Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy Indigenous Nation-Building: Issues of Self-Rule, Institution-Building, and Leadership By: Dr. Manley Begay Minnesota Indian Business Conference Treasure Island Resort & Casino Red Wing, Minnesota 29 October 2008
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Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Indi
geno
us N
atio
n-B
uild
ing:
Is
sues
of S
elf-
Rul
e, In
stitu
tion-
Bui
ldin
g, a
nd L
eade
rshi
p
By:
Dr.
Man
ley
Beg
ay
Min
neso
ta In
dian
Bus
ines
s Con
fere
nce
Tre
asur
e Is
land
Res
ort &
Cas
ino
Red
Win
g, M
inne
sota
29 O
ctob
er 2
008
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Som
e St
orie
s
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Mis
siss
ippi
Ban
d of
Cho
ctaw
Indi
ans
Mea
dow
Lak
e T
riba
l Cou
ncil
Citi
zen
Ban
d of
Pot
awat
omi N
atio
n
Mem
bert
ou F
irst
Nat
ion
Coc
hiti
Pueb
lo
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
The
Puz
zle
Wha
t exp
lain
s the
succ
ess t
hat s
ome
Nat
ive
natio
ns in
the
US
have
had
in
build
ing
sust
aina
ble,
self-
dete
rmin
ed
econ
omie
s?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Res
earc
h ca
rrie
d ou
t by
the
Nat
ive
Nat
ions
In
stitu
te a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Ari
zona
and
the
Har
vard
Pro
ject
on
Am
eric
an In
dian
Eco
nom
ic
Dev
elop
men
t ind
icat
es th
at th
e ke
ys to
succ
essf
ul,
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent l
ie in
how
Nat
ive
natio
ns
gove
rn th
emse
lves
. T
he e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t ch
alle
nge
is fi
rst a
nd fo
rem
ost a
pol
itica
lch
alle
nge.
Wha
t the
res
earc
h sa
ys…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Key
s to
Succ
ess
�Pr
actic
al S
elf-
Rul
e (J
uris
dict
ion)
�Ef
fect
ive
Inst
itutio
ns o
f Sel
f-G
over
nanc
e�
Cul
tura
l Mat
ch�
Stra
tegi
c O
rient
atio
n�
Lead
ersh
ip
in o
ther
wor
ds…
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
NA
TIO
N B
UIL
DIN
G
Def
initi
on:
The
enha
nced
cap
acity
of I
ndig
enou
s nat
ions
to re
aliz
e th
eir o
wn
econ
omic
, edu
catio
nal,
cultu
ral,
envi
ronm
enta
l, an
d po
litic
al
obje
ctiv
es th
roug
h fo
unda
tiona
l act
ions
of
thei
r ow
n de
sign
.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Tod
ay, W
hat D
oes S
elf-
Rul
e M
ean
for
Indi
geno
us
Gov
ernm
ents
?
Con
trol
of C
ultu
ral a
nd R
elig
ious
Aff
airs
Use
of E
nvir
onm
enta
l and
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
esB
usin
ess P
erm
ittin
g an
d R
egul
atio
nSe
ttin
g C
itize
nshi
p/M
embe
rshi
p C
rite
ria
Law
Mak
ing
and
Leg
isla
tion
Gov
ernm
enta
l For
mT
axat
ion
Civ
il L
aw a
nd C
ourt
sC
rim
inal
Law
and
Cou
rts
Post
al S
ervi
ceIs
suan
ce o
f Cur
renc
yM
ilita
ry
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
TH
E E
BB
AN
D F
LO
W: A
QU
ICK
HIS
TO
RY
OF
U.S
. FE
DE
RA
L IN
DIA
N P
OL
ICY
Stat
usC
hron
olog
y
Inte
rnat
iona
l Tre
atie
sc.
177
6…
Law
(and
Mili
tary
Exp
ansi
on)
c. 1
830…
Mili
tary
Inva
sion
c. 1
865…
Term
inat
ion
thro
ugh
Allo
tmen
t c.
