No. COA13-694 TWENTY- EIGHTH DISTRICT NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS **************************************************** STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA ) ) v. ) From Buncombe County ) ERADIO VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ ) and ) EDGAR AMPELIO–VILLALVAZO ) **************************************************** DEFENDANT-APPELLANT ERADIO VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S BRIEF ****************************************************
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES......................................................vISSUES PRESENTED...............................................................1STATEMENT OF THE CASE..................................................2STATEMENT OF THE GROUNDS FOR APPELLATE REVIEW.....................................................................................4STATEMENT OF THE FACTS................................................4ARGUMENT..............................................................................8
I. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTION FOR CONSPIRACY TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE THERE WAS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ AND MR. AMPELIO-VILLALVAZO TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE WAS INSUFFICIENT AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN NOT GRANTING THE MOTION TO DISMISS IN VIOLATION OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS.....................................................................8
A. Statement of Standard of Review.................................8
B. Analysis........................................................................9
II. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BY THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR OR PLAIN ERROR IN DENYING THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS.........................................................................14
A. Statement of Standards of Review.............................14
B. Unreasonable Searches and Seizure...........................16
C. There was a Lack of Reasonable Cause to Prolong the Stop and Search the Truck.................................................17
D. The Evidence Should Have Been Suppressed............23
III. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTIONS MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE HE WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE
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ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL BY TRIAL COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO RENEW THE OBJECTION TO THE ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE THAT WAS FRUITS OF THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP............25
A. Statement of Standard of Review...............................26
B. Analysis......................................................................26
IV. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN ORDERING COSTS FOR FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION AS LAB FEES AS PART OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S SENTENCE IN VIOLATION OF A STATUTORY MANDATE..............................................................................29
A. Statement of Standards of Review.............................29
B. Analysis......................................................................30
CONCLUSION........................................................................31CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH N.C.R. APP. P. 28(j)(2)(B)................................................................................33CERTIFICATE OF FILING AND SERVICE.........................34
Arizona v. United States, 132 S.Ct. 2492 (2012).....................19
Armstrong v. N.C. State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 129 N.C. App. 153, 499 S.E.2d 462 (1998)..........................................29
Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 61 L. Ed. 2d 357 (1979)...........16
Dowdy v. Southern Ry. Co., 237 N.C. 519, 75 S.E.2d 639 (1953)...............................................................................21-22
Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842 (2005). .19
In the Matter of J.L.B.M., 176 N.C. App. 613, 627 S.E.2d 239 (2006)...............................................................................14-15
Jones v. Graham County Bd. of Educ. 197 N.C. App. 279, 677 S.E.2d 171 (2009).................................................................20
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961)......16, 23
N.C. Dep't of Env't & Natural Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649, 599 S.E.2d 888 (2004)......................................................9, 29
State v. Artis, 123 N.C. App. 114, 472 S.E.2d 169 (1996)......23
State v. Ashe, 314 N.C. 28, 331 S.E.2d 652 (1985).................29
State v. Barden, 356 N.C. 316, 572 S.E.2d 108 (2002)............26
State v. Baublitz, 172 N.C. App. 801, 616 S.E.2d 615 (2005).15
State v. Benardello, 164 N.C. App. 708, 596 S.E.2d 358 (2004).....................................................................................12
State v. Bindyke, 288 N.C. 608, 220 S.E.2d 521 (1975)............9
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State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 324 S.E.2d 241 (1985).........27
State v. Castor, 285 N.C. 286, 204 S.E.2d 848 (1974).............24
State v. Colvin, 90 N.C. App. 50, 367 S.E.2d 340 (1988)........10
State v. De La Sancha Cobos, 211 N.C. App. 536, 711 S.E.2d 464 (2011)..........................................................................9-10
State v. Featherson, 145 N.C. App. 134, 548 S.E.2d 828 (2001).....................................................................................10
State v. Franklin, ___ N.C. App. ___, 736 S.E.2d 218 (2012)...............................................................................18-19
State v. Graham, 200 N.C. App. 204, 683 S.E.2d 437 (2009)..26
State v. Harwood, ___ N.C. App. ___, 727 S.E.2d 891 (2012).........................................................................................15, 25
State v. Hooper, 318 N.C. 680, 351 S.E.2d 286 (1987)...........24
