No Slide · PDF fileDrilling Fluids Well Monitoring Directional Drilling Drilling Bits Blowout Prevention Cements Formation Evaluation Well Casing Well Completion Equipment Miscellaneous

Drilling Engineeringis not an oxymoron

Dr. Alfred William Eustes III

2Basic Drilling Philosophy

• Philosophy: To construct a useable hole!• Drilling

– Water– Oil– Gas– Minerals– Geothermal– Environmental– Evaluation– Disposal– Military– Science

• Ice Coring• Neutrino Telescopes• Geology

• Teamwork• Costs

3Drilling in the Grand Scheme of Things

Reservoir

Production CompletionWorkover

Drilling

GeologyGeophysics

LandLegal

4Drilling People

DrillingContractor

Accounting Rig Design andMaintenance

DrillingSuperintendent

Tool Pusher

DrillerDriller

Derrickman

Floorhand

Floorhand

Derrickman

Floorhand

Floorhand

Well Operator

Land Department ReservoirEngineeringAccounting

Geology andGeophysicsOperations

Drilling Production

DrillingSuperintendent

Drilling Engineering Drilling Manager

Operator'sRepresentative

MotormanRig MechanicRig Electrician

Crane Operator

ServiceCompanies

Drilling Fluids

Well Monitoring

Directional Drilling

Drilling Bits

Blowout Prevention

Cements

FormationEvaluation

Well Casing

Well CompletionEquipment

Miscellaneous

FieldRepresentatives

Rental Fishing

5Drilling Rig Classification

Drilling Rigs

Cable ToolRotary

Rotary Table orTop Drive

Marine Land

Conventional Mobile

Jacknife Portable Mast

Bottom Support Floating

Platform Barge Jackup

Self-Contained Tendered

Semisubmersible Drillship

6Overall Drilling Rig Diagram

7Rig Equipment

• Power– Motors– Compound

• Hoisting– Drawworks – Blocks and Tackle– Mast– Substructure

• Circulation System– Mud Pumps– Capacity– Solids Control System

• Rotary Table• Drill String

– Swivel and Kelly– Drill Pipe– Bottom Hole Assembly– Bit

• Well Control– Blow-out Prevention Equipment

• Ancillary– Instruments and Doghouse

8Power - Motors

• Power– Hoisting - Drawworks– Fluid Circulation - Mud Pumps– Rotary Table– Other

• Miscellaneous pumps• Lights• Television sets• Coffee pots

• Types– Diesel - electric– Diesel - direct drive– Steam

9Power - Compound

• It’s a transmission– Distributes power throughout rig

• Types– Mechanical

• V-belts• Chains• Gears• Sprockets• Clutches

– Electrical• Power cables

10Hoisting - Drawworks

• Winch used to lift and lower pipe into the hole– Hoisting– Braking

• Power– Electrical (see diagram)– Mechanical (see diagram)

• Drum– Stores drilling line– Brakes

• Band• Auxiliary

– Hydrodynamic– Electromagnetic (eddy current)

• Catheads– Used to lift and to make and break connections

11Hoisting - Components

• Crown block (see diagram)• Traveling block• Drilling line

– Fast line

• Load Cell• Anchor

– Dead line

• Spool– Ton-mileage

12Hoisting - Blocks and Tackle

• Provide a mechanical advantage, M:

• Fast line tension, Ff:

• Hook power, Ph:

• Fast line power, Pi:

M WF

nf

= =

F WnEf =

P WVh b=

P F Vi f f=

M nWP PV VE

h i

b f

= == =

== =

=

mechanical advantage number of linesweight on blocks F fast line tension

= hook power input powerblock velocity fast line velocity

efficiency

f

13Hoisting - Mast

• Provides height to raise and lower pipe• Stands

– 2 - double– 3 - thribbles– 4 - fourbles

• Loads– Compressive– Aerodynamic

14Hoisting - Substructure

• Provides space for well control equipment• Subject to load from mast and all equipment on

the floor• Foundation

– Ground– Boards– Cement

15Hydrostatic Pressure

• Pressure exerted by a fluid within a gravity field• Pressure exerted equally in all directions at a given depth• Pressure calculated in the direction of gravity

– True vertical depth– Measured depth

• Gradient is first derivative of pressure versus depth chart• Calculated using MW in ppg and G in psi per foot:

G MWMW G=

=0 0519

19 25.

.

16Equivalent Mud Weights

• Pressure at any point in a well can be converted to an equivalent mud weight.

• For example:

P psi MW ppg D ftP P P P psi P psi

EMW PD

psift

psift

ppg

s

d s h h d

d

= = == + = =

= = = =

1 000 10 10 0005 194 8 6 194 8

6 194 810 000

0 6195 1193

, ,, . , .

, .,

. .