188
5…
Indi
an R
eorg
aniz
atio
n A
ct o
f 193
419
34…
Term
inat
ion
thro
ugh
Der
ecog
nitio
n19
53…
Self-
Det
erm
inat
ion
Polic
yc.
197
0…
Self-
Gov
erna
nce/
Self-
Det
erm
inat
ion
c. 1
988…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Des
pite
the
inte
nse
effo
rts t
o ch
ange
Nat
ive
peop
les i
nto
othe
r th
an w
ho w
e ar
e, w
e ha
ve, b
y an
d la
rge,
mai
ntai
ned
our
sens
e of
pe
ople
hood
, cul
ture
, and
re
latio
nshi
ps
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Fede
ral P
olic
y:T
erm
inat
ion
or S
elf-
Det
erm
inat
ion?
Wha
t is c
lear
in th
e co
nsta
nt
vaci
llatio
n of
U.S
. Fed
eral
Indi
an p
olic
yis
that
the
polic
y of
self-
rule
(jur
isdi
ctio
n)
is th
e on
ly F
eder
al p
olic
y th
at h
as w
orke
d in
N
ativ
e af
fairs
.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
The
re se
ems t
o be
a 2
0-ye
ar L
ag
Rul
epr
esen
t, w
hich
req
uire
s pa
tienc
e an
d to
lera
nce
beca
use
Indi
geno
us d
evel
opm
ent
solu
tions
hav
e be
en d
iver
se a
nd
crea
tive;
rat
her
than
, the
shod
dy
and
easy
ans
wer
s tha
t hav
e of
ten
been
put
fort
h by
the
Fede
ral
gove
rnm
ent.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Ano
ther
Sto
ry:
�O
ne N
atio
n Sp
lit in
Tw
o B
y T
wo
Col
oniz
ing
Forc
es
�Se
lf-R
ule
for
One
and
Con
trol
for
the
Oth
er�
Tw
o D
iffer
ent D
evel
opm
ent R
esul
ts
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Oth
er E
xam
ples
can
be
foun
d in
:
Sout
h A
fric
aE
aste
rn E
urop
eIr
aqA
fgha
nist
anN
ew Z
eala
ndC
anad
a
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
The
Puz
zle
So, w
hat e
xpla
ins t
he su
cces
s tha
t so
me
Nat
ive
natio
ns in
the
US
have
ha
d in
bui
ldin
g su
stai
nabl
e, se
lf-de
term
ined
eco
nom
ies?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
�Th
e St
anda
rd A
ppro
ach
dom
inat
ed In
dian
C
ount
ry th
roug
h m
ost o
f the
20th
Cen
tury
�Th
e N
atio
n-B
uild
ing
App
roac
his
em
ergi
ng in
pr
actic
e in
Indi
an C
ount
ry to
day.
Tw
o A
ppro
ache
s to
Indi
geno
us
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent
How
do
thes
e ap
proa
ches
diff
er, a
nd w
hy d
oes
one
wor
k so
muc
h be
tter
than
the
othe
r?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
…th
e ol
d w
ay
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
A n
ew tr
ibal
adm
inis
trat
ion
is e
lect
ed, p
rom
isin
g to
bui
ld
a vi
able
eco
nom
y. T
he n
ew le
ader
ship
look
s aro
und
and
says
, “We
sure
do
need
to b
uild
an
econ
omy.
Wha
t sho
uld
we
do?”
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Any
body
got
any
idea
s for
som
e bu
sine
sses
?”