State v. Jenkins, 167 N.C. App. 696, 606 S.E.2d 430 (2005). .12
State v. Johnson, 124 N.C. App. 462, 478 S.E.2d 16 (1996). . .30
State v. Jones, ___ N.C. App. ___, 718 S.E.2d 415 (2011)30, 31
State v. Kemmerlin, 356 N.C. 446, 573 S.E.2d 870 (2002). 8, 13
State v. Kincaid, 147 N.C. App. 94, 555 S.E.2d 294 (2001)...............................................................................14-15
State v. Leach, 166 N.C. App. 711, 603 S.E.2d 831 (2004).....15
State v. Massey, 76 N.C. App. 660, 334 S.E.2d 71 (1985)......12
State v. McClendon, 350 N.C. 630, 517 S.E.2d 128 (1999)....21
State v. Morgan, 329 N.C. 654, 406 S.E.2d 833 (1991)...........10
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State v. Nettles, 170 N.C. App. 100, 612 S.E.2d 172 (2005).....8
State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 300 S.E.2d 375 (1983).............15
State v. Oglesby, 361 N.C. 550, 648 S.E.2d 819 (2007)..........27
State v. Pearson, 348 N.C. 272, 498 S.E.2d 599 (1998)...........22
State v. Pulliam, 139 N.C. App. 437, 533 S.E.2d 280 (2000). .14
State v. Sams, 148 N.C. App. 141, 557 S.E.2d 638 (2001)......10
State v. Shelton, 167 N.C. App. 225, 605 S.E.2d 228 (2004). .29
State v. Torres-Gonzalez, ___ N.C. App. ___, 741 S.E.2d 831 (2013)....................................................................................13
State v. Tutt, 171 N.C. App. 518, 615 S.E.2d 688 (2005)........27
State v. Watkins, 337 N.C. 437, 446 S.E.2d 67 (1994).......16-17
State v. Whiteside, 204 N.C. 710, 169 S.E. 711 (1933).............9
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)....................................................................................27
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)...........16-19
United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981)...............................................................................16-17
United States v. Foster, 634 F.3d 243, 248 (4th Cir. 2011).......20
United States v. McCaskill, 676 F.2d 995 (4th Cir. 1982)........15
United States v. Vaughn, 700 F.3d 705 (4th Cir. 2012).......18-19
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Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963)....................................................................................24
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
N.C. Const. Art. I, § 19.............................................................27
N.C. Const. art. I, § 20..................................................16, 24-25
N.C. Const. Art. I, § 23.............................................................27
N.C. Const. Art. I, § 27.............................................................27
U.S. Const. amend. IV.............................................16, 18, 24-25
U.S. Const. Amend. VI.............................................................27
U.S. Const. Amend. VIII..........................................................27
U.S. Const. amend. XIV...........................................................16
U.S. Const. Amend. XIV..........................................................27
STATUTES & ADMINISTRATIVE CODES
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b).........................................................4
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a)(7)................................................31
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-304(a)(8)..........................................30, 31
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-974........................................................23
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(b).................................................24
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a)...................................................4
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1446(d)(18)..........................................29
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(h)(3)(c)...............................................10N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(4)............................................................15
N.C.R. App. P. 10(b)........................................................14 fn. 1
N.C.R. App. P. 26(a)(2)............................................................34
N.C.R. App. P. 26(c)................................................................34
N.C.R. App. P. 28(f)...........................................................13, 25
N.C.R. App. P. 28(j)(2)(B).......................................................33
I. WHETHER MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTION FOR CONSPIRACY TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE THERE WAS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ AND MR. AMPELIO-VILLALVAZO TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE WAS INSUFFICIENT AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN NOT GRANTING THE MOTION TO DISMISS IN VIOLATION OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS?
II. WHETHER MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BY THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR OR PLAIN ERROR IN DENYING THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS?
III. WHETHER MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTIONS MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE HE WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL BY TRIAL COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO RENEW THE
OBJECTION TO THE ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE THAT WAS FRUITS OF THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP?
IV. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN ORDERING COSTS FOR FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION AS LAB FEES AS PART OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S SENTENCE IN VIOLATION OF A STATUTORY MANDATE?
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On 9 January 2012, the Buncombe County Grand Jury issued separate
indictments charging each Defendant-Appellant, Eradio Velazquez-Perez and
Edgar Ampelio-Villalvazo, with trafficking in cocaine in excess of 400 grams by
transportation, possession with intent to sell or deliver cocaine, trafficking in
cocaine in excess of 400 grams by possession, and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine.
