NNN07 Conference at Hamamatsu 2 to 5 October 2007 Report on LAGUNA

L. Mosca NNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct 2007 1

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NNN07 Conference at Hamamatsu2 to 5 October 2007

Report on

LAGUNA

Large Apparatus for Grand Unificationand Neutrino Astrophysics

Luigi MOSCA (CEA-Saclay and LSM-Fréjus)

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• European Cooperation Project LAGUNA (on 3 years)(24 Institutions in 9 countries)

Grand Unification

Proton Decay up to ≈ 1035 years lifetime

mainly to study Supernovae (burst + “relics”)

the Sun (solar ’s )

Neutrinos from Cosmic rays (atmospheric ’s)

the Earth (geo ’s )

Neutrino properties accelerators (super-beam and beta-beam)

and Astrophysics


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• High-energy accelerators like the LHC or the planned ILC cannot directly answer these fundamental questions about Nature. This was also recognized in the CERN European roadmap for particle physics :

• “A range of very important non-accelerator experiments take place at the overlap between particle and astroparticle physics exploring otherwise inaccessible phenomena. Council will seek to work with ApPEC to develop a coordinated strategy in these areas of mutual interest.”


• In the LAGUNA Cooperation

the main Physics goals are common,

while 3 different detection techniques are proposed

3 detector types (GLACIER, LENA, and MEMPHYS), and

6 candidate sites (Boulby, Fréjus, CNGS off-axis, LSC,

Pyhäsalmi and Sunlab)

There is a strong complementarity

among the 3 detector approaches,

to be better investigated inside LAGUNA




An example of complementarity :


• The 3 detectors

• GLACIER (Liquid Argon TPC) --> André Rubbia talk

• LENA (Liquid Scintillator) --> Marianne Goeger-Neff talk

• MEMPHYS (Water Cherenkov) -> Nikolaos Vassilopoulos talk




















The Working Package N°2 (WP2) focuses on the

large-scale underground infrastructures needed to host the experiments considered in this LAGUNA proposal

(GLACIER, LENA and MEMPHYS)

• The purpose of the WP2 is in two steps : 1) assess the feasibility of large underground excavations in six potential European sites to host large volume detectors of each target liquid (Liquid Argon, Liquid Scintillator, Water) 2) perform more detailed studies of these large-scale cavities (and of their basic

equipment) in the sites where this type of cavities appeared to be feasible. So, the main outcome of the WP2 programme will be a “feasibility document” containing the technical information on the excavation of large laboratories in the considered sites and on their basic equipment


Sites to be explored during the Design Study

Name Country Site location Host institute(s) Site type

1) BOULBY United Kingdom Boulby mine Sheffield University

Kingdom Mine/salt (potash) or rock

2) FRÉJUS France/Italy Fréjus mountain CEA and IN2P3 Road tunnel/hard

rock

3) CERN CNGS

off-axis location

Italy Along CERN-CNGS neutrino

beam

Not yet defined Soft rock/shallow

depth

4) LSC Spain

Pyrenees (Canfranc)

MEC/Regional Aragon Governm./

Zaragoza Univ. Tunnels/Soft rock

5) PYHÄSALMI Finland Pyhäjärvi Oulu UniversityMine / hard rock

6) SUNLAB Poland Polkowice

Sieroszowice Not yet defined

Mine / salt & rock


• Main topics to be addressed in the (pre-)feasibility study for each site and each type of experiment :

1) determination of the best shape for very large cavities and of their maximum possible dimensions (using simulations constrained

by the knowledge of the type, structure and stress of the rock)2) optimisation of the access to these cavities (tunnels, shafts, local

bypasses, …)3) study of the basic equipment and facilities : ventilation and air-

filtering and conditioning, liquid transportation and/or production and continuous purification “factories” (in connection with WP3 and WP5), electrical power supply, clean rooms, computing facilities, etc.

4) incorporation of the relevant safety conditions and equipments (for long term stability of the cavities, for fire, liquid leaks and evaporation risks, etc), in connection with WP5.

