e mnchl -ebs~{e/ Alo nb i{emhb" hochu~no aece vnt nbbe{il cn be khqei{e *qlk{n nb aeosl( x q~ nqpnql{ *qlk{n beae{e cn be jlde(/
JN[[E[ BE P^N[SE 4 Alblu~no blq khqei{eq qlk{n nb aeosl" nmphnano blqei~dn{lq cn fhdeahño x esl{ohbbno/ Cnqbhano be p~n{se no beepn{s~{e x albñu~nobe qlk{n a~õeq/ Slmno {nfn{noahe cn beebs~{e cn beq nosebbec~{eq x må{u~nobeq qlk{n nb mloseosncnb me{al pe{e ej~nae{ beq nosebbec~{ eq no beq u~n fhde{åocnqp~èq be ls{e jlde cn beq khqei{eq/
BE AN[[EC^[E 4 Be an{{ec~{e cn ~oe p~n{se hosn{hl{ almp{nocn ~o pnqshbblmnche -v~nbse x ~o pnqshbbl c~{mhnosn/ Qlk{n nb kl{cn cnepn{s~{e" s{eano nb pn{fhb cn be aede cn be an{{ec~{e *be pe{sncn ekedl e 5"0> am cnb q~nbl" nb nqpnql{ {nme{aecl alo ~oi{emhb( x q~ ndn vn{shaeb mncheol" x b~nil bl qnmpbetemhnoslq cn be nmp~õec~{e x cnb ei~dn{l cnan{{ec~{e/
BE PN[FL[EAH ÑO 4 Pe{e pn{fl{e{ be epn{s~{e cnqshoece eb a~ec{ecl cn benmp~õec~{e" u~n qn shnon u~n plcn{ eaahloe{ qhop{lkbnme" nqaldeo ~oe mnaje cn chåmns{l q~fhahnosn/Pn{fl{no jeqse u~n be p~ose cn be mnaje qne vhqhkbn qlk{nbe ls{e ae{e" cnqp~èq sn{mhono be pn{fl{eahño qlk{n nqseôbshme/ P{lanceo cn be mhqme meon{e pe{e nb ei~dn{l cn be
BE NQALPBNEC^[E 4 Pe{e cnqpnde{ be epn{s~{e cnqshoece eb pnqshbbl" aldeo ~oemnaje cn chåmns{l hi~eb eb nqpnql{ cn be aede x" alo ~oei~íe cn p{lf~ochcec" pn{fl{no ~oe qn{hn cn ei~dn{lq e blbe{il cnb ndn vn{shaeb mncheol u~n jeo s{etecl qlk{n nbaeosl cn be p~n{se/ Eaekeo cn cnqpnde{ be epn{s~{e alo nbfl{mño/
AN[[EC^[E X NMP^Õ EC^[E Q 4 Alblu~no be an{{ec~{e no be m~nqae eqí jnaje x s{eano nbalosl{ol cn be pbeae qlk{n nb aeosl cn be p~n{se 4 snoc{åo
u~n veahe{ nqsn nmpbetemhnosl/V~nbvno e alblae{ be an{{ec~{e" pn{fl{no p{n -ei~dn{lq xesl{oíbbnobe cnfhohshvemnosn /Ploieo no q~ qhshl nb våqseil a~ec{ecl" beq pbeaeq x beqnmp~õec~{eq/
BE FH DEAH ÑO CNB AN[[ECN[L 4 Alo be p~n{se an{{ece" hochu~no qlk{n nb me{al" nbnmpbetemhnosl cnb an{{ecl{/Alblu~no èqsn qlk{n nb pnqshbbl" pe{e plcn{ hochae{ nb ebsl xnb kedl cn be an{{ecn{e/ [nme{u~no nqseq mnchceq" chk~dnonb alosl{ol cnb an{{ecn{l x veaínobl pe{e esl{ohbbe{ nqsnôbshml no q~ qhshl/ Veaíno blq nmpbetemhnoslq cn blqpnqshbblq/
BLQ KESH NOSNQ 4 Be jlde nqså ejl{e nu~hpece x no qhs~eahño cnf~oahloemhnosl/ Mhceo nb nqpnql{ cnb keshnosn/ Nqsn plc{ånqse{ aloqshs~hcl pl{ phnteq cn qnaahño {naseoi~be{" u~neqnmkbe{åo e d~ose pbeoe" l cn mlbc~{eq noqemkbeceq nohoibnsn/ Abevno beq phnteq" nqaloce o beq aeknteq cn blqabevlq" meqhbbno blq ei~dn{lq/
y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 1
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5 Aedeq f~n{snq x qni~{hcec
; Nbnmnoslq cn ~oe aede
Be qni~{hcec cn ~oe vhvhnoce l ~o onilahl qn p~ncn almpbnse{ alo be
hoqsebeahño cn ~oe aede f ~n{sn/Be aede f~n{sn chf ha~bs e be q~qs{eaahño cn pnu~nõlq lkdns lq x cla~mnos lq"eb shnmpl u~n" blq la~bse cn be a~{hlqhcec cn ls{eq pn{qloeq/
E be jl{e cn ecu~h{h{ ~oe aede f~n{s n" nq hmpl{s eosn nbnih{be cnb semeõlmåq ecna~ecl e blq lkdnslq u~n qn cnqnno i~e{ce{ no nbbe x alo ~oeqp{nqseahlonq eceps eceq e beq onanqhcecnq u~n cnqnno a~k{h{ q~q ~q~e{hlq/
Qh khno be ~khaeahño cn be aede no be vhvhnoce l blaeb nq ~oe cnahqhñopn{qloeb" qhnmp{n nq onanqe{hl {nebhte{ ~oe hoqsebeahño al{{nase pe{envhse{ u~n be aede p~nce qn{ q~qs{eíce alo feahbhcec/
Beq aedeq f~n{snq chqplohkbnq no nb mn{aecl p~ncno qn{ aedeq cn nmpls {e{l aedeq cn qlk{nplon{" qniôo qn hoqsebno nmpls{eceq no ~o m~{l l qnqlk{nploieo esl{ohbbeceq qlk{n ~oe q~pn{f hahn/
Nqse fhaje p{lxnasl nqså cnchaece e be hoqsebeahño cn ~oe aede f~n{sn cnnmpls{e{/
Slce aede f~n{s n aloqse" kåqhaemnos n" cn ~o a~n{pl cn ajepe" ~o me{all f{loseb" ~oe p~n{se x ~o mnaeohqml cn epn{s~{e u~n p~ncn qn{mnaåohal l nbnas{ñohal/
Almkhoeahño mnaåohae
a~n{pl cn ajepe
me{al
p~n{se
epn{s~ {e mnaåohae
Almkhoeahño nbnas{ñohae
epn{s~{e nbnas{ñohae
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Eos nq cn ecu~h{h{ ~oe aede f ~n{sn" qn cnkno almp{lke{ beq plqhkhbhcecnqu~n lf{nan be vhvhnoce l blaeb pe{e q~ hoqsebeahño/
Bl måq jekhs~eb nq nmpls{e{ be aede f~n{sn no ~o m~{l/ Blq m~{lq alomexl{ p{lf~ochcec qlo blq pn{hmns{ebnq" nq cnah{" blq u~n ceo e befeajece/ Semkhèo qn p~ncn alblae{ no ~o sekhu~n hosn{hl{" pn{l nqsehoqsebeahño nq måq almpbnde" xe u~n {nu~hn{n be aloqs{~aahño cn febqlqsekhu~nq/
Ls{e ebsn{oeshve nq alblae{ be aede qlk{n nb {na~k{hmhnos l cn ~o phbe{ x" qheb p{eashae{ nb j~nal qn noa~nos{e ~o phbe{ cn jhn{{l" qn p~ncn qlbce{ beaede eb mhqml alo ~oeq pbnshoeq semkhèo cn jhn{{l/
Fhoebmnosn" qh beq ae{easn{íqshaeq cn be vhvhnoce ol pn{mhsno nmpls{e{ beaede no ohoiôo b~ie{" qn p~ncn lpse{ pl{ hoqsebe{be no nb hosn{hl{ cn ~oe{me{hl/
Ls{e plqhkhbhcec nq hoqsebe{be no nb q~nbl" pn{l pe{e nbbl nq hmp{nqahochkbnecu~h{h{ ~oe aede f~n{sn nqpnaífhae pe{e nmpls {e{ no nb q~nbl/
1 ^khaeahño
{na~k{hmhnoslcn phbe{
m~{lq pn{hmns{ebnq
sekhu~nqhosn{hl{nq s e
k h u
~ n q
h o s n { h l { n q
{na~k{hmhnoslcn phbe{
{ n a ~
k { h m
h n o
s l
c n p
h b e {
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3 Jn{{emhnoseq x mesn{hebnq
J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q X M E S N [ H E B N Q
e o e
p b å
h l
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^oe vnt u~n qn je cnahchcl be ~khaeahño cnfhohs hve cn be aede" nq p{nahql
{nebhte{ ~o sebec{l qlk{n be pe{nc alo ~oe k{lae cn yhche/ Pe{evn{hfhae{ u~n qn a~nose alo be p{lf~ochcec onanqe{he pe{e nmpls{e{ beaede" be k{lae shnon u~n qn{ cn ~oe bloihs~c q~pn{hl{ e beq mnchceqnzsn{hl{nq cnb f locl cn be aede/
EK[H[ NB J^NAL
> Hoqsebeahño
Mnch{ nb f{loseb cn be aede" eõechèoclbn >am no aece besn{eb" 50 am no be keqn x 5>am no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{" x s{eqbece{ nqseqmnchceq e be pe{nc alo be ex~ce cn ~oohvnb cn k~{k~de/
5
^shbhteocl ~oe meanse x ~o al{sef{ílq"nmpnte{ e {lmpn{ be pe{nc qlk{n blqs{etlq me{aeclq/
Alo nb fho cn ol p{lvlae{ i{hnseq no bepe{nc" oh ceõlq hmpl{seosnq no s~klqnmpls{eclq cn b~t l s~klq cn aloc~aahñocn ei~e" alblae{ nb al{sef{ílq cn aeosl xalo ~oe hoabhoeahño cn ~olq 3>´/
;
P[NPE[E[ NB HOSN[HL[
^oe vnt ekhn{sl nb j~nal" nq onanqe{hlp{npe{e{ ~oe keqn u~n qh{ve cn eplxl e beaede x nvhsn ecnmåq u~n nb mesn{heb u~n qnve e ~shbhte{ pe{e {nahkh{be qn cnqa~nbi~njeahe nb q~nbl pl{ nb hos n{hl{ cnb sekhu~n/
Pe{e be p{npe{eahño cn be keqn qn ~shbhtexnql oni{l x bec{hbblq cn i{eo fl{mesl cnb
shpl {eqhbbño" cn 30 z ;0 am l cn ~oemnchce qhmhbe{/
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No a~eosl qnu~n nb xnql xe qn p~ncn {nahkh{ be aede" pn{l eosnq cnhos{lc~ah{be no nb j~nal nq onanqe{hl p{lsnin{be/^shbhteocl pbåqshal l pepnb g{efs x ahose cn ae{{lan{l" qn a~k{noa~hceclqemnosn nb f{loseb x slclq blq l{hfhahlq cnb a~n{pl cn be aede"alo nb fho cn u~n blq p{lc~aslq u~n qn ~shbhteo c~{eosn be hoqsebeahñool pnons{no no q~ hosn{hl{ oh ceõno nb mnaeohqml cn epn{s ~{e/
[NAHKH[ BE AEDE NO NB J^NAL
Vn{sn{ ei~e qlk{n ~oe ievnse x nqplbvl{ne{nb xnql oni{ l jeqse a~k{h{ nb ohvnb cnb ei~e/Cnde{ {nplqe{ x nmpnte{ e epbhae{bl alo bepebnse qlk{n blq {eqhbblonq/
5
Ecepse{ blq {eqhbblonq e beq chmnoqhlonq cnb j~nal al{såoclblq alobe pebnse/ Pe{e {nebhte{ nb al{sn" ce{ ilbpnq qnalq qlk{n be bíoneme{aece alo be pebnse cn aeosl/
;
Epbhae{ xnql qlk{n blq {eqhbblonq u~n veo
e fl{me{ be keqn x eplxe{blq qlk{n nbsekhu~n u~n qn eaeke cn al{se{ x qlk{nbe fåk{hae cn bec{hbbl cnb flocl/ Pe{e~oh{blq eb sekhu~n cnb flocl" qn jek{åjnajl p{nvhemnosn ~oe {lte no be u~neblde{blq/ Ls{e plqhkhbhcec nq pnie{p{nvhemnosn alo xnql ~olq bec{hbblq nopbeol u~n easôno e mlcl cn nqa~ec{ecn eplxl cn slcl nb mesn{heb u~nalmplon be keqn/
^oe vnt sn{mhoece be keqn" blq besn{ebnq cnb j~nal qn ahn{{eo s emkhèoalo {eqhbblonq/
1
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Alblae{ nb ohvnb no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{ cnbe aede x" ~s hbhteocl a~õeq cn mecn{e" h{aebtåoclbe jeqse alblae{be no q~plqhahño cnfhohshve/