(R pp 15-22)
On 11 October 2012, these cases came for a joint motions hearing before the
Honorable Marvin P. Pope, Jr., Superior Court Judge presiding, during the 8
October 2009 Criminal Session of the Superior Court of Buncombe County. (R pp
38-39; MT, Vol. I, p 5) The transcript of the motion hearing is referenced herein as
“MT.” (R p 33) On 16 October 2012, Judge Pope issued a written order denying
the motion to suppress. (R pp 44-50)
On 5 November 2012, these cases came for joint trial before Judge Pope
during the 5 November 2012 Criminal Session of the Superior Court of Buncombe
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County. (R pp 1, 51-52; TT Vol. I, pp 11-16) The trial transcript is referenced
herein as “TT.” (R p 33)
On 9 November 2012, following jury selection and presentation of evidence,
the jury returned verdicts finding Mr. Velazquez-Perez and Mr. Ampelio-
Villalvazo guilty as charged. (R pp 52-53; 101-08; TT Vol. IV, pp 466-68) On 13
November 2012, Judge Pope entered judgment. Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s trafficking
convictions were consolidated, and he was sentenced to a term of 175 to 219
397-404, 406, 410) In the opinion of Ms. Pallotta, the identifiable impression did
not match the known prints of either Mr. Velazquez-Perez or Mr. Ampelio-
Villalvazo. (TT Vol. IV, pp 395-97, 401-06)
The Defendants presented no evidence.
Additional facts are presented in the brief for Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo and as
they are relevant to the arguments below.
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ARGUMENT
I. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTION FOR CONSPIRACY TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE THERE WAS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ AND MR. AMPELIO-VILLALVAZO TO TRAFFIC IN COCAINE WAS INSUFFICIENT AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN NOT GRANTING THE MOTION TO DISMISS IN VIOLATION OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS.
PROPOSED ISSUE ON APPEAL No. 61R p 157
A. Statement of Standard of Review.
In ruling upon a motion to dismiss, the trial court must examine the evidence
in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all
reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Kemmerlin,
356 N.C. 446, 573 S.E.2d 870 (2002). The trial court determines whether there is
substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged and of the
defendant being the perpetrator of the offense. Id. at 473, 573 S.E.2d at 889.
Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion. Id. Whether the evidence presented was
substantial is a matter of law. State v. Nettles, 170 N.C. App. 100, 103, 612 S.E.2d
agreements, and log books. (R pp 54-56, 58-63) Deputy McMurray testified that
there was nothing illegal, improper, or out of order about any of the documentation
introduced by the State related to Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s trucking business or to
either man’s driving record. (MT Vol. I, pp 68-69; TT Vol. III, pp 281-89; see
Appendix) Deputy McMurray testified that there was no evidence of criminal
history. (TT Vol. III, p 290; see Appendix) The prior record level worksheets list
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no prior convictions for either Mr. Velazquez-Perez or Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo. (R
pp 109-14) Deputy McMurray testified that, prior to the search of the truck, there
was no evidence drug involvement. (TT Vol. III, p 290; see Appendix) The
fingerprints from the cocaine wrappings did not match Mr. Velazquez-Perez or Mr.
Ampelio-Villalvazo. (TT Vol. IV, pp 395-97, 401-06; see Appendix)
The State advanced no specific evidence or argument of a conspiracy or an
agreement between Mr. Velazquez-Perez and Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo or anyone
else. The evidence for the State was that Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo worked as a
driver for Mr. Velazquez-Perez. “While conspiracy can be proved by inferences
and circumstantial evidence, it `cannot be established by a mere suspicion, nor
does a mere relationship between the parties or association show a conspiracy.'”
State v. Benardello, 164 N.C. App. 708, 711, 596 S.E.2d 358, 360 (2004) (quoting
State v. Massey, 76 N.C. App. 660, 662, 334 S.E.2d 71, 72 (1985)).
More than riding in a car with another person is needed to be evidence of an
agreement to traffic in cocaine. See, e.g., State v. Jenkins, 167 N.C. App. 696, 701,
606 S.E.2d 430, 433 (evidence of conspiracy sufficient when three men were
riding in pick-up truck together, one man was counting thousands of dollars, a
loaded handgun was plainly visible in the cab, and a bag of drugs was between
defendant and another passenger), aff'd per curiam, 359 N.C. 423, 611 S.E.2d 833
(2005). There was no weapon in this case. (MT Vol. I, pp 26, 66; MT Vol. II, p 86;
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TT Vol. II, pp 130-31; TT Vol. III, p 300; see Appendix) Mr. Velazquez-Perez was
not openly counting money in front of Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo. The money was
found in the lining of a bag which in turn was found inside of a hidden
compartment. (MT Vol. I, pp 56-57; MT Vol. II, p 101; TT Vol. III, pp 265, 270-
71, 274; see Appendix) There were no plainly visible drugs. The cocaine was
wrapped from view in layers of cellophane, tape, carbon paper, dryer sheets, and
rubber, and was found inside of hidden compartments. (MT Vol. I, pp 56-57; TT
Vol. III, pp 265-66, 271-72, 274, 276; TT Vol. IV, pp 411-14; see Appendix)
Conspiracy is a separate offense from the substantive offense. State v.