Find
som
eid
eas
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“We’
d be
tter
hav
e a
plan
ner”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Tel
l the
pla
nner
to g
et so
me
gran
ts”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Now
get
som
ethi
ng g
oing
!”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Let
’s g
et o
ur p
oliti
cal s
uppo
rter
s to
run
it”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Han
d ou
t job
s to
supp
orte
rs a
nd re
lativ
es
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“If i
t’s n
ot d
oing
so w
ell,
find
anot
her
gran
t to
keep
it
goin
g an
d ge
t som
e m
ore
jobs
”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Han
d ou
t job
s to
supp
orte
rs a
nd re
lativ
es
Try
toge
tan
othe
r gra
nt
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Spe
nd th
e pr
ocee
ds so
lvin
g ot
her
prob
lem
s”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Han
d ou
t job
s to
supp
orte
rs a
nd re
lativ
es
Try
toge
tan
othe
r gra
nt
S pen
d th
ep r
o cee
ds
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Be
cont
ent w
ith o
pera
tiona
l adm
inis
trat
ion”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Han
d ou
t job
s to
supp
orte
rs a
nd re
lativ
es
Try
toge
tan
othe
r gra
nt
Spen
d th
epr
ocee
ds
Ope
ratio
nal
Adm
inis
tratio
n
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“If i
t sta
rts t
o fa
il, r
un fo
r co
ver…
”
We need a new idea
Fire
the
plan
ner
Are
n’t
ther
ean
y m
ore
gran
ts?
Can
we
start
anot
her b
usin
ess?
Rel
ativ
es a
re a
skin
g,
whe
re d
id th
e jo
bs g
o?
How
Abo
ut
fede
ral $
$$!
We’r
e br
oke
“Uh-
oh!”
“Bla
me
the
man
ager
!”
“Bla
me t
he
Feds
!”
Operat
ional
Admini
strati
on ?!
!
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
At t
he n
ext e
lect
ion,
a n
ew C
ounc
il is
ele
cted
, pro
mis
ing
to
build
an
econ
omy.
The
y lo
ok a
roun
d an
d sa
y,
“Tho
se g
uys b
efor
e us
sure
mad
e a
mes
s of t
hing
s. G
ood
thin
g w
e go
t el
ecte
d. W
hat s
houl
d w
e do
now
?”
and
here
we
go a
gain
…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Any
body
got
any
idea
s for
som
e bu
sine
sses
?”
Find
som
eid
eas
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“We’
d be
tter
hav
e a
plan
ner”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Tel
l the
pla
nner
to g
et so
me
gran
ts”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Now
get
som
ethi
ng g
oing
!”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busi
ness
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
“Kee
p go
ing
with
ope
ratio
nal a
dmin
istr
atio
n!”
Find
som
eid
eas
Hire
apl
anne
r
Get
a
gran
t
Star
t a b
usin
ess,
any
busin
ess
Ope
ratio
nal
Adm
inist
ratio
n
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
1.Sh
ort-t
erm
, non
-stra
tegi
c
2.V
iew
s eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent a
s an
econ
omic
pro
blem
3.In
stea
d of
bui
ldin
g an
eco
nom
y st
ep-b
y-st
ep, l
ooks
for
“hom
e ru
ns.”
4.Le
ts o
ther
s (us
ually
oth
er g
over
nmen
ts) s
et th
e de
velo
pmen
t age
nda
5.V
iew
s Ind
igen
ous c
ultu
res a
s obs
tacl
es to
dev
elop
men
t
The
Sta
ndar
d A
ppro
ach
to
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
�Fa
iled
ente
rpris
es�
A p
oliti
cs o
f spo
ils�
Bra
in d
rain
�O
utsi
de p
erce
ptio
ns o
f inc
ompe
tenc
e an
d ch
aos t
hat
unde
rmin
e th
e de
fens
e of
sove
reig
nty
�In
side
perc
eptio
ns o
f inc
ompe
tenc
e an
d ch
aos t
hat
unde
rmin
e th
e co
nfid
ence
of t
he c
omm
unity
�C
ontin
uing
pov
erty
Typ
ical
Res
ults
of t
heSt
anda
rd M
odel
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Shor
t-ter
m th
inki
ng
Exte
rnal
con
trol
s
Polit
ical
inte
rfer
ence
in e
nter
pris
e m
anag
emen
t
Gov
ernm
ent i
nsta
bilit
y
In s
hort
, the
sta
ndar
d ap
proa
ch p
rodu
ces
a po
or
foun
datio
n fo
r sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t…
Sust
aina
ble
Dev
elop
men
t
Hom
e-ru
n st
rate
gy
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Isn’
t the
re a
bet
ter w
ay?