Almp{lke{ s emkhèo alo nb ohvnb u~n nbf{loseb cn be aede u~nce no{eqecl alo{nqpnasl e be bíone cn pe{nc sn{mhoece/Nq m~x hmpl{seosn u~n be aede u~ncnkhno ohvnbece vn{shaebmnosn pe{e nvhse{u~n be p~n{se {lan alo nb me{al eb ek{h{l an{{e{/
5
P{npe{e{ nb jl{mhiño pe{e{nahkh{be" mntabeocl anmnosl"e{noe cn {íl x i{eve/
Be clqhfhaeahño {nalmnocecepe{e u~n nb jl{mhiño s noie bealoqhqsnoahe onanqe{he" nq beqhi~hnosn4
[nbbnoe{ alo jl{mhiño slcl nb j~naleb{ncncl{ cn be aede" nmpnteocl p l{ blqbesn{ebnq/ Pe{e nbbl" alblae{ pnilsnq cnjl{mhiño alo be pebnse no be pe{snq~pn{hl{ cn be aede n h{blq cnqpbeteocljeahe blq beclq/ Cn nqse f l{me" e mnchceu~n nb jl{mhiño ve aexnocl" blqbesn{ebnq qn veo almpeaseocl/
C~{eosn nqsn p{lanql" alovhnon ~s hbhte{ ~o s {ltl cn bhqsño cn mecn{e*l mnseb(" u~n qn ve mnshnocl x qeaeocl cnb jl{mhiño" pe{e nvhs e{ u~nu~ncno j~nalq x aloqni~h{ u~n nb jl{mhiño u~ncn khno almpeasecl/
1
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[nbbnoe{ e alosho~eahño nb j~nal u~n u~nce nos{n be keqn x be pe{s nhof n{hl{ cn be aede/
[nfl{te{ be pe{sn q~pn{hl{ eosnq cn {nbbnoe{be alo jl{mhiño"alblaeocl ~oe l ve{heq ve{hbbeq cn ean{l cn 50 l 5; mm cnchåmns{l/ Pe{e nvhse{ u~n nqseq ve{hbbeq qn cnqpbeano eb hos{lc~ah{ nbjl{mhiño" qn p{eashaeo ~olq l{hfhahlq no blq {eqhbblonq cn blqbesn{ebnq x qn ebldeo no nbblq blq nzs{nmlq cn beq ve{hbbeq/
Pe{e sn{mhoe{" {nbbnoe{ alo jl{mhiño nb j~nal cn be pe{s n q~pn{hl{x an{{e{bl ~shbhteocl blq {nqs lq cn blq {eqhbblonq u~n qn jeo al{s ecl/
S{eoqa~{{hceq 3: jl{eq" nb shnmplonanqe{hl pe{e u~n nb jl{mhiño jexenoc~{nahcl" qn v~nbvn e p{npe{e{ xnqloni{l" qhi~hnocl blq peqlq cnqa{hslqeosn{hl{mnos n" x qn epbhae alo ~oe bbeoeno slcl nb pn{ímns{l cn be aede/
Qn cnde qnae{ x qn {nebhte nb nob~ahcl aloxnql kbeoal/ Nb xnql kbeoal qn p{npe{ecn be mhqme fl{me u~n nb xnql oni{l/
No a~eosl qnu~n nb xnql kbeoal" bepe{nc nqse{å bhqse pe{e {nahkh{ nb {nmesnfhoeb cn phos~{e/
Sebec{e{ be pe{nc alo ~oe k{lae ; mmq~pn{hl{ eb chåmns{l cnb seal nmpbne-cl/ Bhmphe{ nb l{hfhahl/
P{npe{e{ nb ae{s~ajl cn p{lc~asl cn
fhdeahño" hos {lc~ah{bl no be phqs lbe x p~b-qe{ nb ieshbbl/ No a~ebu~hn{ ls{e q~pn{fh-ahn" ~o ae{sño pl{ ndnmpbl" cnde{ qebh{~o plal cn p{lc~asl e mlcl cn p{~n-ke" jeqse lks non{ ~oe mntabe jlmliè-one/ E alosho~eahño" hoxnase{ nb p{l-c~asl no nb flocl cnb l{hfhahl jeqsea~k{h{ be mhsec cnb mhqml/
Hos{lc~ah{ nb seal x be ve{hbbe {lqaece/Nqpn{e{ e u~n qnu~n nb p{lc~as l cn fhde-ahño/
Eosnq cn almnote{ nb mlosedn" nqonanqe{hl j~och{ blq ae{slonq hosn{hl{nqcnb peonb no slcl nb pn{ímns{l cn bephnte" pe{e plcn{ hoqn{se{be no blqpn{fhbnq/ Pe{e nbbl" alblae{ nb peonb cnaeosl qlk{n ~o keoal cn s{ekedl l no nbq~nbl x" alo ~o me{shbbl cn ae{phosn{l"epbeqse{ blq ae{slonq" cndåoclblqj~ochclq ep{lzhmecemnosn 1 am/
FEQN ;4 P[NPE[EAHÑO CN BLQ PEONBNQ CN S[HBBEDN
•
Pe{e ce{ aloqhqsnoahe e be ~ohñonos{n blq nbnmnoslq vn{shaebnq x blqjl{htlosebnq" nq onanqe{hl hoqn{se{pn{fhbnq cn {nf~n{tl no slclq blqpeonbnq vn{shaebnq cnb m~nkbn/
Be bloihs~c cnb pn{fhb cn {nf~n{tl
cnkn qn{ hi~eb eb eoajl cnb peonbmnolq 9 am *1 am pl{ aece becl pe{ece{ aekhce e blq pn{fhbnq pn{hmns{ebnqx 5 am cn jlbi~{e(/
peonb cn s{hbbednpn{fhb c n {nf~n{tl
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Hoqn{se{ nb peonb no q~ al{{nqplochnosnpn{fhb x me{ae{ be plqhahño cn blq pn{fhbnqcn be keqn x be kebce/
5
Almp{lke{ alo nb mns{l u~n nb pn{fhbnqså no q~ plqhahño al{{nase *e 1"> amcnb kl{cn( x esl{ohbbe{bl pe{e u~n ol qnm~nve cn q~ qhshl *~shbhteocl sl{ohbblqcn 1"> z ;> mm pe{e Pbec~{(/
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Hoqn{se{ blq pn{fhbnq no blq aeoslq vhqslq cnb pn{ímns{l cnb m~nkbn"esl{ohbbe{blq x fhde{ qlk{n nbblq beq sepnseq x nb {lcephè/
5
No be pe{sn hof n{hl{ x cnqcn blq nzs{nmlqcnb peonb al{s ecl" s{ete{ ~oe bíone e >";am x al{se{ pn{l" no nqsn aeql" qñbl ~oecn beq pbeaeq cn ae{sño xnql x nb ae{sñou~n almplon nb peonb cn s{hbbedn/
Seosl pe{e be kebce alml pe{e be sepe"beq lpn{eahlonq e {nebhte{ qlo beqmhqmeq u~n beq cnqa{hseq eosn{hl{mnosn*al{se{ nb peonb" j~och{ nb ae{sño" nsa///(/
Nq be phnte cn Pbec~{ u~n qn alblae nos{n be kebce hofn{hl{ x nb q~nbl/Eosnq cn hoqsebe{bl" nq alovnohnosn alblae{ ~olq aebtlq no nb j~nalnzhqsnosn nos{n nb q~nbl x be kebce hofn{hl{" alo nb fho cn {nfl{te{ q~aloqhqsnoahe/ Slme{ beq mnchceq cnqcn nb q~nbl jeqse nb kl{cn q~pn{hl{cn be kebce x s{eqbece{beq e ~oe pbeae cn ae{s ño xnql cn 5 am cn i{lql{/Al{se{ alo ~o a~ssn{/
Be aebnfeaahño cnkn meosnon{qn noanochce u~hoan cíeqeos nq cn be hoqsebeahño x epeie{be 3: jl{eq eos nq cn p{lan-cn{ e èqse/ A~es {l cíeq cnqp~èq cn be hoqsebeahño" qn v~nbvne noanocn{ e snmpn{es~{e ol{meb pn{l cn f l{me p{l i{n-qhve/
Alblae{ c~{eosn nb mlosedn beqpe{snq fhdeq cn blq pn{fhbnq cn~ohño" cnqohvnb l sn{mhoeahño*vn{ >/ [nmesnq fhoebnq(/Nqpn{e{ e u~n qn qnu~n be albe*nos{n 3: x 9; j(/ Qñbl nosloanqqn plc{åo {nsh{e{ beq a~õeq cnmecn{e alblaeceq no nb pn{ímn-s{l cn be jekhseahño
Pe{e ~oe bhmphnte no p{lf ~ochcec" ~shbhte{ ~o p{lc~as l cnqho-a{~qseos n aece 5" ; l 1 eõlq" qniôo nb s {åoqhs l/ Epbhae{ e alosh-o~eahño ~oe aepe cn ek{hbbeosecl{/
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Beq a~khn{s eq l s ndeclq p~ncno qn{ hoabhoeclq" f l{meclq pl{ ~ol l måqfebclonq" l pbeolq *etlsneq x sn{{eteq(/
Qn cnolmhoeo nbnmnoslq qhoi~be{nq cn be a~khn{se e blq u~n pl{ q~qae{easn{íqshaeq {nu~hn{no ~o s{esemhnos l nqpnaheb c~{eos n q~ ndna~ahño/
Alml ol{me inon{eb" no blq noa~nos{lqcn blq febclonq alo pe{emnos lq vn{shaebnq*ajhmnoneq l m~{nsnq(" qn cnkn {nfl{te{be hmpn{mnekhbhteahño alo ~oe keoce cnsnbe eqfåbshae clkbece no åoi~bl xecjn{hce qlk{n nb febcño x nb pe{emnoslvn{shaeb/
No nb aeql aloa{nsl cn beq ajhmnoneq" besnbe eqfåbshae qn cnkn chqplon{ pl{ cnkedlcnb nbnmnosl cn a~k{hahño *snde" phte{{e"nsa/( no be pe{s n måq ebse x" pl{ noahme cnèqsn" no be pe{sn måq kede/
Nb noa~nos{l nos{n clq febclonq u~n
fl{meo ~oe ie{ieose qn cnolmhoex no nbbe qn cnkn aloqs{~h{ ~oekeqn cn fåk{hae qlk{n be u~n qn ecjhn{nsnbe eqfåbshae/
cnb mhqml mesn{heb ~shbhtecl no behmpn{mnekhbhteahño cn be a~khn{se/ Nqsekeoce" u~n cnkn snon{ >0 am cn eoajl"qn clkbe pl{ nb anos{l x qn ecjhn{n e blqfebclonq/
cn ;> am cn eoajl u~n qn ecjhn{nqlk{n be d~ose nos{n nb pn{fhb x bep{hmn{e aepe cn hmpn{mnekhbhteahño/
Qh qn lpse pl{ ol ~s hbhte{ nb pn{f hbmnsåbhal" be keoce cn {nf~n{tl qncnkn p{lbloie{ > am qlk{n nb f {los ebcnb ebn{l/
Nb mesn{heb cn a~k{hahño cnknqlk{nqebh{ ~o míohml cn 9 am qlk{nnb f{los eb cnb ebn{l pe{e nvhs e{ u~n nbei~e cn be bb~vhe {nmlosn jeahe befeajece x fhbs {n pl{ be d~os e nzhqsnosnnos{n nb ebn{l x be a~khn{se/
≮ ; >
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Pe{e aloqni~h{bl" nb mesn{heb hmpn{mnekhbhteosn qn p{lbloie ~omíohml cn 5> am qlk{n nb pe{emnosl vn{shaeb/ Ecnmåq" noahme cn bep{hmn{e aepe cn hmpn{mnekhbhteahño" qn alblae ~oe keoce cn {nf ~n{tlcnb mhqml mesn{heb cn >0 am cn eoajl/ Nqse keoce qn clkbe no be d~osex qn jean {nmlose{ 5> am alml míohml qlk{n nb ohvnb cnb q~nbl/
Pe{e sn{mhoe{" nb noa~nos{l cnb mesn{heb hmpn{mnekhbhteosn alo nbpe{emnos l vn{shaeb qn {nq~nbvn alo be hoqsebeahño cn ~o pn{f hb mnsåbhalqnbbecl l alo be ndna~ahño cn ~o {nkedn no be p{lphe pe{nc/ Cn nqsef l{me qn nvhs e u~n nb ei~e u~n nqa~{{n pl{ be pe{nc pnons{n pl{ cns{åqcnb mesn{heb hmpn{mnekhbhteosn/
No blq noa~nos {lq cn be a~khn{s e pbeoealo pe{emnoslq vn{shaebnq *pe{ncnq"m~{nsnq l pnslq pn{hmns{ebnq(" nbmesn{heb hmpn{mnekhbhteosn qn cnknchqplon{ cn seb fl{me u~n benqseou~nhcec u~ncn ie{eoshtece noaeql cn nmkebqemhnos l cn ei~e/
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Beq ~ohlonq cn be a~khn{se alo nb cnqeiòn x be kedeosn cnkno qn{nqseoaeq/ Pe{e aloqni~h{bl" qn alblaeo keoceq cn {nf~n{tl u~n cnknobbnie{ jeqse be kedeosn/ Be hmpn{mnekhbhteahño cnkn qlbepe{ 50 amqlk{n be keqn cnb q~mhcn{l/
Blq cnqeiònq shnono u~n nqse{ p{lvhqslq cn {ndhbbeq l pe{ei{evhbbeq u~nhmphceo nb peql cn {nqhc~lq aepeanq cn lkqs{~h{ beq kedeosnq/