Kemmerlin, supra, 356 N.C. at 476, 573 S.E.2d at 891. Even if Mr. Velazquez-
Perez knowingly possessed cocaine, possession is not an element of conspiracy to
traffic by possession. State v. Torres-Gonzalez, ___ N.C. App. ___, 741 S.E.2d 831
(2013). The State failed to prove Mr. Velazquez-Perez entered into an agreement
to traffic in more than 400 grams of cocaine by transportation and possession.
In addition to the foregoing argument, Mr. Velazquez-Perez adopts the
reasoning in support of this conclusion set out in the brief of Mr. Ampelio-
Villalvazo pursuant to Rule 28(f) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate
Procedure. There was insufficient evidence that Mr. Velazquez-Perez entered into
an agreement with another person to traffic in a specific or any amount of cocaine.
In the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all
- 13 -
reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the evidence, there was not
substantial evidence that Mr. Velazquez-Perez knowingly conspired to traffic in
cocaine. It was error for the motion to dismiss the charge of conspiracy to traffic in
cocaine to be denied. Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s conviction for this offense should be
vacated.
II. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S RIGHTS WERE VIOLATED BY THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP AND THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR OR PLAIN ERROR IN DENYING THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS.
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo on appeal.” In the Matter of J.L.B.M., 176
N.C. App. 613, 617, 627 S.E.2d 239, 242 (2006) (citing State v. Kincaid, 147 N.C.
1 A good faith effort was made to identify the proposed issues on appeal. (R pp 149-58) Due to an inadvertent error or omission, proposed issues 49 through 51 refer to the admission of State’s Exhibit Number 79, the SBI Form to examine evidence, instead of Number 88, the lab report of SBI chemist Elizabeth Reagan. Despite the inadvertent error or omission from that list, this issue may still be presented on appeal. N.C.R. App. P. 10(b).
a “fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done,” or “where [the error] is grave error which amounts to a denial of a fundamental right of the accused,” or the error has “`resulted in a miscarriage of justice or in the denial to appellant of a fair trial'” or where the error is such as to “seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings” or where it can be fairly said “the instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury’s finding that the defendant was guilty.”
State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 660-61, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378-79 (1983) (quoting
United States v. McCaskill, 676 F.2d 995, 1002 (4th Cir. 1982)). Mr. Velazquez-
Perez specifically and distinctly contended the judicial action questioned in these
proposed issues on appeal amounted to plain error. N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(4). This
issue is properly before this Court.
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B. Unreasonable Searches and Seizure.
Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by both the federal and
state constitutions. U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.C. Const. art. I, § 20. The Fourth
Amendment protection is applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081,
1090 (1961). Law enforcement officers “must, whenever practicable, obtain
advance judicial approval of searches and seizures through the warrant
procedure . . . .” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889, 905 (1968).
Officers may make a brief, investigative stop of a person without a warrant
or probable cause, but they “must be able to point to specific and articulable facts
which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant
that intrusion.” Terry, supra, at 21, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 906. A reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity of an officer is not “his inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or
‘hunch,' but [] the specific reasonable inferences which he is entitled to draw from
the facts in light of his experience.” Id. at 27, 20 L.Ed.2d at 909. “An investigatory
stop must be justified by ‘a reasonable suspicion, based on objective facts, that the
individual is involved in criminal activity.'” State v. Watkins, 337 N.C. 437, 441,
446 S.E.2d 67, 70 (1994) (quoting Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 51, 61 L. Ed. 2d
357, 362 (1979)). Whether an officer had a reasonable suspicion to make an
investigative stop is evaluated under the totality of the evidence. United States v.
- 16 -
Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621, 629 (1981); State v. Watkins, supra,
337 N.C. at 441, 446 S.E.2d at 70. When an officer is justified in believing that the
individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed
and presently dangerous to the officer or to others,” the officer may perform a
protective pat-down or frisk for weapons of the individual. Terry, supra, 392 U.S.
at 24, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 908.
C. There was a Lack of Reasonable Cause to Prolong the Stop and Search the Truck.
A pre-trial motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of the search of the
truck was filed and was joined in by Mr. Velazquez-Perez. (R pp 40-43; MT Vol. I,
p 5) The subsequently filed written order denying the motion to suppress included
the following conclusions of law:
8. Once Deputy McMurray issued the warning ticket, Deputy McMurray had reasonable suspicion to further detain the Defendants and verify the information that was furnished to him concerning the operation of the Volvo tractor trailer based on his specific articulable facts that criminal activity was afoot. Furthermore, the Defendant Edgar Ampelio-Villalvazo and Defendant Eradio Velazquez-Perez voluntarily consented and agreed to additional questioning once the purpose of the traffic stop was completed.