Yes
, and
som
e N
ativ
e N
atio
ns
are
purs
uing
it…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
1.So
vere
ignt
y in
pra
ctic
e (th
e na
tion
calls
the
shot
s)2.
Cap
able
gov
erni
ng in
stitu
tions
(bac
k up
aut
horit
y w
ith
com
pete
nce)
3. C
ultu
ral m
atch
(gov
erni
ng in
stitu
tions
mat
ch c
omm
unity
be
liefs
abo
ut h
ow a
utho
rity
shou
ld b
e or
gani
zed)
4. S
trate
gic
orie
ntat
ion
(dec
isio
ns a
re m
ade
with
long
-term
pr
iorit
ies i
n m
ind)
5. P
ublic
-spi
rited
lead
ersh
ip (i
nste
ad o
f pol
itics
as b
oxin
g rin
g w
here
fact
ions
figh
t to
cont
rol t
he g
oodi
es)
The
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g A
ppro
ach
to
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
�Pu
ts th
e de
velo
pmen
t age
nda
and
the
nece
ssar
y re
sour
ces i
n In
dian
han
ds.
�M
arrie
s dec
isio
nsto
con
sequ
ence
s, le
adin
g to
bet
ter d
ecis
ions
.�
Has
con
cret
e, b
otto
m-li
ne p
ayof
fs.
�Ev
iden
ce sa
ys it
’s n
eces
sary
(but
not
su
ffic
ient
) for
sust
aine
d de
velo
pmen
t.
1. S
over
eign
tyin
Pra
ctic
e
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Wha
t Doe
s Sel
f-G
over
nanc
e M
ean?
Tw
o V
ersi
ons…
�O
pera
tiona
l Adm
inis
trat
ion
–N
ativ
eN
atio
ns
take
ove
r adm
inis
tratio
n of
pro
gram
s des
igne
d an
d fu
nded
by
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t and
stat
es.
Prim
ary
rela
tions
hip
= re
cipi
ent
�Se
lf-R
ule
–N
ativ
e N
atio
ns h
ave
incr
ease
d ju
risdi
ctio
n, c
onst
itutio
nal a
utho
rity,
and
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g po
wer
.
Prim
ary
rela
tions
hip
= p
artn
er
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
But
wha
t doe
s thi
s mea
n…?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
A F
ocus
on
Gov
ernm
ent
Res
earc
h sh
ows t
hat
effe
ctiv
e go
vern
ing
inst
itutio
nsar
e th
e es
sent
ial c
ompo
nent
sin
sust
aina
ble
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t.
But
why
doe
s the
qua
lity
of g
over
nanc
em
atte
r so
muc
h?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
�St
abili
ty.
�C
aref
ul m
anag
emen
t of t
he p
oliti
cs-b
usin
ess
conn
ectio
n.�
Effe
ctiv
e an
d no
n-po
litic
ized
reso
lutio
n of
di
sput
es (a
stro
ng a
nd in
depe
nden
tjud
icia
ry).
�Th
e ab
ility
to m
ake
bind
ing
deci
sion
s in
a tim
ely
fash
ion.
�A
bur
eauc
racy
that
can
get
thin
gs d
one.
2. C
apab
le G
over
ning
Inst
itutio
ns
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
�To
be
effe
ctiv
e, g
over
ning
inst
itutio
ns m
ust h
ave
legi
timac
yw
ith th
e pe
ople
.�
This
mea
ns th
ey h
ave
to m
atch
Indi
geno
us id
eas
abou
t how
aut
horit
y sh
ould
be
orga
nize
d an
d ex
erci
sed.
�In
stitu
tions
that
mat
ch c
onte
mpo
rary
Indi
geno
us
cultu
res a
re m
ore
succ
essf
ul th
an th
ose
that
don
’t.�
Econ
omic
stra
tegi
es th
at m
atch
con
tem
pora
ryIn
dige
nous
cul
ture
s are
mor
e su
cces
sful
than
thos
e th
at d
on’t.
…B
ut th
ere’
s no
blan
k ch
eck;
inst
itutio
ns a
nd
stra
tegi
es a
lso
have
to w
ork.