5) evaluation of the cost and time of realisation of the different parts of each site’s infrastructure (and also maintenance cost)


• Status and perspectives

of the 6 sites ……


1) IUS (Institute for Underground Science) Laboratory

at Boulby Mine (Sheffield University)From about 40 years Boulby Mine is a working salt and potash mine

in North-East England (Cleveland Potash Ltd (CPL))

Boulby Mine is hosting the present

Underground Laboratory

Depth : 1100 m (3000 mwe)




Completed Experiments

Dark Matter NaIAD (~ 50kg NaI array detector)ZEPLIN-I (~ 4 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)

Running experiments

Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II (~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)DRIFT (Low pressure gaseous TPC)


The potential for expansion of the Boulby Laboratory

is a priori excellent :

Excavations in the salt are limited (l=8m, h=5m),

but the Mine operator, Cleveland Potash Ltd (CPL),

is interested in excavating deeper to exploit the polyhalite ore,

where cavities 30m wide and high are potentially feasible.

Moreover CPL is strongly supporting this project.


2) at Fréjus

Basic result of the preliminary feasibility study

of a Very Large Laboratory In the middle of the Fréjus tunnel at a depth of 4800

m.w.e a preliminary investigation shows the feasibility to excavate up to five shafts of about 250,000 m3 each


Summary of the main results of the

Preliminary Study by SETEC (French) and STONE (Italian) Companies

1) the best site (rock quality) is found in the middle of the mountain,

at a depth of 4800 mwe : a really good chance !

2) of the two considered shapes : “tunnel” and “shaft”,

the “shaft (= well) shape” is strongly preferred

3) Cylindrical shafts are feasible up to :

a diameter = 65 m and a full height h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m3)

4) with “egg shape” or “intermediate shape” the volume

of the shafts could be still increased

5) The estimated construction cost is ≈ (40+40) M€ X Nb of shafts


Two examples of scenario for Water Cerenkov detectors (MEMPHYS)

a) 3 shafts of 250 000 m3 each, with a fiducial mass of 450 Ktons (“UNO-like” scenario)

b) 4 shafts of 250 000 m3 each, with a fiducial mass of 600 Ktons_____________________________________________________

-> In both scenarios one additional shaft would be necessary for a Liquid Argon (GLACIER) detector of about 100 ktons total mass_______________________________________________________

-> For a Liquid Scintillator of 50 ktons (LENA) a “tunnel-shape” cavity would be needed ( ≈ 35m, L ≈ 120m)


Design Study for this Fréjus Very Large Laboratory

concerning the excavation of 3 to 5 “shafts” of about 250000 m3 each in the central region of the Fréjus Tunnel, the associated equipments and the mechanics of the detector modules : a) precise “in situ” investigation of the rock quality parameters and more detailed analysis b) optimisation of the shafts shape c) optimisation (choice) of the type of local access d) definition of the required equipments : ventilation and air-conditioning, liquid purification “factory”, electric power supply, etc. e) definition of the best solution for the liquid containment and for the photo-detectors support


A possible schedule for a European Lab. at Frejus

Year 2005 2010 2015 2020

Safety tunnel Excavation

Lab cavity ExcavationPS Study

detector PM R&D PMT production

Det.preparation InstallationOutside lab.

Non-acc.physics P-decay, SN

Superbeam Construction Superbeam

betabeam Beta beamConstruction

decision for cavity digging decision for SPL construction decision for EURISOL site


See for more details on the Fréjus site studies

the talk of Marco RUSSO


3) The “Green Field” site ---------------

Possible shallow depth sites will be investigated

along the CNGS Neutrino beam (off-axis)

This suppose a CNGS beam upgraded

with an increased intensity and a re-optimized energy,

coupled to a very large mass detector





4) LSC - Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc







Central Pyrenees at Canfranc

Depth of the Laboratory: 900 m (2450 mwe)Total volume : 10700 m3 (Surface : 1500 m2)Access : Somport road tunnelRock : Limestone, calcic carbonate and quartz plans

MEC/Regional Aragon Government - Zaragoza University


- Purpose of the future Design study :

“investigate possible extensions of the laboratory

- either near the present one, with a dedicated access

via the abandoned train tunnel,

- or in the surrounding region”.