9. The Defendant Edgar Ampelio-Villalvazo exhibited nervous and deceptive behaviors where the Defendant Edgar Ampelio-Villalvazo patted his chest repeatedly, his pulse pounding in his neck area, and would not make eye contact when answering questions. The Defendant Eradio Velazquez-Perez exhibited nervous behaviors by trembling hands and rapid pulse as observed by Officer McMurray which was considered deceptive by the officer.
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10. The Defendants consented orally and in writing that law enforcement officers could search the Volvo tractor on September 4, 2011.
11.The results of the search of the Defendants' Volvo tractor by law enforcement are admissible.
(R p 50) The findings of fact support do not support these conclusions of law.
Deputy McMurray stopped the truck for speeding. (MT Vol. I, pp 16-18; TT
Vol. II, pp 117-22; see Appendix) This Court has summarized the evaluation
standard and the limits of such a stop as:
The Fourth Amendment guarantees the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. Temporary detention of individuals during the stop of an automobile by the police, even if only for a brief period and for a limited purpose, constitutes a seizure of persons within the meaning of this provision. Because an ordinary traffic stop is a limited seizure more like an investigative detention than a custodial arrest, we employ the Supreme Court's analysis for investigative detention used in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. (1968), to determine the limits of police conduct in routine traffic stops.
Under Terry's dual inquiry, after asking whether the officer's action was justified at its inception, we ask whether the continued stop was sufficiently limited in scope and duration to satisfy the conditions of an investigative seizure. With regard to scope, the investigative methods employed should be the least intrusive means reasonably available to verify or dispel the officer's suspicion in a short period of time. With regard to duration, although the reasonable duration of a traffic stop cannot be stated with mathematical precision, a stop may become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete its mission. Thus, we evaluate whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant. To prolong a traffic stop beyond the scope of a routine traffic stop, an officer must possess a justification for doing so other than the initial traffic violation that prompted the stop in the
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first place. This requires either the driver's consent or a reasonable suspicion that illegal activity is afoot.
Although the scope and duration components of Terry's second prong require highly fact-specific inquiries, the cases make possible some generalizations. When a police officer lawfully detains a vehicle, police diligence involves requesting a driver's license and vehicle registration, running a computer check, and issuing a ticket. The officer may also, in the interest of personal safety, request that the passengers in the vehicle provide identification, at least so long as the request does not prolong the seizure. Similarly, the officer may inquire into matters unrelated to the justification for the traffic stop, and may take other actions that do not constitute searches within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, such as conducting a dog-sniff of the vehicle, but again only so long as those inquiries or other actions do not measurably extend the duration of the stop.
State v. Franklin, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 736 S.E.2d 218, 224-25 (2012)
(emphasis in original) (quoting United States v. Vaughn, 700 F.3d 705, 709-10 (4th
Cir. 2012) (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
The Supreme Court of the United States has “held that a detention based on
reasonable suspicion that the detainee committed a particular crime 'can become
unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete that
mission.'” Arizona v. United States, 132 S.Ct. 2492, 2509 (2012) (quoting Illinois
v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842, 846 (2005). Once Deputy
McMurray issued the warning citation to Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo for speeding, the
justification for the initial traffic stop was completed. Deputy McMurray then told
Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo he was going to run more checks. (TT Vol. II, p 189; see
Appendix) Deputy McMurray had not obtained any evidence up to that point that
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would justify prolonging the detention beyond the time it took to investigate the
initial traffic stop.
There is an “inclination of the Government toward using whatever facts are
present, no matter how innocent, as indicia of suspicious activity.” United States v.
Foster, 634 F.3d 243, 248 (4th Cir. 2011). “Constitutional rights are not lightly cast
aside.” Jones v. Graham County Bd. of Educ. 197 N.C. App. 279, 295, 677 S.E.2d
171, 182 (2009). Therefore, the State “must do more than simply label a behavior
as ‘suspicious’ to make it so. The Government must also be able to either articulate
why a particular behavior is suspicious or logically demonstrate, given the
surrounding circumstances, that the behavior is likely to be indicative of some
more sinister activity than may appear at first glance.” Foster, supra, 634 F.3d at
248 (4th Cir. 2011).
At the point he issued the citation, Deputy McMurray did not have sufficient
indications that more sinister activity was afoot. What Deputy McMurray had at
the point he issued the warning citation was facts that would support conclusions
that Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo was a cooperative but nervous person, possibly with
digestive problems, who worked for a legitimate but potentially inefficient trucking
company.
According to Deputy McMurray, Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo’s behaviors of
clearing his throat, coughing, and heart beating in his neck were signs of stress.