Blq cnqeiònq qn q~nbno {nqlbvn{ alo aetlbnseq cn ae~ajl {nqhqsnosnq ebe al{{lqhño x e beq ve{heahlonq cn s nmpn{es ~{e cn be a~khn{se/ No nqsnaeql" qn plon ~o {nf~n{tl cn snbe eqfåbshae cn 60 am ; x qn q~nbce beaetlbnse noahme/ E alosho~eahño" qn epbhae ls{l {nf~n{tl cn snbe cn :0am ; qlk{n be aetlbnse x" fhoebmnosn" qn hoqsebe be aepe cn hmpn{-mnekhbhteahño/
C~{eosn nb p{lanql cn hmpn{mnekhbhteahño cn ~oe a~khn{se" qn cnkno{nqpnse{ seosl beq d~oseq cn chbeseahño nzhqsnosnq no nb nchfhahl almlbeq d~oseq e~zhbhe{nq cn be p{lphe a~khn{se/
Qhnmp{n u~n be chqseoahe nos{n d~os eq cn chbeseahño cnb nchf hahl qneq~pn{hl{ e 5> mns{lq" qn cnkno {nebhte{ d~os eq e~zhbhe{nq no be a~khn{s e/
Be hmpn{mnekhbh teahño cn beq d~os eq qn {nq~nbvn {nf l{tåoclbeq alo ~oekeoce cn snbe eqfåbshae/ Be snbe qn clkbe pl{ nb anos{l x qn hoqn{se no be
d~os e/ Cnqp~èq qn qlbepe qlk{n blq kl{cnq cn be d~os e x qn q~nbceo blqqlbepnq e be a~khn{se/
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M~{lq nosn{{eclq5E be jl{e cn almkesh{ be j~mncec" blq m~{lq nosn{{eclq qlo blqpe{emnoslq vn{shaebnq måq p{lkbnmåshalq/
Xe qne p{lvlaece pl{ beq bb~vheq ek~oceos nq" pl{ nb ebs l ohvnb f {nåshall pl{ nb {hnil cn blq de{chonq p{ñzhmlq" nqslq m~{lq nqsåo no alos easlpn{meonosn alo be j~mncec cnb s n{{nol x qlo blq måq nzp~nqs lq e q~qnfnaslq/
Alo be nqpås~be mnsåbhae"alin{ be peqse x plon{be nobe bbeoe/
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Blq nob~ahclq" qniôo nb s hpl l be me{ae" nqsåo bhqs lq pe{e q~ ~ql
l qn cnkno p{npe{e{/ Pe{e p{npe{e{ nb nob~ahcl no nb a~kl"{nqpns e{ beq p{lpl{ahlonq hochaeceq pl{ nb fek{haeos n/ Mntabe{meo~ebmnosn jeqse lks non{ ~oe peqse bhin{e x jlmlièone/
No be mexl{íe cn blq aeqlq" qn {nalmhnoce plon{ nb nob~ahcl nobe pe{nc alo be bbeoe *ebi~olq nob~ahclq bhin{lq qn p~ncno ce{alo {lchbbl(/ Qn s{ekede cnqp~èq alo nb ~snoqhbhl al{{nqplo-chnos n pe{e lks non{ nb nfnas l u~n qn cnqne/
1 [nebhteahño
; Epbhaeahño
S{ekede{ pl{ keoceq cn 5">0m cn eoajl/ Nmpnte{ pl{ bepe{sn kede cn be pe{nc" ndn-a~seocl peqeceq {ni~be{nqcn ~olq 5> mm cn i{lql{/P{nqhloe{ f~n{snmnosn bebbeoe qlk{n nb flocl alomlvhmhnoslq ah{a~be{nq lvn{shaebnq qniôo nb eqpnaslcnqnecl/
K{ha l fha j e 01 /03 AÑML EPBH AE[ ^ONQS^AECL BHQSE CN MESN[HEB NO NB NZSN[HL[ , BEP[NPE[EAHÑO NO NB HOSN[HL[ , BEP[NPE[EAHÑO NQS^AECL CNAL[ESHVLCNQPNIEKBN NB NQS^AECL NBÅQSHAL BLQ NQS^AECLQ NBÅQSHALQ NJHC[EÔBHALQ ALOQNDLQ
B E AH O S E E C J NQ H V E 4 A~k{e a~hceclqemnosn blq nobeanq alo p~n{seq" vnoseoeq"tñaeblq l al{ohqeq alo be ahose pe{e phose{/ Blq kl{cnqu~nce{åo pn{fnasemnosn {naslq x qn{å måq fåahb bhmphe{cnqp~èq/ Ol lbvhcn u~hse{ be ahose ecjnqhve eosnq cn u~n nbnqs~aecl qn qnu~n almpbnsemnosn/
P [ NP E [ E AH Ñ O C N B E J E K H S E AH Ñ O 4 Nq hochqpnoqekbn u~n u~hsn almpbnsemnosn nb pepnb phoseclvhndl cn be q~pn{fhahn e phose{/ Cnqpndn be jekhseahño"p{nfn{nosnmnosn nb cíe eosnq/ Qeu~n slclq blq m~nkbnq u~np~nce" beq ebflmk{eq x beq al{shoeq/ Al{sn be al{{hnosn xcnqmlosn beq a~khn{ seq cn beq slmeq x cn blq hosn{{~psl{nq/
NB NQS^AECL NBÅQSH AL 4 Nb nqs~aecl nbåqshal qn vnocn no fl{me cn peqse bhqse pe{e q~ ~ql x cnknepbhae{qn no ~oe aepe måq nqpnqe u~n be cnb nqs~aecl cnqpniekbn/ Nqsnnqs~aecl qn nmpbne qlk{n slcl no nzsn{hl{nq/
Nb eqpnasl fhoeb cnb nqs~aecl cnpnocn{å cn q~ a{neshvhcec x cnb mesn{hebnmpbnecl/ Qnpe qho nmke{ il" u~n a~eosl måq {nbhnvn snoie be q~pn{fhahn" måqplbvl alin{å x qn noq~ahe{å måq fåahbmnosn/ Nqalde p~nq nqs{~as~{eq måq fhoeqpe{e nb hosn{hl{/
BE NQPÅS^BE ' NB [LCH BBL 4 Nqsn nqs~aecl semkhèo p~ncn epbhae{qn alo {lchbbl *cnnqp~me cn ohcl cn eknde l nqp~me ebvnlbe{(/ No blqåoi~blq" nzshnoce nb nqs~aecl alo ~oe nqpås~be fbnzhkbn/Epbhu~n cnqp~èq nb {lchbbl bl måq an{ae plqhkbn cnb åoi~bl xeqí nb peqn cn pe{nc e pe{nc qn je{å qho u~n aemkhn benqs{~as~{e/
BE NQPÅS^BE 4Ls{l mèslcl aloqhqsn no nzsnocn{ nb nqs~aecl alo be ex~cecn ~oe nqpås~be cn mnseb holzhcekbn l pbåqshal/ Hoabíonbebhin{emnosn alos{e be pe{nc x {nmñosnbe pe{e epbhae{ nbnqs~aecl/ E be jl{e cn ebhqe{" meosnoie be nqpås~bepn{pnocha~be{ e be pe{nc
NB PH OANB ' NB I^EOSN 4 Qlk{n ~o nqs~aecl f{nqal epbhaecl no ~oe aepe bhqe alo{lchbbl l nqpås~be p~ncn cnde{ vlbe{ q~ hmeihoeahño 4fl{me{ aí{a~blq alo ~o phoanb *5( l a~e{slq cn aí{a~bl alo~o i~eosn cn ilme {~ilql *;(/
BE NQPÅS^BE 4 ^oe vnt u~n be aepe cn nqs~aecl nqsè hi~ebece" p~ncns{ekede{be e q~ i~qsl alo ~oe nqpesøbe/ J~ochnocl nb aeoslcnde{å fhoeq j~nbbeq u~n a{ne{åo nb nfnasl cn +mhaecl+*d~nil cn blq pebhbblq ajholq(/
NB NQS^AECL F[LSEC L 4 Semkhèo p~ncn f{lse{ nb nqs~aecl *nzsnochcl no ~oe aepebhqe( alo ~oe pebnse cn abevlq cn fl{me jl{htloseb" vn{shaeb"cnqa{hkhnocl a{~anq l aí{a~blq" bl u~n fl{me{å fhq~{eq u~nje{åo pnoqe{ no be al{snte cn ~o å{klb/
NB [LCH BBL CN ILME 4 Nzhqsno {lchbblq nqpnahebmnosn aloankhclq pe{e a{ne{ nqsnnfnasl cn al{snte cn å{klb x ls{lq m~ajlq/ Nqsåo jnajlq cnilme {lk~qse x q~ nqs{~as~{e cnsn{mhoe nb eqpnasl fhoeb/ Nbeaekecl cnkn {nebhte{qn vn{shaebmnosn/
NB NQS^AECL JH C[Å^BH AL 4 Nqsn nqs~aecl qn vnocn no plbvl x cnkn p{npe{e{qnmntabåoclbl alo ei~e/ Pe{e nbbl qn ~qe ~oe sebec{ecl{enu~hpece alo ~o eihsecl{ e kede vn blahcec/ Cnkn lksnon{qn~oe meqe jlmlièone x qho i{~mlq/
B E E P BH AE AH Ñ O 4 Jex ~o epe{esl nqpnaheb cnqshoecl e be epbhaeahño cnbnqs~aecl jhc{å~bhal bbemecl § cn nqalke ·/ Nqsn epe{eslshnon ~o cnpñqhsl x qn eaahloe meo~ebmnosn/ Nbmlvhmhnosl cn kebeoaío cnb cnpñqhsl beote nb nqs~aeclalos{e be pe{nc/
B E B H M P H NT E 4 Be mexl{íe cn blq nqs~aeclq qlo e keqn cn ei~e/ Pl{ blseosl" qñbl shnon u~n beve{ blq ~snoqhbhlq" phoanb" {lchbbl lnqpe{evnb" alo ei~e/ P{hmn{l n bhmhon be mexl{ aeoshcecplqhkbn cn nqs~aecl {eqpeocl l nqa~{{hnocl nb ~snoqhbhl"båvnbl alo ei~e x dekño x nod~åi~nbl eosnq cn plon{bl eqnae{/
BLQ ALBL[NQ 4 Nb nqs~aecl nq ~o {nvnqshmhnosl m~x cnal{eshvl" ecnmåqnqså e mno~cl chqplohkbn no ve{hlq albl{nq/ Semkhèonzhqsno albl{eosnq pe{e shose{bl/ Qh cnqne phose{ ~onqs~aecl *bl u~n inon{ebmnosn nq plqhkbn eb aekl cn ;3 e16 jl{eq(" ~shbhan ~oe phos~{e ea{íbhae xe u~n lf{ nan befbnzhkhbhcec x nbeqshahcec onanqe{heq/
ALOCH AHLO NQ ESMLQFÈ[H AEQ 4 ^oe vnt mntabecl nb nqs~aecl" chqplon cn ebi~oeq jl{eqpe{e ~shbhte{bl/ Qn {nalmhnoce epbhae{ slcl shpl cn nqs~aecle ~oe snmpn{es~ {e emkhnosn cn 5> à 5:°A x ~oe j~mncec{nbeshvemnosn ol{meb/ Ol bl epbhu~n oh e pbnol qlb oh no cíecn bb~vhe/
y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 3
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5 Jn{{emhnoseq x mesn{hebnq
J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
PE[E BE P[NPE[EAHÑO CN BE KEOAECE
M E S N [ H E B N Q
o
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J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
PE[E NB MLOSEDN CN BE KE[KEALE
; Nbnaahño cnb nmpbetemhnoslE be jl{e cn pbeosne{qn be hoqsebeahño cn ~oe ke{keale" alovhnon snon{no a~nose ebi~olq feasl{nq u~n efnaseo" a~eocl mnolq" e be almlchceccn q~ ~ql4
Almp{~nke be l{hnoseahño p{nclmhoeosncnb vhnosl cn s~ de{cío/ ^o vhnosl f~n{sn"ch{nasl qlk{n nb fliño" je{å u~n qnbnveosno ajhqpeq x anohteq x eanbn{e{å
cnmeqhecl be almk~qshño/ Qh be ke{kealeol ve e snon{ ajhmnone" nvhse semkhèol{hnose{ q~ nqpebce alos{e nb vhnosl x u~nèqsn sn najn nb j~ml no blq ldlq a~eoclnqsèq alahoeocl/
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Ecnmåq cn be l{hnoseahño p{lphe cn be ke{keale" sn alovnoc{å nbnih{~o nmpbetemhnosl u~n ol p{lphahn u~n nb j~ml vexe jeahe be tloecn almn{ l jeahe be aeqe/ Nb b~ie{ bñihal cn be ke{keale qn{å nb
lp~nqsl no nb de{cío e be tloe cn nos{ece cn blq vhnoslq måq f~n{snq"cn fl{me u~n èqslq qhnmp{n ebndno nb j~ml jeahe nb nzsn{hl{/
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1 Chfn{nosnq shplq x ~qlq