17Circulation System

• Bell nipple• Mud flowline• Shale shaker• Settling pit• Solids control equipment

– Desander– Desilter– Mud cleaner– Cyclone

• Suction pit• Mud mixing equipment• Mixing pit

• Pump• Rig lines• Standpipe• Rotary hose• Swivel• Kelly• Drill pipe• Drill collar• Bit nozzles• Hole annulus• Casing annulus

18Circulation System - Mud Pumps

• Pumps circulation fluid• Usually a positive displacement type (see diagram)

– Triplex– Duplex

• Pump Factors– Triplex:

– Duplex:

• Pump hydraulic horsepower, Php:

F L d Ept stroke liner V=34

2π

F L d d Epd stroke liner rod V= −π2

2 2 2c hP Q Phhp = ∆

19Circulation System - Capacity

• Use HOWCO, Dowell, BJ Services, etc. handbooks• Equations

– Hole• For D in inches:

– Barrels per foot

– Cubic foot per foot

– Gallons per foot

– Annulus

– Displacement• Open pipe• Closed pipe

Cap Dhole =π4

2

Cap Dhole = 0 0009714 2.

Cap Dhole = 0 005454 2.

Cap Dhole = 0 0408 2.

Cap D dann = −π4

2 2c hCap D ddisp = −

π4

2 2c h

20Circulation System - Solids Control System

• Solids can be detrimental or helpful– Cuttings are detrimental– Barite and bentonite are helpful

• Primary control– Settling– Shale shaker

• Single, double, and triple• Mesh size

• Secondary control– Hydrocyclones

• Desanders - 6” or bigger cones• Desilters - 4” or smaller cones• Mud Cleaners

– Shaker and desilter in one• Centrifuges

21Rotary Table

• Imparts rotation into the drill string

– Power and torque

• Top drive

PP N==ωΤπ2 Τ

22Drill String - Swivel and Kelly

• Swivel– Contains fluid pressure– Holds string load– Allows rotation

• Kelly– Drives string– Sits in kelly bushing

• KB, GL, RF, RT– Kelly bushing sits in rotary table

• Top Drive– No kelly

23Drill String - Drill Pipe

• Lighter weight pipe connects kelly to bottomhole assembly

• Tool joints– Pin– Box– Upset

• Internal• External• Internal and External

24Drill Sting - Bottom Hole Assembly

• Drill Collars– Bending– Weight

• Stabilizers• Reamers• Tools

– Non-magnetic collars– MWD - measurement while drilling– LWD - logging while drilling– Mud motors– Jars– Shock subs– Heavy-weight drill pipe

25Drill String - Bit

• The business end of drilling• Everything on the surface and subsurface is used

to support drilling with the bit!• Bit

– Roller cone• Steel teeth• Tungsten carbide insert

– Drag• Diamond• Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter (PDC)

– Nozzles or total flow area• Expend hydraulic energy for cleaning the bottom of the

hole

26Well Control - Blow-out Prevention Equipment

• Valves on top of casing control the flow of fluids from the annulus

• Rams (see diagram)• Annular preventers (see diagram)• Accumulators (see diagram)• Stack arrangement (see diagram)

– API RP53• Test pressure• Working pressure

27Ancillary - Instruments and Doghouse

• Instruments– Weight indicator– Pump pressure– Drill string torque indicator– Connection torque– Pit level indicators

• Doghouse– Nerve center of the rig– Place to stay warm– Information

• IADC records• Mud reports• Permits

28Conductor

• Returns mud to elevated pits• Supports weight of other

casing strings• Keeps hole from washing

out under the rig

29Surface Casing

• Protects fresh water• Anchors the first blow-out

prevention equipment• Protects hole from potentially

poor shallow formations

30Intermediate Casing, Liner, or Tieback

• Protects holes from abnormally pressured zones– Low– High

• Transition zone

• Protects holes from poor formations– Salts– Sloughing shales

• A liner is a casing string that terminates below the surface

• A tieback is a casing string that connects a liner to the surface

31Production Casing, Liner, or Tieback

• Acts as the conduit for production fluid tubing

• The production tubing fits inside the production string

32How to Drill a Well - Part 1

• Determine location– Geology– Legal– Economic

• Prepare site– Survey– Clear– Level– Water source– Reserve pit– Roads– Reclamation– Dig cellar– Dig rat hole and mouse hole– Set conductor pipe

• Move in rig up (MIRU) drilling rig– Rigs are portable– Assembly

• Drilling– Keep a sharp bit on bottom– Add joints every 30 feet– Tripping– Use mud

• Liquid– Oil– Water

• Pneumatic– Air– Natural gas– Nitrogen

• Drill surface hole

33How to Drill a Well - Part 2

• Run surface pipe– Protect fresh water– Anchor BOPE

• Cement surface pipe– WOC– Nipple up BOPE

• Drill out of surface pipe– Leak off test

• Drill ahead (turn to the right)• Evaluation while drilling

– Mud logging– Coring– MWD– Drill stem tests (DST)

• Trouble– Kicks and blow-outs– Lost circulation– Stuck pipe– Fishing– Mechanical breakdown– Lost hole

• Run intermediate casing– Protects hole

• Sloughing• High pressure• Low pressure• Salt

• Cement intermediate casing• Drill out of intermediate casing

34How to Drill a Well - Part 3

• Drill ahead• Reach total depth (TD)• Evaluate

– Logging• Electrical• Acoustical• Radioactive

– DST• Three things can happen

– Production is found– Dry hole– Learned science

• If a keeper– Run production casing– A liner is casing that doesn’t reach

the surface.– Cement

• If a dry hole– Plug and abandon as per regulatory

requirement and prudent operators procedures

• Rig down move out (RDMO) drilling rig