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(MT Vol. I, pp 31; see Appendix) Deputy McMurray acknowledged Mr. Ampelio-
Villalvazo told him he was exhibiting those behaviors due to heartburn from a
recent meal. (MT Vol. I, p 72; see Appendix) Deputy McMurray deemed Mr.
Ampelio-Villalvazo’s behavior and answers after the citation was issued as
deceptive. (MT Vol. I, pp 40, 42-43, 47-48; see Appendix) Before the citation was
issued, Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo told Deputy McMurray he had known or worked
for Mr. Velazquez-Perez for four months. (MT Vol. I, pp 27, 39-40, 79; see
Appendix) After the citation was issued, Mr. Velazquez-Perez told Deputy
McMurray that this was Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo’s first trip for the trucking
company, and that he had known Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo for a few weeks. (MT
Vol. I, p 46; see Appendix) Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo explained this was his first
out-of-state load for the company, which Deputy McMurray conceded matched the
log books. (MT Vol. I, pp 47, 78, 80; see Appendix)
The law requires more than symptoms of heartburn or nervousness and lack
of eye contact to raise a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. “Nervousness,
like all other facts, must be taken in light of the totality of the circumstances.” State
v. McClendon, 350 N.C. 630, 638, 517 S.E.2d 128, 134 (1999). “The law does not
require us to be blind and deaf, and ignorant of facts of common and general
knowledge to all men.” Dowdy v. Southern Ry. Co., 237 N.C. 519, 526, 75 S.E.2d
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639, 644 (1953). “Many people become nervous when stopped by a state trooper.”
State v. Pearson, 348 N.C. 272, 276, 498 S.E.2d 599, 601 (1998).
At the point Deputy McMurray issued the warning citation, he had found
nothing illegal, improper, or out of order in any of the documentation. (MT Vol. I,
pp68-69; TT Vol. III, pp 281-89; see Appendix) At the point Deputy McMurray
issued the warning citation, he had found no evidence of criminal history or drug
involvement. (TT Vol. III, p 290; see Appendix) There were no mysterious odors
coming from or residues on the truck. (MT Vol. II, p 85; see Appendix) There was
no drug residue or paraphernalia found on Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo. (MT Vol. II, p
67; see Appendix)
Deputy McMurray was suspicious about the trucking company employing a
broker, because: “It did not make economical sense” to him. (MT Vol. I, p 31; MT
Vol. II, p 103; see Appendix) Employing a broker is not illegal. Deputy McMurray
testified at trial why employing a broker would be a good trucking business
practice. (TT Vol. II, p 187; see Appendix) Deputy McMurray was suspicious that
two co-drivers would both sleep at the same time during a trip, because that would
not maximize the company’s profit. (MT Vol. I pp 23, 40-42; see Appendix)
Deputy McMurray was suspicious about the sleep time records, even though there
was no violation of a law or a universal business operation. (MT Vol. I, p 77; see
Appendix) Deputy McMurray was suspicious that Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s records
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included more than one address, again because this information did not jibe with
Deputy McMurray’s thoughts on how the trucking company could maximize
profit. (MT Vol. I, pp 30-31, 70-71; MT Vol. II, pp 102-03; see Appendix) Deputy
McMurray had this suspicion that the multiple addresses were holding down the
trucking company’s profit margin, despite his investigation revealing that one
address was the business address, and the was Mr. Velazquez-Perez home address.
The stop in this case was prolonged beyond the time its mission was
completed. There was no justification for prolonging the traffic stop after the
citation was issued. Under the totality of the circumstances, there was no
reasonable suspicion that illegal activity was afoot. The trial court erred in
concluding that the constitutional rights of Mr. Velazquez-Perez were not violated.
The motion to suppress should have been granted.
D. The Evidence Should Have Been Suppressed.
The State may not use evidence obtained during an unreasonable search and
seizure to convict a person of a crime. Mapp v. Ohio, supra, 367 U.S. at 655, 6 L.
Ed. 2d at 1090; State v. Artis, 123 N.C. App. 114, 472 S.E.2d 169, disc. review
denied, 344 N.C. 633, 477 S.E.2d 45 (1996); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-974. When the
totality of the circumstances is taken into account, prolonging the stop after the
speeding citation was issued to search the truck was not reasonable. The search of
Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s truck was without reasonable cause. Everything found in
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the search must be suppressed as fruits of the poisonous tree after the illegal
prolonging of the stop. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 472, 487-88, 9 L. Ed.
2d 441, 455 (1963). The State’s witnesses should not have been allowed to testify
about and introduce evidence of what was found in the search of Mr. Velazquez-
Perez’s truck.