Nvhse blq å{klbnq cnmeqhecl p{ñzhmlq/ E nbblq ol bnq vnoc{å khno nbaebl{ ch{nasl cn be ke{keale x pe{e sh q~plon ~o {hnqil hoqsebe{ ~oeke{keale qlk{n q~q {eíanq p~nq" peqecl ~o shnmpl" p~ncnocnqnqsekhbhte{be/P{nvè ~oe hb~mhoeahño ecna~ece u~n sn pn{mhse chqf{~s e{ cn s~ de{cíopl{ be olajn pe{e alahoe{ x anoe{/ Semkhèo ei{ecnan{åq chqplon{ cn~o i{hfl alo ei~e an{ae cn be ke{keale/
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Cnqcn nb p~osl cn vhqse bnieb ol nzhqsn ~oe ol{me nqpnaífhae u~n{ni~bn nb ~ql cn beq ke{kealeq no beq alm~ohcecnq cn vnaholq/Alovnoc{å qho nmke{il u~n sn hofl{mnq qlk{n be nzhqsnoahe cnplqhkbnq ea~n{clq eb {nqpnasl no be alm~ohcec x" no ôbshme hoqseoahe"u~n sn eqni~{nq cn u~n ol veq e mlbnqse{ e s~q vnaholq alo j~mlq xlbl{nq ch{naslq/
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• FL[ MEQ X SEMEÕLQ
Beq fl{meq x semeõlq cn be ke{keale qlo p{åashaemnosn hofhohslq/Pn{l" ecnmåq cnb a{hsn{hl nqsèshal" cnknq vebl{e{ ~oe qn{hn cn cnsebbnq/
- Beq ke{kealeq alo ajhmnone ol qñblch{hino nb j~ml" qhol u~n p{lpl{ahloeo~oe ah{a~beahño cn eh{n u~n mndl{e bealmk~qshño/ Be ajhmnone meoshnon ~o sh{laloqseosn u~n nvhse be chqpn{qhño cnb aebl{u~n e vnanq qn p{lc~an no beq ke{kealeqcnqa~khn{seq pl{ be f l{meahño cn {nmlbholqcn eh{n/
- Blq nqpeahlq hof n{hl{nq pn{mhsno i~e{ce{be bnõe" blq qealq cn ae{kño x blq ~snoqhbhlqcn be ke{keale/ Ebi~olq mlcnblq hoab~xnoecnmåq aedlonq mnsåbhalq epslq pe{e{nalin{ be anohte/
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Beq ke{kealeq p{nfek{haeceq qn nbekl{eo no chqshoslq mesn{hebnq" cnqcnphnc{e jeqse ean{l holzhcekbn/Beq måq alm~onq qlo beq fek{haeceq alo jl{mhiño ebhin{ecl l alobec{hbbl {nf{ease{hl/ Semkhèo nq jekhs~eb u~n" eb mnolq ebi~oeq cn q~qphnteq" jexeo qhcl nbekl{eceq e keqn cn phnc{eq cn m~x ebs e {nqhqsnoahee beq ve{heahlonq cn j~mncec x s nmpn{es~{e" xe qneo oes~{ebnq" almlbe phnc{e cn Ie{c" l e{shfhahebnq" alml be phnc{e {naloqshs~hce/Beq ke{kealeq cn jl{mhiño q~nbno qn{ måq bhin{eq x qnoahbbeq cnmlose{" pn{l qlo semkhèo måq qnoqhkbnq e be snmpn{es~{e/ Qh veq e~s hbhte{ bnõe" l n{nq cn blq u~n q~nbno noanocn{ + alo m~aje p{hqe+ nbae{kño vninseb ~shbhteocl p{lc~aslq u~n eanbn{eo be almk~qshño" snalovhnon nbnih{ ~oe ke{keale u~n snoie ~o jlie{ ecna~ecl pe{ebnõe" alml qlo beq cn bec{hbbl {nf{easl{hl/
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Be ke{keale onanqhse ~o q~nbl aloqhqsnosn/ Ol nq oece {nalmnocekbn
alblae{be ch{nasemnosn qlk{n be shn{{e pl{u~n qn al{{n nb {hnqil cn u~n"eb j~och{qn ebi~ol cn q~q eplxlq" be ke{keale qn cnqnqsekhbhan n hoab~qlqn pe{se/
Bhmphe be tloe cn mebeq jhn{keq x {eíanq/Me{ae nb alosl{ol cn be qlbn{e ~shbhteocl nqseaeq x a~n{ce/ Be a~n{ce"cnqp~èq cn jekn{be snoqecl khno" cnbhmhse{å be tloe u~n veq e bbnoe{cn jl{mhiño/Nzaeve be q~pn{fhahn u~n veq e jl{mhiloe{jeqse ~oe p{lf~ochcec cn ;0 e ;> am/[nbbnoe be q~pn{fhahn aevece alo i~hde{{lqjeqse ~oe ebs~{e cn 50 e 5> am/ [npe{snkhno blq i~hde{{lq alo ex~ce cn ~o {eqs{hbbl/Pe{e u~n beq phnc{eq qn vexeo eqnoseocl"vhn{sn noahme ~oe aepe cn e{noe mntabecealo i{eve/J~mncnan nb alod~osl alo ei~e ek~oceosn x epbåqsebl cnqp~èq alo~o phqño/
Qh ol chqplonq xe cn ~oe qlbn{e cn jl{mhiño clocn hoqsebe{ be ke{keale"sn nzpbhaemlq e alosho~eahño añml aloqs{~h{ ~oe keoaece4
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Alblae ~oe båmhoe cn pbåqshal qlk{n slce be q~pn{fhahn" p{la~{eoclu~n qlk{n pl{ blq kl{cnq pe{e plcn{be phqe{ cnqp~èq alo beq sekbequ~n veq e ~shbhte{ pe{e nb noalf{ecl/
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3 Aloqs{~aahño cn be keoaece
Qh veq e hoqsebe{ ~oe ke{keale cn bec{hbbl cn i{eo semeõl l pnbhi{e be nqsekhbhcec cn be ke{keale cnkhcl e beq {eíanq cn blq å{klbnq måq p{ñzhmlq" sn alovnoc{å aloqs{~h{ ~oe keoaece cn jl{mhiño e{mecl/ No be fhaje p{lxnas l + Aloqs{~aahño cn
Pe{e aeba~be{ be p{lpl{ahño cn anmnos l" e{noe x i{eve u~n onanqhs eq pe{ep{npe{e{ nb jl{mhiño" aloq~bs e beq fhajeq p{lxnasl + Aloqs{~aahño cn ~oeqlbn{e cn jl{mhiño+ x +Clqhfhaeahño cnb ml{sn{l x cnb jl{mhiño+ /
^oe vnt emeqecl nb jl{mhiño" qhi~n nqslq peqlq4
MNTABE[ X VN[SN[ NB JL[MHIÑO
Vhn{sn nb jl{mhiño no nb hosn{hl{ cnb noalf{ecl jeqse ebaeote{ nbkl{cn cn beq sekbeq/Nzshèocnbl alo ~oe pebe qlk{n nb flocl pe{e almpease{bl x nvhse{ befl{meahño cn klbqeq cn eh{n/
5
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No{eqe nb jl{mhiño alo ~oe sekbeu~n eplxe{åq x cnqbhte{åq pl{ blqkl{cnq cnb noalf{ecl/
1
Mhnos{eq nb jl{mhiño slcevíe nqså jômncl" ephqñoebl alo be sekbealblaece cn aeosl x nfnas~eocl pnu~nõeq lqahbeahlonq/
Meosèo nb p{hmn{ cíe ~o plal jômnce be q~pn{fhahn cn be keoaecealo ~o {hnil q~evn/ Nqpn{e ;3 jl{eq eosnq cn phqe{be/ Ol hoqsebnq beke{keale qlk{n nbbe jeqse u~n ol jexeo s{eoqa~{{hcl ~o míohml cn53 cíeq/
3
>
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> Mlosedn cn be ke{kealeE alosho~eahño sn cemlq ebi~oeq {nalmnoceahlonq pe{e nb mlosedn cnbe ke{keale u~n sn {nq~bse{åo ôshbnq/ Ol lkqseosn" ol lbvhcnq u~n beqhoqs{~aahlonq u~n shnonq u~n qni~h{ qlo beq nqpnaífhaeq cnb mlcnbl u~njexeq ecu~h{hcl/
P{nqnose slceq beq phnteq x an{ahñ{esn cn u~n ol febsn ohoi~oe x cnu~n nb s{eoqpl{sn ol bnq jexe ae~qecl ohoiôo ceõl u~n efnasn e q~eaekecl l e q~ hoqsebeahño/^shbhte pe{e nb mlos edn ~o ecjnqhvl nqpnaífhal pe{e nb mesn{heb no nbu~n nqsè fek{haece x u~n qlpl{sn nb aebl{ u~n qn ve p{lc~ah{ no beke{keale/ Qh ol ve hochaecl no beq {nalmnoceahlonq cnb fek{haeosn"no be shnoce sn hofl{me{åo cn a~åbnq qlo blq p{lc~aslq måqecna~eclq/
f{e{ noi{eqeceq *nqpnql{ ;9mm( no blq kl{cnq cn be q~pn{-fhahn e jl{mhiloe{/ [ni~be{beqe be ebs~{e nzease u~n qn p{n-snoce ce{ e be qlbn{e cn jl{mh-iño *inon{ebmnosn 50 am("snohnocl no a~nose u~n nqonanqe{hl cnde{ ~oe pnochnosncn 5 am,mns{l/
E alosho~eahño" qn alblaeoi~íeq noi{eqeceq *nqpnql{ 50mm( l d~oseq cn chbeseahño cnPVA *u~n ol qn {nsh{eo( aece ; e3 m/ Nqse chqseoahe ve{íe no f~o-ahño cn beq ae{easn{íqshaeq cn be
q~pn{fhahn e jl{mhiloe{ x cn bebloihs~c cn be {nibe mnsåbhaeu~n qn ve e ~shbhte{/Be alblaeahño cn d~oseq nvhseu~n epe{ntaeo fhq~{eq u~n e bebe{ie cnkhbhs eo be {nqhqsnoahe cnbe qlbn{e/Beq i~íeq l beq d~oseq cn PVA qn{-vh{åo semkhèo cn qlpl{sn pe{ebe {nibe mnsåbhae u~n qn ~shbhtepe{e hi~ebe{ nb jl{mhiño/Alml qn vn no nb chk~dl" beq~pn{fhahn u~n qn ve e jl{mhil-oe{ u~nce chvhchce no qnaahl-onq u~n ol q~pn{eo blq ;0 m ; /
Vn{sn{ ~oe aepe cn jl{mhiñocn ; l 1 am no be qnaahño cnbh-mhsece pl{ beq pbeoajeq x beqi~íeq noi{eqeceq/Qeae{ e be q~pn{fhahn blq mebbe-tlq u~n qn jek{åo j~ochcl
l{ b l b jl{ hiñ /
A L O Q N D L Q
Pe{e ejl{{e{ shnmpl x s{ekedl" qn p~ncn noae{ie{ jl{mhiño bhqsl pe{e nb ~ql/ Nb p{lvnncl{ bl s{eqbece no ~o aemhño jl{- mhilon{e jeqse be lk{e x ol nq onanqe{hl hovn{sh{ no jn{{e- mhnoseq x eaanql{hlq nqpnaífhalq pe{e q~ f ek{haeahño/
Qh be qlbn{e qn ve e aloqs{~h{ no ~o b~ie{ jômncl *~o qñseol"pl{ ndnmpbl(" nq ealoqndekbn eõech{ ~o jhc{ñf~il e be meqe cnb jl{mhiño pe{e e~mnose{ q~ {nqhqsnoahe e be j~mncec/
ALOQNDLQ Eveote{ ilbpneocl alo be {nibe qlk{n be q~pn{fhahn jl{mhil- oece/ Nqsl pn{mhsh{å u~n be bnajece *anmnosl mntabecl alo ei~e( q~ke e be q~pn{fhahn x feahbhse{å nb p~bhcl cnb jl{mhiño/
HMPL[SEOSN4 Nqpn{e{ ;3 jl{eq eosnq cn phqe{ be qlbn{e/
A L O Q N D L QNo aeql cn u~n be qlbn{e nqsè pniece e be vhvhnoce" nq ealo- qndekbn nfnas~e{ ~oe d~ose cn chbeseahño nos{n nb m~{l x be qlbn{e pe{e nvhse{ u~n be pe{nc cn be vhvhnoce qn ei{hnsn qh qn p{lc~ano mlvhmhnoslq cnb sn{{nol/
Vn{sn{ nb jl{mhiño no nbnoalf{ecl n hi~ebe{ beq~pn{fhahn/
Eveote{ alo be {nibe ep{n- s eocl qlk{n slce be q~pn{fh- ahn jl{mhiloece/ Cn nqse fl{me" be bnajece *mntabe cn anmnosl x ei~e( q~kn e be q~pn{fhahn x feahbhse nb p~bh- cl cnb jl{mhiño/
Alblae{ ~o kblu~n cnåoi~bl no aece nzs{nml xaece 1 m/ No nqslq kbl-u~nq qn hos{lc~ah{å cnq-p~èq be fn{{ebbe cn {nf~n{-tl/ ^shbhte{ nb me{shbblpe{e {ni~be{ be vn{shaebh-cec cn blq kblu~nq x nb
nqpnql{ cn beq d~oseq/Almp{lke{ be pbeonhcec xnb pblml cn aece kblu~nalo be pblmece x nb ohvnb/
Pe{e i~he{ be ebhon-eahño cn beq jhbn-{eq" alblae{ mh{eq