NB: The geology of the Canfranc site is now rather well known due to the investigations made in view of the road tunnel and of the present (recent) laboratory excavation.


5) CUPP - Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi zinc and copper mine

The CUPP project started in 1993, and was physically realized in 2001

The old part of the mine:There will be plenty of free space to host and storage experiments

The new mine started to operate in July 2001. It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe).

An example of the layout

238U 27.8 – 44.5 Bq/m3

232Th 4.0 - 18.7 Bq/m3

226Ra 9.9 – 26.0 Bq/m3

40K 267 – 625 Bq/m3

Rn 10 to 148 Bq/m3

A preliminary study, including some background measurements and rock analysis, has been made in 2002 for a cavity of 15 x 20 x 100 m3.


“The Infrastructure of the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi mine”

(November 2003)

The mine is owned by the company : Inmet Mining Corporation

Distances to major research facilities : DESY 1540 km, RAL 1990 km,

CERN 2290 km, Fermilab 6170 km, SLAC 6510 km, KEK 7112 km

- Main purposes of the future Design Study :

1) explore the feasibility of cavities of larger dimensions

then that considered in 2002, and

2) investigate the integration of such a large complex into the infrastructure

and operation of an active mine.


6) SUNLAB at Sieroszowice

Polkowice-Sieroszowice is a copper and salt mine,

situated at 70 km NW of Wroclaw, Legnica, Poland,

owned by the Company KGHM Polska Miedz.

possible location

for a future large

underground laboratory

(70m thick layer of salt

at a depth of 900-1000 m)




One of the existing caverns of (15 x 15 x 100) m3, at a depth of 950 m,

is dedicated to various measurements (radioactivity, movements of the

salt, ..)

The excavation of very large cavities would be a challenge, but

preliminary investigations made in 2004/2005 indicate that very large

caverns in the salt layer appear potentially feasible.

The main scope of the future Design Study is precisely that of

clarifying this important point and determine the optimum cavern’s

shape.

The full feasibility study for SUNLAB will be performed by the KGHM

Cuprum company in close collaboration with IGS MiE PAN and the

Sieroszowice mine personnel.


Conclusions and outlook- The LAGUNA proposal is now in principle approved (14 proposals / 54 submitted to FP7)- The negotiation on the amount of the European contribution is under way- The main physics goals are common inside the LAGUNA Cooperation- The LAGUNA physics programme aims at otherwise inaccessible fundamental phenomena- The 3 detector approaches appear complementary, but this needs a deeper

investigation- The 6 candidate sites need well coordinated feasibility studies and their basic

equipment has to be defined in connection with the 3 proposed detector-types - The relevant safety requirements must be integrated at all levels of this Design

Study- LAGUNA is an European cooperation, but it is also open for cooperation with the world community !

Arigato !



The Nongle polyhalite ore is a sulfate potassium ore which was first found in the subsurface in China in the 1980s.

Since the polyhalite solves in water under ordinary temperature, a suitable structural environment is needed to preserve a polyhalite ore after the ore was formed. A pervious confining layer is usually necessary to prevent the ore from being percolated, eroded and solved by surface water and groundwater.

Hydrogeologic conditions for preservation of the Nongle polyhalite ore include: topography and physiognomy conditions suitable for surface water to drain naturally, a top confining aquiclude which prevents surface water and groundwater from entering the ore, a lack of faults which connect the surface water, groundwater and the ore. Aquifers,

if any, must be artesian, and groundwater in the aquifers cannot fill

the ore.

NNN07 Conference at Hamamatsu 2 to 5 October 2007 Report on LAGUNA

Documents

2007nnn07 conf

astrophysicsnnn07 conf

lagunannn07 conf

basic equipmentnnn07

lsmfrjusnnn07 conf

considered sites

target liquid liquid

cern cngs