The error in denying the motion to suppress was of a constitutional
magnitude. It is the State’s burden to show that the trial court’s failure to reach
conclusions of law central to this matter was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(b). “`Harmless beyond a reasonable doubt' has been
interpreted to mean that `there is no reasonable possibility' that the erroneous
admission of evidence ‘might have contributed to the conviction.'” State v. Hooper,
318 N.C. 680, 682, 351 S.E.2d 286, 288 (1987) (quoting State v. Castor, 285 N.C.
286, 292, 204 S.E.2d 848, 853 (1974)). The denial of the motion to suppress the
fruits of the search of Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s truck lead to all the evidence that was
used to support Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s convictions. This Court should therefore
exercise extreme caution before finding harmlessness. If not for the evidence
obtained in violation of Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s Fourth Amendment and Article I,
Section 20 rights, there would have been no evidence of money or cocaine.
Mr. Velazquez-Perez failed to object to the admission of the challenged
evidence at trial. The denial of a defendant’s suppression motion may be reviewed
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for plain error. State v. Harwood, supra, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 727 S.E.2d at 896.
This error was plain error. The error in admitting illegally obtained evidence is a
grave error which amounts to a denial of Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s Fourth
Amendment and Article I, Section 20 rights.
When the totality of the circumstances is taken into account, the prolonging
of the stop and the search of the truck violated Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s
constitutional rights. It was prejudicial error for the trial court to deny the motion
to suppress and allow the fruits of that stop and search when the findings of fact
did not support the trial court’s conclusions of law. In addition to the foregoing
argument, Mr. Velazquez-Perez adopts the reasoning in support of this conclusion
set out in the brief of Mr. Ampelio-Villalvazo pursuant to Rule 28(f) of the North
Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. This Court should reverse the trial court’s
denial of the motion to suppress, vacate the judgment, and order a remand.
III. MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S CONVICTIONS MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE HE WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL BY TRIAL COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO RENEW THE OBJECTION TO THE ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE THAT WAS FRUITS OF THE IMPROPER EXTENSION OF THE TRAFFIC STOP.
PROPOSED ISSUES ON APPEAL Nos. 22, 302
R pp 152-53
2 Due to a typographical error, Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s proposed issues set out as 22 and 30 in the numbered list in the Record on Appeal are duplicates of each other.
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A. Statement of Standard of Review.
Ineffective assistance of counsel is a violation of a defendant’s constitutional
rights, and is reviewed de novo on appeal. State v. Graham, 200 N.C. App. 204,
214, 683 S.E.2d 437, 444 (2009).
B. Analysis.
As set out in the second Issue Presented, after denial of the motion to
suppress, Mr. Velazquez-Perez failed to object to the admission of the challenged
evidence at trial. Should this Court decline to review the error of admitting
evidence obtained in violation of Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s rights to be free of the
unreasonable stop and search for error or plain error, this Court should instead
review Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
“[A] pretrial motion to suppress evidence is not sufficient to preserve for
appellate review the issue of whether the evidence was properly admitted if the
defendant fails to object at the time the evidence is introduced at trial.” State v.
review will be waived. State v. Oglesby, 361 N.C. 550, 554, 648 S.E.2d 819, 821
(2007); State v. Tutt, 171 N.C. App. 518, 520, 615 S.E.2d 688, 690 (2005).
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to the effective assistance of
counsel. U.S. Const. Amends. VI, VIII, and XIV; N.C. Const. Art. I, §§ 19, 23 and
27; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v.
Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 324 S.E.2d 241 (1985). The right to counsel exists and is
needed, in order to protect the fundamental right to a fair trial in the adversarial
criminal process. The constitutional right to effective counsel is violated when (1)
counsel’s performance falls below an objective standard of professional
reasonableness, and (2) but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability
that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, supra, 466
U.S. at 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693. “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at
694, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698. The quantum of proof required is less than a
preponderance of the evidence. “[A] defendant need not show that counsel’s
deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome of the case.” Id. 466
U.S. at 693, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 697.
Mr. Velazquez-Perez was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s failure to renew
objections to the challenged evidence at trial. By failing to renew the objections,
Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s trial counsel failed to allow the trial court to again review
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the constitutionality of the prolonged stop and search. More importantly, a
defendant may not challenge the admission of the evidence on appeal unless the
objections are renewed. By failing to renew the objections, Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s
trial counsel failed to preserve for Mr. Velazquez-Perez the review of the violation
of his constitutional rights to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures.
Given that a pre-trial order on a motion to suppress is not sufficient to
preserve appellate review of the admissibility of the evidence, there could be no
strategic reason for failing to object to the challenged evidence at trial. Mr.
Velazquez-Perez’s trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
professional reasonableness by failing to renew the objections at trial. Mr.