no blq kblu~nq cnblq nzs{nmlq x sno-cn{ ~o al{cnb no-s{n nbbeq e {eq cnblq kblu~nq/H{ {ned~qseocl beplqhahño cnb al{cnb e mnchceu~n qn bnveose nb m~{l/
Beq jhbn{eq cn kblu~nq {nq-seosnq qn veo alblaeoclqlk{n nb ml{sn{l" u~n qnal{s e alo be p~ose cn be pebn-se alml qn vn no nb chk~dl/
ecepse{ be q~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn cnqneo hoqsebe{ e beq chmnoqhlonqcn blq kblu~nq nbnihclq/ Pe{e nbbl" qh nq onanqe{hl" qn aloqs{~xnoplxnsnq" mlajnseq" chosnbnq l" hoab~ql" i~e{ohahlonq e emklq beclq cnbsekhu~n/
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J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
Jn{{emhnoseq x mesn{hebnq;
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M E S N [ H E B N Q
55"> am 55"> am
A~ec{eclq 58 am 58 am
;3 am ;3 am
[naseoi~be{nq 8 am 58 am
: am 55"> am ;3 am
Sn{mhoeb qnoahbbl 58 am 58 am
Nqpnahebnq Sn{mhoeb clkbn 58 am 58 am
A~{ve 80´ 58 am
A~{ve ;;">´ 58 am
> am A~ec{eclq 58 am 58 am
[naseoi~be{nq 53 am 58 am
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1 Sekhu~nq nos{n pe{ncnq
[NPBEOSNL
Eosnq cn nmpnte{" qn cnkn jean{ ~o{npbeosnemhnosl cnb nqpeahl x{nebhte{ beq {nfl{meq onanqe{heq pe{eecepse{ be q~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qnve e hoqsebe{ nb sekhu~n e beqchmnoqhlonq cn blq kblu~nq/
Pe{e nbbl" qn p~ncno eclpse{chqshoseq qlb~ahlonq4
- Aloqs{~h{ ~o plxnsn no be pe{snhofn{hl{ x ed~qse{ nb sekhu~n ebsnajl/
- Eplxe{ nb s ekhu~n qlk{n nb q~nbl xjean{ ~o {nmesn cn lk{e no bepe{sn q~pn{hl{ *mlajnse l chos nb(/
- [npe{sh{ be chqseoahe u~n jex u~nalmpbnse{" aloqs{~xnocl ~o plxnsnno be keqn cnb sekhu~n x ~oe
mlajnse no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{/- Qh nq onanqe{hl plon{ ~oq~pbnmnosl e be chqseoahe u~nu~nce e emklq beclq cnb sekhu~n"qn jean aloqs{~xnocl i~e{ohahlonq/
^oe vnt u~n qn jexe cnahchcl u~è qlb~ahño ce{" bl p{hmn{l u~n jexu~n jean{ nq almp{lke{ nb ohvnb cnb q~nbl x cnb snajl" eqí alml bevn{s haebhcec cn be pe{nc/
Cnqp~èq" e mnchce u~n qn aloqs{~xno nb plxnsn" beq i~e{ohahlonq l bemlajnse" qn shnono u~n h{ al{{hihnocl slclq blq cnqohvnbnq u~n qnjexeo ep{nahecl eb {npbeosne{ nb s ekhu~n/
^oe vnt ecepsecl nb j~nal x eosnq cn nmpnte{ e mlose{ nb sekhu~n"nq onanqe{hl bhmphe{ slclq blq kblu~nq x blq pn{fhbnq" eqí alml beqpe{ncnq x be q~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn veo e hoqsebe{/
Epbhae{ qhbhaloe cn eie{{n no be keqn x eplxe{ nb kblu~n noahme/
Epbeqse{ be klu~hbbe cnb s~kl cn qhbhaloe alo be ex~ce cn ~ome{shbbl/ ^shbhteocl nqse klu~hbbe epbeqsece" hoqn{se{ be qhbhaloe cn
eie{{n nos{n beq d~oseq besn{ebnq" e emklq beclq cnb kblu~n" x no be d~os e q~pn{hl{/
Hos{lc~ah{ nb kblu~n no q~ plqhahño alo be ex~ce cn ~ocnqs l{ohbbecl{ pbeol/
Nb {nd~osecl aloqhqsn no qnbbe{ slceq beq ~ohlonq nos{n kblu~nq aloqhbhaloe eb ei~e l alo ml{sn{l nqpnaheb pe{e d~oseq/
•
^oe vnt sn{mhoece be alblaeahño cn blq kblu~nq" nq onanqe{hl nqpn{e{~oeq 5; jl{eq eosnq cn {nebhte{ nb {nd~osecl/ Nqsn shnmpl nq nb u~nse{ceo no nvepl{e{qn blq chqlbvnosnq u~n aloshnon be qhbhaloe cneie{{n/ Be qhbhaloe qn ve noc~{nahnocl x be fhdeahño nos{n kblu~nqecu~hn{n q~ måzhme aloqhqsnoahe a~eocl blq chqlbvnosnq qn jeonvepl{ecl s ls ebmnosn/
[ND^OSECL
5
;
1
3
Qn al{s e be klu~hbbe cnb s ~kl cn qhbhaloe no åoi~bl alo ~o a~s sn{"p{la~{eocl u~n be qnaahño cn be klu~hbbe qn eceps n eb semeõl cn beq
d~os eq u~n jex u~n {nbbnoe{ *pe{e mexl{ qni~{hcec" {nebhte{ al{snqp{li{nqhvlq x p{lke{ qlk{n be d~ose jeqse ebaeote{ nb chåmns{lecna~ecl(/
5
Qn {nbbnoeo p{hmn{l slceq beq d~oseqjl{htlos ebnq x" e alosho~eahño" beq vn{shaebnq"snohnocl nqpnaheb a~hcecl no blq a{~anq cn~oeq alo ls{eq/
;
Alo nb cncl j~mncnahcl no ~oe qlb~ahño deklolqe" qn {npeqe be
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•
Snohnocl no a~nos e u~n be d~os e e {nbbnoe{ nq cn 1 mm" qn cnkn ~shbhte{~oe phqs lbe cn {nd~os ecl/ Nqse phqs lbe nq qhmhbe{ e be phqs lbe cn qhbhaloe"pn{l hoal{pl{e ~o cnpñqhs l {nae{iekbn u~n qn {nbbnoe cn ml{s n{l/
Qn p{npe{e nb ml{sn{l" mntabeocl nb anmnos l alo ei~e" jeqse
aloqni~h{ ~oe meqe jlmlièone/ Nq hmp{nqahochkbn u~n qn ~shbhan ~omntabecl{ u~n" ealpbecl eb sebec{l" feahbhse be jlmlinonhteahñocnb p{lc~asl x nvhse be epe{hahño cn i{~mlq/
Qn al{se be klu~hbbe cnqnajekbn cn be phqs lbe" alml no nb aeql cn beklu~hbbe cn qhbhaloe" x qn epbhae nb p{lc~asl qhi~hnocl blq mhqmlqpeqlq u~n no nb {nd~osecl alo qhbhaloe/
5
;
3 Sekhu~nq sn{mhoebnq
Blq sekhu~nq alo kblu~nq cn vhc{hlsn{mhoebnq qn ~shbhteo jekhs~ebmnosnpe{e qnpe{e{ emkhnosnq x" jlx no cíe"nq m~x f{na~nosn hoqsebe{blq no blqa~e{slq cn keõl" e mlcl cn
mempe{eq" pe{e hocnpnochte{ beqc~ajeq x keõn{eq/
Nqslq sekhu~nq" u~n qlbemnosn qn fhdeo e be pe{nc qlk{n ~o besn{eb" qlomnolq aloqhqsnosnq u~n blq sekhu~nq nos{n pe{ncnq" pl{ nql" no ohoiôoaeql cnkno q~pn{e{ blq 5;0 am cn eoajl/
Blq kblu~nq cn vhc{hl sn{mhoebnq veo hoqsebeclq no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{cnb sekhu~n x no ~o besn{eb/ Nqslq kblu~nq qn chfn{noaheo cn blqnqsåoce{ pl{u~n nqsåo {nmeseclq alo a{hqseb no ~oe cn q~q ae{eq*sn{mhoeb qnoahbbl( l no clq *sn{mhoeb clkbn(/
Pe{e be hoqsebeahño cn ~o sekhu~n sn{mhoeb" qn ~shbhteo blq mhqmlqmesn{hebnq x jn{{emhnoseq u~n no be aloqs{~aahño cn sekhu~nq nos{npe{ncnq/ Nb p{lanchmhnosl pe{e hoqsebe{bl nq m~x qhmhbe{ eb u~n qneaeke cn cnqa{hkh{ pe{e nb mlosedn cn ~o sekhu~n nos{n pe{ncnq/ Ealosho~eahño qn nzpbhae chajl p{lanchmhnos l" jeahnocl jhoaephè no beqchfn{noaheq/
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Eosnq cn nmpnte{" qn cnknalmp{lke{ nb ohvnb cnb q~nbl x nbcn be pe{nc qlk{n be u~n qn ve e
fhde{/ Q~nbl x pe{nc cnkno f l{me{~oe nqa~ec{e pn{fnase/
No nb aeql cn u~n nb q~nblp{nqnosn cnqohvnb" qn{å onanqe{hlaloqs{~h{ ~o plxnsn khno ohvnbecl"qlk{n nb u~n qn bnveose{å nbsekhu~n/
^oe vnt ecepsecl nb j~nal x eosnq cn nmpnte{ e mlose{ nb sekhu~n"qn bhmpheo slclq blq kblu~nq x blq pn{fhbnq" eqí alml be pe{nc x beq~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn ve e hoqsebe{/
•
[NPBEOSNL
MLOSEDN
al{clonq cnqhbhaloe
pn{fhb qnpe{ecl{jl{htloseb
sl {ohbb lq cn fh deahño' q hbhaloe cn eie{{n
plxnsn cnohvnbeahño
^shbhteocl ~o e{al cn qhn{{e" al{se{ blq pn{fhbnq jl{htlosebnqcnqalos eocl ;0 mm e be bloihs ~c s lseb cnb sekhu~n/
Be bloihs~c slseb qn aeba~be m~bshpbhaeocl be chmnoqhño cn ~okblu~n pl{ nb oômn{l s ls eb cn kblu~nq u~n qn ve e hoqsebe{ no ~oefhbe/ E nqse aeoshcec qn bn q~me nb oômn{l cn d~oseq nos{n kblu~nqm~bshpbhaecl pl{ s{nq mhbímns{lq/
5
Sekhu~n sn{mhoeb cn a~es{l kblu~nq cn 58 z 58 am4
3 kblu~nq z 58 am = 96 am
Eb snon{ 3 kblu~nq x qn{ sn{mhoeb" nzhqsno 3 d~oseq" aloseocl alo becn be pe{nc/
3 d~oseq z 1 mm = 5"; am
Bloihs~c s ls eb cnb s ekhu~n = 96 ' 5"; = 99"; am
Pl{ seosl" cnqp~èq cn cnqalose{ ;0 mm e nqse bloihs~c slseb" qnal{seo s lclq blq pn{f hbnq jl{htlosebnq e 9>" ; am/
[nebhte{ blq sebec{lq no nb p{hmn{ pn{fhb jl{htlos eb x fhde{bl eb q~nbl
l plxnsn" alo qhbhaloe cn eie{{n x sl{ohbblq/Epbhae{ clq al{clonq cn qhbhaloe cn ~olq ;0 am" ~ol qlk{n nb pn{fhbhoqsebecl x ls{l no nb besn{eb cn be pe{nc/ Qlk{n nqslq al{clonq qnalblae nb p{hmn{ kblu~n/
;
1
7/31/2019 Nociones de albañilería
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E alosho~eahño" pnie{ aloqhbhaloe ~o pn{fhb vn{shaeb ebp{hmn{ kblu~n x {npnsh{ nqselpn{eahño jeqse almpbnse{ be
p{hmn{e fhbe/ Nb ôbshml kblu~ncn nqse fhbe qn{å ~o sn{mhoebqnoahbbl/
nqs lq peqlq4Hoqn{se{ ~o abhp cn fhdeahño qlk{n ~o pn{fhb jl{htloseb qñbl no nbnzs{nml p{ñzhml e be pe{nc/ Pe{e fhde{ nb abhp eb pn{fhb" qn jean ~osebec{l x qn alblae ~o {nmeajn/ Qn ~shbhte ~o {nmeajn cn 3 z 6 x"pe{e nvhs e{ u~n nb a~n{pl cnb {nmeajn {lan alo nb kblu~n cn be f hbehof n{hl{" nq onanqe{hl ed~qse{bl s lcl bl plqhkbn eb nzs{nml cnb pn{f hb/
P{nqnose{ nb pn{fhb no q~ plqhahño x me{ae{ no be pe{nc qlk{n nbl{hfhahl cnb abhp nb b~ie{ clocn qn ve e {nebhte{ nb sebec{l pe{e fhde{bl/
[nsh{e{ nb pn{fhb" {nebhte{ nb sebec{l no be pe{nc n hoqn{se{ ~o sealqlk{n nb l{hf hahl {nebhtecl/