3. C
ultu
ral M
atch
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Diff
eren
ces
in G
over
nmen
tal F
orm
Trad
ition
alC
onte
mpo
rary
Coc
hiti
Pueb
loH
opi
Flat
head
Ono
ndag
aIs
leta
Pue
blo
Citi
zen
Pota
wat
omi
�Th
ere
is g
reat
var
iatio
n in
gov
ernm
enta
l for
m a
mon
g In
dige
nous
nat
ions
bec
ause
of t
he d
iver
sity
of
tradi
tiona
l pol
itica
l sys
tem
s an
d th
e un
even
app
licat
ion
of fe
dera
l pol
icy
�C
ombi
ning
tradi
tiona
l and
con
tem
pora
ry is
a c
omm
on
Indi
geno
us s
trate
gy fo
r sol
ving
gov
erna
nce
chal
leng
es
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Whi
ch o
f the
se a
re
the
“bes
t”go
vern
men
ts?
¾Th
e on
es th
at s
olve
thei
r nat
ions
’gov
erna
nce
chal
leng
es
¾Th
e on
es th
at p
rom
ote
thei
r com
mun
ities
’int
eres
ts
¾Th
e on
es th
at h
old
thei
r com
mun
ities
toge
ther
¾Th
e on
es th
at m
atch
thei
r com
mun
ities
’cul
ture
s an
d
work
(mee
t the
nat
ions
’nee
ds)
Ther
e’s
no o
ne, s
peci
fic “
best
”w
ay.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Wha
teve
r de
cisi
ons y
ou m
ake,
rem
embe
r th
at th
e or
gani
zatio
n of
gov
ernm
ent h
as to
pas
s tw
o te
sts:
Cul
tura
l Mat
chE
ffec
tiven
ess
The
Org
aniz
atio
n of
Gov
ernm
ent
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
…fr
om re
activ
e to
pro
activ
e th
inki
ng (n
ot ju
st
resp
ondi
ng to
cri
sis b
ut tr
ying
to g
ain
cont
rol o
ver
the
futu
re)
…fr
om sh
ort-t
erm
to lo
ng-te
rm th
inki
ng (t
wen
ty-fi
ve
year
s fro
m n
ow, w
hat k
ind
of so
ciet
y do
you
wan
t?)
…fr
om o
ppor
tuni
stic
to sy
stem
ic th
inki
ng (f
ocus
ing
not o
n w
hat c
an b
e fu
nded
but
on
how
eac
h op
tion
fits t
he c
omm
unity
’s fu
ture
)…
from
a n
arro
w p
robl
em fo
cus t
o a
broa
der f
ocus
on
the
com
mun
ity (f
ixin
g no
t jus
t pro
blem
s but
co
mm
uniti
es)
4. S
trat
egic
Ori
enta
tion:
A S
hift
…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Key
Str
ateg
ic Q
uest
ions
�W
hat k
ind
of so
ciet
y ar
e yo
u try
ing
to b
uild
?�
Wha
t do
you
hope
will
be
diff
eren
t 25
or 5
0 ye
ars f
rom
now
? W
hat d
o yo
u ho
pe w
ill b
e th
e sa
me?
�W
hat d
o yo
u w
ish
to p
rote
ct?
Wha
t are
you
w
illin
g to
cha
nge?
�W
hat a
sset
s do
you
have
to w
ork
with
?�
Wha
t mak
es se
nse
to th
e co
mm
unity
at l
arge
?…
all i
n th
e co
ntex
t of a
har
d-no
sed
look
at t
he
real
ity a
nd r
equi
rem
ents
of y
our
situ
atio
n.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
5. L
eade
rshi
p
…in
divi
dual
s or g
roup
s who
are
will
ing
to
brea
k w
ith st
atus
quo
prac
tices
in In
dian
C
ount
ry, w
ho c
an a
rticu
late
a n
ew v
isio
n of
th
e na
tion’
s fut
ure,
and
who
bot
h un
ders
tand
and
can
eff
ectiv
ely
enco
urag
eth
e fo
unda
tiona
l cha
nges
such
vis
ions
re
quire
.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
The
Str
ateg
ic R
ole
of L
eade
rs in
Fos
teri
ng
Eco
nom
ic A
ctiv
ity�
They
cre
ate
(or d
estro
y)a
clim
ate
in w
hich
dev
elop
men
t ca
n ta
ke p
lace
�Th
ey se
t a v
isio
n (o
r not
)of w
here
the
natio
n is
hea
ded.