Velazquez-Perez was entitled to an attorney who gave the trial court every
opportunity to review the admissibility of the evidence presented. Mr. Velazquez-
Perez was entitled to an attorney who preserved his right to challenge the
constitutionality of the stop and search on appeal.
The Court may feel that the record is not fully developed on the issue of
ineffective assistance of counsel and that it should not have been raised at this
stage. If so, Mr. Velazquez-Perez requests that consideration of its merits be
deferred without prejudice pending development of a proper record in future post-
conviction proceedings or that the case be remanded for further development of the
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record. There can be, however, no sound strategic reason for failing to renew the
objection. Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s convictions must be vacated.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR IN ORDERING COSTS FOR FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION AS LAB FEES AS PART OF MR. VELAZQUEZ-PEREZ’S SENTENCE IN VIOLATION OF A STATUTORY MANDATE.
PROPOSED ISSUES ON APPEAL Nos. 62-65R p 157
A. Statement of Standards of Review.
The failure to comply with a statutory mandate is a question of law that is
reviewed de novo. Armstrong v. N.C. State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 129 N.C.
App. 153, 156, 499 S.E.2d 462, 466 (1998). This Court considers the matter anew
and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower court. N.C. Dep’t of
Env’t & Natural Res. v. Carroll, supra, 358 N.C. at 660, 599 S.E.2d at 895 (2004).
The trial court’s failure to comply with a statutory mandate automatically
preserved the error for review. State v. Ashe, 314 N.C. 28, 39, 331 S.E.2d 652, 659
(1985). A restitution order may be reviewed on appeal even when there was no
objection in the lower court. State v. Shelton, 167 N.C. App. 225, 233, 605 S.E.2d
228, 233 (2004); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1446(d)(18).
B. Analysis.
The CMPD performed fingerprint analysis. The State requested $1,200 in
costs for “two lab fees, the testing for drugs and the fingerprint examination.” (TT
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Vol. V, p 480; see Appendix) Mr. Velazquez-Perez neither stipulated nor objected
to this request for costs. The trial court included this amount in the costs order that
was part of Mr. Velazquez-Perez’s sentence for the trafficking offenses. (R pp 52,
113-14; 121-22; TT Vol. V, pp 480-81; see Appendix) The trial court’s order that
Mr. Velazquez-Perez pay costs in the amount of $600 as a lab fee for the
fingerprint analysis was reversible error and must be vacated.
“`At common law, costs in criminal cases were unknown; liability for costs
in criminal cases is therefore dictated purely by statute.'” State v. Jones, ___ N.C.
App. ___, ___, 718 S.E.2d 415, 422 (2011) (quoting State v. Johnson, 124 N.C.
contends his convictions for trafficking in cocaine in excess of 400 grams by
transportation, possession with intent to sell or deliver cocaine, trafficking in
cocaine in excess of 400 grams by possession, and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine,
as well as his sentence including the order for costs must be vacated.
Respectfully submitted this the 14th day of August 2013.
By electronic submission
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Anne BleymanAttorney for Defendant-Appellant Eradio Velazquez-Perez1818 Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd.,Suite 146Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514-7415(919) [email protected]. State Bar No. 20860
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CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH N.C.R. APP. P. 28(j)(2)(B)
The undersigned hereby certifies that this Defendant-Appellant’s Brief is in compliance with Rule 28(j)(2)(B) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure in that it is printed in 14 point Times New Roman font and contains no more than 8,750 words in the body of the Brief, footnotes and citations included, as indicated by the word-processing program used to prepare the Brief.
This the 14th day of August 2013.
By electronic submissionAnne BleymanAttorney for Defendant-Appellant
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CERTIFICATE OF FILING AND SERVICE
The undersigned hereby certifies that the original Defendant-Appellant’s Brief has been filed pursuant to Rule 26(a)(2) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure by electronic means with the Clerk of the North Carolina Court of Appeals.
The undersigned further certifies that the foregoing Defendant-Appellant’s Brief has been served pursuant to Rule 26(c) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure by electronic means upon the following parties:
Mr. Phillip K. Woods Special Deputy Attorney GeneralNorth Carolina Dept. of JusticeConsumer Protection DivisionPost Office Box 629 Raleigh, North Carolina 27602-0629(919) [email protected]. State Bar No. 18439
Mr. Stuart M. (Jeb) SaundersAssistant Attorney GeneralNorth Carolina Dept. of JusticeConsumer Protection DivisionPost Office Box 629 Raleigh, North Carolina 27602-0629(919) [email protected]. State Bar No. 19614
Mr. W. Rob Heroy Goodman, Carr, Laughrun, Levine & Greene301 S. McDowell Street, Suite 602Charlotte, North Carolina 28204(704) 372-2770RHeroy@g oodmancarr.net N.C. State Bar No. 35339