3
al{clonq cnqhbhaloe
pn{fhb qnpe{ecl{vn{shaeb
5
;
1
Epbhae{ ~o al{cño cn qhbhaloe cneie{{n qlk{n be pe{sn q~pn{hl{cn be p{hmn{e fhbe cn kblu~nqhoqsebece x alblae{ cnfhohshve-mnosn nb pn{fhb no q~ plqhahño/
3
Es l{ohbbe{ nb abhp cn fhdeahño qlk{n nb s eal hoqn{secl no be pe{nc/>
abhp fhdecl eb pn{fhbalo {nmeajn cn 3z6
al{cño cnqhbhaloe
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[npnsh{ nb mhqml p{lanchmhnosl fhbe pl{ fhbe" jeqse bbnie{ e bepnoôbshme/
•
Slclq blq kblu~nq u~n qn alblaeo no be ôbshme fhbe qlo sn{mhoebnqqnoahbblq" nzanps l nb ôbshml" nb u~n u~nce måq bndlq cn be pe{nc" u~n nq~o kblu~n sn{mhoeb clkbn/
^oe vnt sn{mhoece be alblaeahñocn blq kblu~nq" qn {nebhte nbp{lanql cn {nd~osecl" alo qhbhaloeeb ei~e l ml{sn{l nqpnaheb pe{e
ecepse{ be q~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn cnqneo hoqsebe{ e beq chmnoqhlonqcn blq kblu~nq nbnihclq/ Pe{e nbbl" qh nq onanqe{hl" qn aloqs{~xnoplxnsnq" mlajnseq" chos nbnq l" hoab~ql" i~e{ohahlonq e emklq beclq cnbsekhu~n/
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J N [ [ E M H N O S E Q
Jn{{emhnoseq x mesn{hebnq;
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M E S N [ H E B N Q
55"> am 55"> amA~ec{eclq 58 am 58 am
;3 am ;3 am[naseoi~be{nq 8 am 58 am
: am 55"> am ;3 amSn{mhoeb qnoahbbl 58 am 58 am
Nqpnahebnq Sn{mhoeb clkbn 58 am 58 amA~{ve 80´ 58 am
A~{ve ;;">´ 58 am> am A~ec{eclq 58 am 58 am
[naseoi~be{nq 53 am 58 am
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1 Hoqsebeahño cn ~o sekhu~nnos{n pe{ncnq
[NPBEOSNL
Eosnq cn nmpnte{" qn cnkn jean{ ~o{npbeosnemhnosl cnb sekhu~n x {nebhte{beq {nfl{meq onanqe{heq pe{e ecepse{be q~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn ve ehoqsebe{ e beq chmnoqhlonq cn blqkblu~nq/Pe{e nbbl" qn p~ncno eclpse{ chqshoseqqlb~ahlonq4
- Aloqs{~h{ ~o plxnsn no be pe{snhofn{hl{ x ed~qse{ nb sekhu~n ebsnajl/
- Eplxe{ nb sekhu~n qlk{n nb q~nbl xjean{ ~o {nmesn cn lk{e no bepe{sn q~pn{hl{ *mlajnse l chosnb(/
- [npe{sh{ be chqseoahe u~n jex u~nalmpbnse{" aloqs{~xnocl ~o plxnsnno be keqn cnb sekhu~n x ~oemlajnse no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{/
- Qh nq onanqe{hl plon{ ~oq~pbnmnosl e be chqseoahe u~nu~nce e emklq beclq cnb sekhu~n"qn jean aloqs{~xnocl i~e{ohahlonq/
^oe vnt u~n qn jexe cnahchcl u~è qlb~ahño ce{" bl p{hmn{l u~n jexu~n jean{ nq almp{lke{ nb ohvnb cnb q~nbl x cnb snajl" eqí alml bevn{shaebhcec cn be pe{nc/
Cnqp~èq" e mnchce u~n qn aloqs{~xno nb plxnsn" beq i~e{ohahlonq l bemlajnse" qn shnono u~n h{ al{{hihnocl slclq blq cnqohvnbnq u~n qnjexeo ep{nahecl eb {npbeosne{ nb s ekhu~n/
^oe vnt ecepsecl nb j~nal x eosnq cn nmpnte{ e mlose{ nb sekhu~n"nq onanqe{hl bhmphe{ slclq blq kblu~nq" eqí alml beq pe{ncnq x beq~pn{fhahn qlk{n be u~n qn veo e hoqsebe{/
P[NPE[EAHÑO CN BLQ CHQSHOSLQ NBNMNOSLQ
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•
No be keqn cn be q~pn{f hahn qlk{n be u~n qnveo e hoqsebe{ blq kblu~nq" qn alblae ~oesh{e cn ahose eqfåbshae cn ~o eoajlhofn{hl{ no ; am eb cnb kblu~n/ Nqse ahoseqn pnie pe{e hocnpnochte{ pl{ be pe{snhofn{hl{ nb sekhu~n cn kblu~nq cn vhc{hlcn be lk{e/
• Qn cnkn ~shbhte{ qhnmp{n ~o ml{sn{l albe nqpnaheb pe{e pnie{ kblu~nqcn vhc{hl/ Nqsn ml{sn{l qn p{nqnose no plbvl" no kls nq cn 9 Gi l qealqcn ;>/Pe{e q~ p{npe{eahño" qn vhn{sn ei~e no ~o a~kl" qn ve eõechnoclp{lc~asl x qn kesn alo ~o mntabecl{ ealpbecl e ~o sebec{l" jeqsealoqni~h{ ~oe meqe jlmlièone/
Be mndl{ meon{e cn almp{lke{ qh be mntabe nqså khno p{npe{ece nqalin{ ~o plal cn ml{sn{l alo be pebnse x epbhae{bl e ~o kblu~n/ Ealosho~eahño" qn bn ce be v~nbse eb kblu~n/ Qh nb ml{sn{l u~nceecjn{hcl" nqså bhqsl pe{e nmpnte{ e pnie{ kblu~nq/ Qh qn cnqp{nocn"jek{å u~n eõech{ måq p{lc~asl e be mntabe/
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• Blq qnpe{ecl{nq cn pbåqshal qlo blqnbnmnoslq u~n qn hosn{aebeo nos{n blqkblu~nq x pn{mhsno u~n nb kblu~nnoaedn no q~ plqhahño x u~n nb eoajl cnbe d~ose qne qhnmp{n nb mhqml/Nzhqsno clq shplq cn qnpe{ecl{nq7 ~olnzab~qhvl pe{e sekhu~nq cn : am cni{lql{ x nb cnolmhoecl qnpe{ecl{~ohvn{qeb" u~n qn p~ncn ~shbhte{ nosekhu~nq cn : x cn 50 am/Blq qnpe{ecl{nq pe{e kblu~nq cn : amshnono fl{me cn a{~t *a{~anseq(/ Pe{eplcn{ alblae{blq no be keqn x no be~ohño cn blq kblu~nq alo beq pe{ncnqbesn{ebnq" qn al{seo x u~nceo no fl{mecn + S+ *5 x ;(/ Pe{e plcn{ alblae{blq nobeq nqu~hoeq cnb sekhu~n" qn al{seo xu~nceo no fl{me cn + B+ *1 x 3(/
epèochan
5
1 3
;
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Blq qnpe{ecl{nq pe{e kblu~nq cn : l50 am nqsåo chqplohkbnq no f l{me cna{~t x no fl{me cn + S+ " pl{ bl u~nseo qñbl qn al{s eo no fl{me cn + B+
pe{e alblae{blq no beq nqu~hoeqpn{hmns{ebnq cnb s ekhu~n *5 x ;(/
Blq qnpe{ecl{nq qn al{seo alo ~o e{al cn qhn{{e pe{e mnsebnq/ Qh nbal{sn ol nq p{nahql x jeo u~ncecl {nkekeq" qn nbhmhoeo alo ~oe bhmecn jhn{{l/ Be nzhqsnoahe cn {nkekeq p~ncn p{lvlae{ u~n blqqnpe{ecl{nq ol eqhnos no khno x blq kblu~nq u~ncno cnqpbeteclq/• Pe{e a{ne{ beq d~os eq cn chbeseahño" qn al{s eo ~oeq sh{eq cn plbhnqsh{nolnzpeochcl" l cn nqp~me cn plbhèqsn{" cn ~olq 10 am cn be{il x 6 amcn eoajl/ Nqseq sh{eq qn hoqn{seo" e mnchce u~n qn ve aloqs{~xnocl nbsekhu~n" no nb j~nal nzhqsnosn nos{n beq pe{ncnq besn{ebnq x blqp{hmn{lq x blq ôbshmlq kblu~nq cn aece fhbe/ Nb i{lql{ cnb mesn{hebnbnihcl cnkn qn{ qhnmp{n hofn{hl{ e 5 am/
MLOSEDN
qnpe{ecl{ ~ohvn{qeb*sekhu~nq cn : x 50 am(
qnpe{ecl{ ~ohvn{qebno fl{me cn ‒S”
5 ;
^oe vnt u~n qn jeo {nebhtecl slceq nqseq lpn{eahlonq p{nvheq" qnp~ncn nmpnte{ e mlose{ nb sekhu~n/
Alblae{ nb p{hmn{ qnpe{ecl{ alo f l{mecn + B+ no nb noa~nos{l cn be pe{nc x bekeqn/ Epbhae{ qlk{n be keqn ~o snocnbcn ml{sn{l cn ~oe bloihs ~c qhmhbe{ e be
cnb kblu~n u~n qn ve e plon{ noahme/
5
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Qhs~e{ nb p{hmn{ kblu~n no q~ plqhahño"hoqn{seocl eb mhqml shnmpl ~oqnpe{ecl{ alo f l{me cn + S+ hovn{shce"nos{n be keqn x nb ls{l besn{eb cnb kblu~n/Nq hmpl{seosn vhihbe{ u~n nb ml{sn{lepbhaecl no be keqn ol hmphce u~n nbqnpe{ecl{ no + S+ eqhnosn al{{nasemnosnno q~ plqhahño/E alosho~eahño qn hos{lc~an ~oe d~osecn chbeseahño cn plbhnqsh{nol no nbj~nal nzhqsnosn nos{n nqsn p{hmn{kblu~n x be pe{nc/
;
Pe{e alblae{ nb qni~ocl kblu~n" qn epbhaenb al{{nqplochnosn snocnb cn ml{sn{l no
be keqn x no nb besn{eb cnb qni~ocl kblu~n/Eb plon{bl no q~ plqhahño" qn alblaesemkhèo ~o qnpe{ecl{ no a{~t no be ~ohñonos{n kblu~nq no be pe{sn q~pn{hl{/[nphshnocl nqseq lpn{eahlonq alo aeceo~nvl kblu~n" qn h{å almpbnseocl bep{hmn{e fhbe/^oe vnt almpbnse be p{hmn{e fhbe" qn~shbhte ~oe pebnse cn p~ose pe{e {nsh{e{ nb
^oe vnt u~n qn je qnbnaahloecl nb albl{ cnb ml{sn{l" qn p{npe{emntabåoclbl alo ei~e jeqse aloqni~h{ ~oe meqe jlmlièone/ Qhnqse lpn{eahño qn {nebhte alo ~o mntabecl{ nbèas{hal" lks nonmlq ~omndl{ {nq~bsecl/Al{se{ be klu~hbbe cn be phqslbe e be mnchce ecna~ece x vn{sn{ bemeqe cn ml{s n{l no nb cnpñqhs l cn be phqslbe/
5
;
Epbhae{ nb p{lc~asl no p{hmn{ b~ie{qlk{n slceq beq d~oseq jl{htlosebnq xb~nil qlk{n beq vn{shaebnq" snohnoclnqpnaheb a~hcecl no blq a{~anq cn ~oeq d~os eq alo ls {eq/
1
Qh cnkhcl e beq chmnoqhlonq cnb sekhu~n" nb {nd~osecl ol qn p~ncn {nebhte{ no nb mhqml cíe no u~n qn alblaeo b lq kblu~nq"nqsn p{lanchmhnosl ol nq nb måq ecna~ecl xe u~n" qh qn cnde noc~{nan{ nb ml{sn{l cnmeqhecl" b~nil nq m~x alqslql
NMPBETEMH NOSL ^oe sn{{ete qn p~ncn aloqhcn{e{ alml ~oe p{lbloieahño cn be aeqe/ Snoieop~èq no a~nosebe ch{naahño cnblq vhnoslq clmhoeosnq *p{nvneo al{sevhnoslq qhonanqe{hl( x beq jl{eq cn qlbc~{eosn nb che/ Aeba~bno beq chmnoqhlonq cn be sn{{ete" nvnos~ebmnosn mncheosn ~o pbeol/
E P B E O E [ 4 ^oe sn{{ete cnkn qn{ pbeoe x ol p{nqnose{ ohoi~oe h{{ni~be{hcec/ Ol nq blmhqml u~n ~o ohvnb jl{htloseb/ No nqsn ôbshml aeql beq ei~eq cn bb~vhe qnnoaje{ae{íeo no be sn{{ete/ ^oe sn{{ete cn ohvnb h{{ni~be{ qn nqs{lpne{å m~x { åphcnmnosn/
H O AB H O E A H Ñ O 4 ^oe sn{{ete cnkn p{nqnose{ ~oe ahn{se pnochnosn *5 e ;am/pl{ mns{l( alo nb fho cn feahbhse{ be qebhce cn beq ei~eq cnbb~vhe/Q~ ohvnb måq nbnvecl shnon u~n u~nce{qn 1 am/ eb mnolqpl{ cnvedl cnb ~mk{eb cn ~oe p~n{se/ Jeieo bl onanqe{hl pe{e u~n nb ei~e qemie jeahe ~oq~mhcn{l l jeahe de{cho/
AEVE[4 Cnbhmhsno nb nmpbetemhnosl cn be f~s~{e sn{{ete pl{ mnchl
J L [H T L O SE B H C E C 4 Pe{e {nqpnse{ be hoabhoahño cnqnece" cnbhmhsno ~o pbeoljl{htloseb alo ~o ohvnb cn ke{k~de x ~o aevhl {nashbíonl lalo ~o ohvnb cn ei~e/S{eoqbecno nqsn pbeol alo phu~nsnq abeveclq e 5 m/ cnchqseoahe/ Cnqp~èq chk~dno be ebs~{e nzease cn be sn{{ete"snohnocl no a~nose be hoabhoeahño
AJEPE CN JL[MH IÑO4 ^oe qhmpbn blqe cn jl{mhiño p~ncn qn{vh{ cn sn{{ete/ Pn{lnb jl{mhiño qh{vn måq khno cn ajepe qlk{n be a~eb qnalblaeo blqeq l eclu~honq/ Qn a~nbe no ~o noalf{ecl/ ^opbåqshal e{mecl alblaecl ch{nasemnosn no nb q~nbl nvhse~oe nvea~eahño cnmeqhecl {å phce cn be j~mncec pl{ nbq~nbl/ P{nvneo ~oe d~ose cn chbeseahño no plbhnqsh{nol nos{nbe aeqe x be sn{{ete/
B H M P H NT E 4 ^oe ajepe cn jl{mhiño nq ~o k~no qlpl{sn pe{e beq blqeq/ Nb jl{mhiño lf{nan~oe i{eo nqsekhbhcec/ Be e{noe eb alos{e{hl p~ncn qn{ e{{eqs{ece måqfåahbmnosn pl{ nb ei~e cn bb~vhe/ Pl{ ls{e pe{sn nb jl{mhiño ol cnde peqe{ beqmebeq jhn{ke q/Nqpn{eo cn 3 e > q nmeoeq cnqp~èq cn be albece cn be ajepeeosnq cn nmpnte{ be alblaeahño cn beq blqeq/Nb jl{mhiño nqse{å qnal/ Cn slceq meon{eq bhmphno be ajepe ~oe vnt måq/Anpíbbnobe x fhoebmnosn" {hèi~nobe/
ANMNOSL 4 Pe{e lksnon{ ~oe k~noe ecjn{ noahe nos{n be ajepe x nbml{sn{l qlk{n nb a~eb qn alblae{åo beq blqeq" qn {nalmhnoceplon{ qlk{n nb jl{mhiño ~oe fhoe aepe cn anmnosl" cnep{lzhmecemnosn ; mm/" u~n qn jek{å {nieclq~evnmnosn/ Nzsnocn{ khno be aepe alo be ex~ce cn ~oenqalke cn an{ceq c~{eq/
E[NOE 4 Ploieo 50 a m/ cn e{noe u~n qn{vh{å cn qlpl{sn pe{e beqblqeq / Nzshèoceobl cn meon{e u~n qlk{npeqn be ebs~{e cnbeq keoaeceq cnb noalf{ecl/ Alblae{åo cnqp~èq ~oe aepe cn anmnosl cn ; mm/ pe{enqsekhbhte{ be e{noe/ Fhoebmnosn peqno nb {eqs{hbbl eosnq cnephqloe{ x cn peqe{ n b nqpe{evnb qlk{n be q~pn{fhahn eqí lksnohce/
BLQEQ 4 Alblu~no beq blqeq qho cnqpbete{qn qlk{n nb bnajl cn e{noe/Pño ieobeq ch{nasemnosn no q~ qhsh l" pe{shnocl cn ~oe bíone{nase x ep{nsåoclbeq khno/ Ilbpnno nvnos~ebmnosn qlk{n q~aeosl jeqse u~n nqsèo khno d~oseceq *~shbhano nb me{shbbl cnilme(/
AL[SN 4 Qneo qnoqeslq n hosnosno {nc~ah{ eb míohml nb s{ekedl cn
al{sn/ Nb eaekecl cn blq kl{cnq nzhin be mexl{ íe cn bevnanq nb al{sn cn ve{heq blqeq/ ̂ oe emlbec~{e eoi~be{ bnqpn{mhsh{å jean{bl alo feahbhcec/ Pñoieoqn iefeq x i~eosnqcn qni~{hcec/
E A E K E C L 4 ^oe vnt alblaeceq slceq beq blqeq" eaeke{åo be sn{{ete alokl{chbblq/ A~eoc l nqsèo khno d~ oseclq" ephqloe{åo be shn{{eeb{ncncl{ cn be sn{{ete x nzsnocn{åo e{noe fhoe u~n snoc{åu~n pnons{e{ no beq d~oseq/
E C L U ^ H O E C L 4 Alblae{åo blq eclu~honq jhbn{e pl{ jhbn{e" qniôo nbnqu~nme nqalihcl/ Alos{lbno {ni~be{mnosn be pbeohs~c x bejl{htlosebhcec/ Eosnq cn be alblaeahño cn aece jhbn{ e"nzshnoceo x ohvnbno be e{noe e be ebs~{e al{{nase/
ilon{e nbèas{hae" almp{l-ke{ u~n be nbnas{hahcec bbniejeqse be lk{e/Ol noi{eqe{ o~oae oh nbphõño oh be al{loe/
Vn{sn{ ; bhs{lq cn ei~e cnos{l
cn be a~ke cn be jl{mhilon{e/Eõech{ be e{noe pe{e nb ml{sn{l/Eõech{ p{hmn{l be i{eve x e alosh-o~eahño be e{noe pe{e nb jl{mhiño/
Cnde{ u~n qn mntabn c~{eosn~olq mho~s lq/ Vn{sn{ ls {lq ; bhs {lqcn ei~e x eõech{ nb anmnosl/
H{ hoal{pl{eocl nb ei~e onanqe-
{he jeqse lksnon{ be aloqhqsnoahecn be mntabe cnqnece pe{e nbml{s n{l l pe{e nb jl{mhiño/Ol pe{e{ o~oae be jlmhilon{e nopbnoe ae{ie/Ebi~olq mlcnblq måq plsnosnq p~ncno pe{e{qnalo be a~knse bbnoe x cnqp~èq plon{qn no me{ajecn o~ nvl/ Aloq~bs e{ alo nb vnocncl{/
Clqhfhaeahño pe{e ~oe jl{mhilon{e
alo aepeahcec cn s{ekedl cn 80 bhs{lq
Shpl Anmnosl E{noe I{eve Ei~e
Jl{mhiñope{e qlbn{e l ahmhnoslq
5 pe{sn
5 pe{sn
Ml{sn{l
A N M
N O S L
Pe{e lksnon{ 5 m1" {npnsh{ 53 vnanq nqse lpn{eahño *;> gi z 53 = 1>0 gi(
^oe pebe = ep{lzhmecemnosn > bhs{lq/ Almp{lke{ nqse nu~hvebnoahe alo be pebe u~n qn ve e ~shbhte{ eosnq cn nmpnte{/
;> Gi
;> Gi
1 pe{snq
: pe{snq
6 pe{snq 5"> a~klq
5"> a~klq
Añml p{npe{e{ be meqe no be jl{mhilon{e
Pe{e feahbhs e{ nb s{ekedl x ieoe{ s hnmpl *qlk{n
Nbekl{eahño mnaåohae alo jl{mhilon{e
Be ~shbhteahño cn ~oe jl{mhilon{e nbèas{hae l chnqnb olq lf{nanchvn{qeq vnos edeq4
[NALMNOCEAHLONQ4 Almp{~nke u~n ol nzhqsno lkqsåa~blq no nb {nal{{hcl cn epn{s~{e/[nf~n{te blq nqseosnq cnmeqhecl be{ilq l eu~nbblq u~n p{nvneq qlpl{se{åo pnql *U~ísebnq 0"> am
no blq besn{ebnq pe{e u~n noaedno alo jlbi~{e(/A~eocl ~shbhanq mecn{e meahte ol lbvhcnq p{lsnin{be alos{e be j~mncec x be ae{alme/Snonmlq slcl shpl cn almpbnmnoslq cn hosn{hl{ *tepesn{lq" peoseblon{lq" al{kesn{lq" nsa/(
Pbniekbn EkeshkbnOômn{l cn jldeq Al{{ncn{e
5 JLDE
; JLDEQ
1 JLDEQ
3 JLDEQ
S h pl c n e p n{ s ~ { e c n b e q p ~ n { s e q
Shp lq cn epn{ s~ { e
K[HAL BE DN - AL OQS[^AAHÑO - CNAL [E AHÑ O - DE [CHON[ÍE
1 Chk~de nb e{al qlk{n nb peonb cn s{hbbedn" qhi~hnocl blq mhqmlq peqlqu~n pe{e chk~de{ nb a{lu~hq qlk{n pepnb/ Pe{e nbbl" jetsn ~o almpåqalo ~o båpht" ~o al{cnb x ~o abevl/
Phoaje nb abevl no nb p~os l clocn
qn a{~teo nb ndn vn{shaeb x nbjl{htloseb *anos{l(/ S{eqpeqe bep{hmn{e pbeae cnb peonb alo nbabevl x fídebl no be qni~oce" eqínvhse{åq u~n qn m~nve/
Ese nb båpht eb al{cnb/ P{nqnose nb al{cnb cnqcn nb abevl jeqse nbp~osl me{aecl qlk{n nb ndn jl{htloseb x jet ~o o~cl al{{nchtl enqse ebs~{e cnb al{cnb/ Hos{lc~an nb abevl no nb o~cl al{{nchtl"snoqe nb al{cnb x s{ete nb e{al/
Nq m~x hmpl{seosn u~n ~shbhanq qhnmp{n ~o båpht pe{e me{ae{ qlk{n Pbec~{" p~nq beq me{aeq {nebhteceq alo klbíi{eflq l {ls~becl{nq qlo ekql{khceq pl{ nb xnql x v~nbvno e qebh{ cnqp~èq cn a~k{h{beq alo phos ~{e/
E S N O A H Ñ O
A/ AL[SN CN BE PHNTE
5 Pe{e al{se{ nb peonb onanqhs eq hoqn{se{ no be qhn{{e cn aebe{ ~oe jldecn chnosn mnchl x cn 9> mm cn bloihs~c alml míohml" p~nq nbi{lql{ cnb peonb u~n veq e al{se{ nq cn >"; am/ [ni~be be qhn{{e e~oe vnblahcec mnche x" qh bl shnon" nbhmhoe nb mlvhmhnosl pnoc~be{/
3
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; Hohahe nb al{sn cnb e{al pl{ be pe{snhofn{hl{ x eveote alo be qhn{{esnohnocl a~hcecl pe{e ol cnqvhe{sncn be bíone s{etece alo båpht/
3 Eplxe cn o~nvl nb peonb no plqhahñojl{htloseb x al{se pl{ be bíone s{etece"pn{l no nqse laeqhño qñbl be p{hmn{epbeae/ Pe{e nbbl" nq p{nahql u~n alblu~nqnb qn{{~ajl no plqhahño jl{htloseb/ Al{s esemkhèo nb ae{sño loc~becl u~n qh{vncn ~ohño nos{n beq clq pbeaeq cnb peonb/Ejl{e xe shnonq nb e{al bhqsl pe{e fhde{blqlk{n nb m~nkbn/
P{nqnose nb e{al qlk{n nb m~nkbn x fídebl alo s l{ohbblq qlk{n blq pn{f hbnqmnsåbhalq u~n veo hos{lc~ahclq no q~ pe{sn f{loseb/ ^shbhte ~o s l{ohbblpe{e Pbec~{ cn 1"> z ;> mm aece ;> am alml míohml/
1 ^oe vnt al{secl nb e{al" cebn be v~nbs eeb peonb x me{ae pl{ be pe{sn s{eqn{e~oe bíone e >"; am no slcl nbalosl{ol nzsn{hl{ cn be phnte/
C/ FHDEAHÑO CNB E[AL
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N/ [NMESN CNB HOSN[HL[ CNB E[AL
Nfnasôe ~oeq peqeceq alo nb anphbbl cn eaekeclq pl{ nb alosl{olnzsn{hl{ cnb e{al" pe{e hi~ebe{ beq e{hqseq/Qh nb e{al ve vhqsl" nq cnah{" ol bl la~bse nb an{al cn ~oe vhs {hoe" pl{ndnmpbl" nq onanqe{hl {nbbnoe{ q~ hosn{hl{ alo peqse cn eie{{n pe{ePbec~{/^shbhteocl ~o me{shbbl" j~ocn nb ae{sño no nb alos l{ol hosn{hl{ cnbe{al ep{lzhmecemnosn 5 am/ Eqí aloqni~h{åq u~n be peqse cneie{{n pnons{n mndl{ x snoie mexl{ aloqhqsnoahe/P{npe{e be peqse vn{shnocl ei~e no ~oe ievnse x nqplbvl{neocl nbp{lc~asl/ Emeqe be mntabe jeqse aloqni~h{ ~oe peqse jlmlièone/Alovhnon u~n u~ncn ~o plal måq nqpnqe cn bl ol{meb" pe{e nvhse{u~n qn cnqa~nbi~n mhnos{eq qn nqså epbhaeocl/Nmpbne ~oe nqpås~be cn ae{{lan{l pe{e {nbbnoe{ nb hosn{hl{ cnb e{alalo peqse cn eie{{n/Ol sn p{nla~pnq pl{ nb f{ei~ecl cn be peqse/ Q~ shnmpl cn~shbhteahño nq cn ~olq 10 mho~slq" bl u~n sn pn{mhsn s{ekede{ alonbbe s{eou~hbemnosn" x be ecjn{noahe slseb qn bli{e e beq ;3 jl{eq cnq~ epbhaeahño/
S{eoqa~{{hceq ;3 jl{eq cn be epbhaeahño cn be peqse cn eie{{n no nbhos n{hl{ cnb e{al" p~ncnq nmpnte{ e s {ese{ beq d~oseq/
5
;
1
3
>
Sn {nq~bse{å måq fåahb mntabe{ be peqse qh ~shbhteq ~o sebec{l p{lvhqsl cn ~o eaanql{hl pe{e kesh{/ Cn nqse fl{me aloqni~h{åq ~oe peqse aloqhqsnosn x qho i{~mlq/
A L O Q N D L
F/ S[ESEMHNOSL CN BEQ D^OSEQ
5 Al{se ~o s{ltl cn ahose i~e{cevhvlqe be mnchce onanqe{he pe{e a~k{h{ be d~os e cnb hosn{hl{ cnb e{al/ Pe{e u~n
be ahos e qn ecepsn e be fl{me cnb e{al"~shbhte beq shdn{eq cn al{se{ ajepe x{nal{se ~oe cn beq mhsecnq cn be ahoseno thitei" alml no be hb~qs{eahño/
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1
Epbhae peqse pe{e d~oseq no nb alosl{ol hosn{hl{ cnb e{al" qlk{n bepeqse cn eie{{n xe qnae" x alblae be ahose i~e{cevhvlq/Alos hoôe {nebhteocl nb p{lanql cn vnocecl x s nochcl seb x alml qnnzpbhae no be f haje p{lxnasl + Aloqs{~h{ m~nkbnq cn Pbec~{+ /
Qh veq e alblae{ no nb m~nkbn ebi~oe kebce slsebmnosn a~{ve" bes{ete{åq alo nb almpåq qlk{n ~o peonb cn s{hbbedn" be al{se{åq x bes{ekede{åq alo peqse cn eie{{n qhi~hnocl nb mhqml p{lanchmhnoslcnqa{hs l pe{e be aloqs{~aahño cnb hosn{hl{ cnb e{al/
Chk~de be fl{me u~n u~hn{eq ce{bn e be kebce qlk{n nb peonb cns{hbbedn/Al{se be pe{sn {nase cn be kebce alo ~o qn{{~ajl cn jlde eoaje x"a~eocl bbni~nq e be a~{ve" ~shbhte be qhn{{e cn aebe{/
1 Hoqn{se blq pn{fhbnq ^10 no beqpe{snq {naseq cn be kebce" d~qsljeqse nb p~osl clocn nmphnte bea~{ve" x esl{oíbbeblq pl{ be pe{snq~pn{hl{ n hofn{hl{/
P{npe{e ~o plal måq cn peqse cn eie{{n ol cnmeqhecl nqpnqe xepbíaebe qlk{n be a~{ve u~n {nbbnoeqsn alo peqse cn eie{{n no nbpeql / Pnie noahme be sepnse u~n eaekeq cn mnaeohte{/^shbhte ejl{e blq > am {naslq u~n cndeqsn cn me{ino pe{e fhde{ besepnse alo ~o s l{ohbbl cn Pbec~{ e be pe{sn {nase cn be kebce" no ~onzs{nml x no nb ls{l/
y y y / b n { l x m n { b h o / n q • ¨ B n { l x M n { b h o " Q/ E / " ; 0 0 3
53 z 53 z 1 am
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;Mlosedn cn be nqaebn{eno nb aedño
^oe vnt p{npe{ecl nb j~nal no nb snajl" nb mlosedn cn be nqaebn{e {nq~bse m~ajl måq añmlcl qh qn q~kno slclq blq nbnmnoslq e be jekhseahño cn be pbeose q~pn{hl{ x qn noqemkbeo ebbí" eosnq cn p{lancn{ e be hoqsebeahño cnfhohshve/
A L O Q N D L
Qnpe{e{ be nqaebn{e cn be sepe/5
Hoqn{se{ nb peqecl{ no nb u~n måqse{cn qn no{lqae{å be jnmk{hbbe cnepn{s~{e cn be sepe/ A~eocl benqaebn{e nqsè s ls ebmnos n hoqsebece"be sepe qn ek{h{å mncheosn ~okeqsño *fl{mecl pl{ ~oe phnte cnpbåqshal no fl{me cn ieoajl u~nqn esl{ohbbe e ~o pebl qhmhbe{ eb cn~oe nqalke(/
;
^shbhteocl blq sl{ohbblq x s~n{aeqal{{nqplochnosnq" fhde{ blq jn{{ednqu~n ~ono be nqaebn{e e be sepe cnbaedño/
1
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Hoqsebe{ e alos ho~eahño b lq m~nbbnq u~n ~ono nb qhqsnme cn khqei{eqalo blq k{etlq e{sha~beclq u~n plqhkhbhseo be epn{s~{e x ahn{{n cn besepe/
Be f~n{te cn s{eaahño cnb m~nbbn qnp~ncn e~mnose{ nbhmhoeoclnqbeklonq cn alonzhño e be khqei{e/
3
nqbeklonq
m~nbbn
•
Cnkno ed~qse{qn no f~oahño cn beebs~{e cnb snajl x be bloihs ~c cn benqaebn{e/ Pe{e nbbl" jex u~n ve{he{be plqhahño cnb sl{ohbbl-ndn cnfbnzhño alo ~oe bbevn fhde/
sl{ohbbl-ndncn fbnzhño
cn blq k{etlq
^oe vnt noqemkbeclq blq nbnmnoslq cn be nqaebn{e" qn p{lancn e fhde{nb aedño no nb j~nal/ Pe{e nbbl" nq p{nahql qni~h{ nqslq peqlq4
Fhde{ qnhq sealq cn mecn{e cn53 z 53 z 1 am no blq besn{ebnqcnb j~nal/
Nqslq sealq qn {nahkno no nbfl{decl alo xnql oni{l"qhs~åoclblq alml qn m~nqs{eno be hb~qs{eahño/
5
a ~ õ e q c n m e c n { e
s e a l q c n m e c n { e
1Alblaeahño cnb aedñono nb snajl
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E alos ho~eahño" x pe{e meosnon{q~qpnochcl nb aedño no nb j~nalmhnos{eq qn nqså fhdeocl" qn eseoe blq nzs{nmlq clq bhqslonq cn500z1z1 am alo ahoseq l a~n{ceq/
hochaeahlonq cnb f ek{haeosn" nb ôbs hml s{eml cn nqaebn{e qne cnmeqheclbe{il x be nqaebn{e ol u~ncn almpbnsemnosn {nase/ Pe{e qlb~ahloe{bl"jex u~n p{lancn{ cn be qhi~hnosn meon{e4
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E~ou~n beq mnchceq måq jekhs~ebnq cn blq aedlonq qlo 60 z 5;0 am"semkhèo qn p~ncno noalos{e{ aedlonq cn >0 am cn eoajl x aedlonq cnnos{n 500 x 530 am cn be{il/
Ebi~olq mlcnblq pn{mhsno alblae{ be nqaebn{e no ~o j~nal ebsl no bepe{nc" cn f l{me u~n nb aedño u~ncn no plqhahño vn{s haeb/
Qh eôo ol nzhqsn ~o j~nal no nb s najl" qn cnkn nqs~che{ cnsnohcemnosnq~ ~khaeahño eosnq cn ek{h{bl" cn fl{me u~n pn{mhse nb al{{naslcnqpbhni~n cn be nqaebn{e/ Pe{e nbbl" nq hmp{nqahochkbn alolan{ bel{hnos eahño cn beq vhieq cnb f l{decl p~nq" pe{e ebsn{e{ bl mnolq plqhkbn
q~ nqs{~as~{e" nb aedño qn hoqsebe no pe{ebnbl e beq vhieq/Be chqseoahe nos{n beq vhieq cnb fl{decl q~nbn qn{ nqsåoce{ *nos{n 60 x90 am( x alhoahcn ol{mebmnosn alo nb eoajl cn beq nqaebn{eqnqaemlsnekbnq/
P{npe{eahño cnb j~nalno nb snajl3
P{eashae{ ~o j~nal no nb snajl" al{seocl beq klvnchbbeq u~n qneoonanqe{heq x snohnocl no a~nose u~n beq mnchceq cnb j~nal cnknonzancn{ 5 am e beq cnb aedño cn be nqaebn{e" seos l e b l be{il alml ebl eoajl/
5
Alblae{ clq vhi~nseq s{eoqvn{qebnq ebeq vhieq x fhde{beq alo abevlq cn 1";mm cn chåmns{l/ Blq abevlq cnknosnon{ be q~fhahnosn bloihs~c almlpe{e es{evnqe{ be vhie n hoa{~qse{qn 10mm no be vhi~nse s{eoqvn{qeb" almlmíohml/
;10 mm
*míohml(
∎ 1"; mm
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a~xlq nzs{nmlq veo ~ohclq e clq phnteq no f l{me cn + Q+ alo ~os l{ohbbl anos{eb e mlcl cn + shdn{e+ / Pl{ nbbl" qn nzshnocno x qn {nalinoañmlcemnos n alo be ex~ce cn ~o keqsño u~n no ~ol cn q~q nzs{nmlqnqså p{lvhqsl cn ~o ieoajl/ Nqsn keqsño semkhèo qn ~shbhte pe{e ek{h{be an{{ec~{e cn be sepe/
E~ou~n nb p{lanchmhnosl cn hoqsebeahño nq m~x pe{nahcl eb cn beqnqaebn{eq cn s{emlq" be chfn{noahe f~ocemnoseb nq u~n beq nzsnoqhkbnqqn alblaeo no nb j~nal hos {lc~ahèoclbeq cnqcn nb phql hof n{hl{/
Pe{e f hde{ nb aedño no nb j~nal qn nmpbneo nqa~ec{eq x ve{hbbeq {lqaeceq/Beq ve{hbbeq qn no{lqaeo qlk{n beq s~n{aeq qlbceceq eb Keqshcl{/ Ealosho~eahño" qn alblae nb alod~osl cn ve{hbbeq" s~n{aeq x nqa~ec{eqeosnq cn fhde{ be nqaebn{e no q~ ebldemhnos l cnfhohs hvl/
ve{hbbe {lqaece
nqa~ec{e
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^oe vnt hoqsebece" be epn{s~{ecn be s epe" x pl{ aloqhi~hnosnbe hoabhoeahño cn be nqaebn{e" qn
p~ncno {ni~be{ no{lqaeocl lcnqno{lqaeocl be s~n{ae cnbeq ve{hbbeq l sh{eosnq /
5
No nb aeql cn u~n be nqaebn{eqne cnmeqhecl be{ie" qn p~ncnnbhmhoe{ ~o nqaebño u~hseoclblq {nmeajnq cn ~ohño cn beôbshme + shdn{e+ alo ~o sebec{l/
Alos {lbe{ nb ohvnb pe{e ie{eosh-te{ u~n nb me{al ol nqsåcnfl{mecl *beq cheiloebnq E xK cnkno qn{ hcèoshaeq(/Almp{lke{ hi~ebmnosn nbpe{ebnbhqml nos{n nb me{al xblq aek{hlq/
Vlbvn{ e hoqsebe{ be vnoseoe nonb me{al/ Almp{lke{ q~ k~nof~oahloemhnosl/
Beq pbeu~nseq fek{haeceq ekeqn cn xnql qñbl qn p~ncnoalblae{ no pe{ncnq qhs~eceqno hos n{hl{nq/
Beq pbeu~nseq jnajeq e keqncn anmnosl qn p~ncno hoqse-be{ seosl no pe{ncnq hosn{-hl{nq alml nzsn{hl{nq/
Beq pbeu~nseq i{~nqeq x pnqeceqqn alblaeo cn ekedl e{{hke/ Q~pnql nzhin be ~shbhteahño cn ~oml{sn{l-albe pe{e pnie{beq x u~nnb ml{sn{l qn epbhu~n seos l no nbqlpl{sn alml no be pbeu~nse/
Nbnaahño cnb mesn{heb5Blq a{hsn{hlq pe{e nbnih{ nb mesn{heb qlo kåqhaemnosn clq4 nbb~ie{ clocn qn ve e alblae{ *hosn{hl{ l nzsn{hl{( x be nqsèshae cnb
p{lc~asl *albl{" eqpnasl" chmnoqhlonq" ///(/
A~eocl qn alblae pbeu~nse no nb nzsn{hl{" nq alovnohnosn ~shbh-te{ ~o ecjnqhvl {nqhqsnosn eb jhnbl/
Semkhèo nq hmpl{seosn nbnih{ be peqse cn {nd~ose{ ecna~ece/ Eqí"a~eocl be pbeu~nse qn alblu~n no nb nzsn{hl{" be peqse pe{e a~k{h{beq d~oseq cnkn ie{eoshte{ be hmpn{mnekhbhteahño cn beq mhqmeq/
5 ;
Chqshoslq shplq cn alblaeahño;
Beq pbeu~nseq cn anmnosl qn al{seo alo ~oe qhn{{e ah{a~be{ l ~oeemlbecl{e" p{lvhqseq no emklq aeqlq cnb chqal ep{lphecl/