�Th
ey c
reat
e (o
r und
erm
ine)
inst
itutio
ns c
apab
le o
f ef
fect
ivel
y im
plem
entin
g a
natio
nal v
isio
n�
They
resp
ect (
or a
buse
)rul
es o
f the
gam
e by
whi
ch
mem
bers
mus
t pla
y�
They
send
mes
sage
s tha
t “in
vest
ors”
will
(or w
ill n
ot)b
e tre
ated
fairl
y, re
gard
less
of w
ho th
ey v
oted
for o
r who
th
eir r
elat
ives
are
�Th
ey e
limin
ate
(or i
ntro
duce
)obs
tacl
es to
dev
elop
men
t
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
LE
AD
ER
SHIP
Wha
t Leg
acy
Will
You
Lea
ve
for
You
r N
atio
n?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
The
Rol
e of
Non
-Ind
igen
ous G
over
nmen
ts
The
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g A
ppro
ach
�Fu
nd d
evel
opm
ent v
iabl
ock
gran
ts (d
ecis
ions
abo
ut
prio
ritie
s mov
e in
to N
ativ
e ha
nds)
�In
vest
in in
stitu
tiona
lcap
acity
-bui
ldin
g�
Tran
sfer
sign
ifica
nt ju
risdi
ctio
nal p
ower
s to
Nat
ive
Nat
ions
�A
band
on th
e “o
ne-s
ize-
fits-
all f
anta
sy”:
It w
on’t
wor
k�
Act
like
par
tner
s (be
acc
ount
able
to N
ativ
e na
tions
as
wel
l as h
ighe
r-up
s)�
Rea
lize
ther
e w
ill b
e m
ista
kes,
but w
hat d
oes s
elf-
rule
mea
n if
not t
he fr
eedo
m to
mak
e m
ista
kes a
nd
lear
n fr
om th
em?
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Impl
icat
ions
for
Nat
ive
Nat
ions
�Pu
rsue
juri
sdic
tion,
con
stitu
tiona
l aut
horit
y,
deci
sion
-mak
ing
pow
er�
Dev
elop
men
t is f
irst a
nd fo
rem
ost a
pol
itica
lch
alle
nge
�Ju
risdi
ctio
n is
toot
hles
s with
out c
apab
le g
over
nmen
tbe
hind
it�
Ther
efor
e, in
vest
in in
stitu
tiona
lcap
acity
bui
ldin
g�
Act
as a
par
tner
�G
over
n w
ell
�C
hang
e th
e co
nver
satio
nab
out g
over
nmen
t, ab
out
deve
lopm
ent,
abou
t wha
t mak
es a
hea
lthy
soci
ety
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
…th
e N
atio
n B
uild
ing
way
mea
ns…
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
Juris
dict
ion
(Pra
ctic
al S
elf-
Rul
e)
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
Juris
dict
ion
(Pra
ctic
al S
elf-
Rul
e)
Cap
able
and
app
ropr
iate
go
vern
ing
inst
itutio
nsSt
rate
gic
thin
king
Publ
ic-s
pirit
edle
ader
ship
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
Juris
dict
ion
(Pra
ctic
al S
elf-
Rul
e)
Cap
able
and
app
ropr
iate
go
vern
ing
inst
itutio
nsSt
rate
gic
thin
king
Publ
ic-s
pirit
edle
ader
ship
Stab
ility
Fairn
ess
Effic
ienc
y
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
Juris
dict
ion
(Pra
ctic
al S
elf-
Rul
e)
Cap
able
and
app
ropr
iate
go
vern
ing
inst
itutio
nsSt
rate
gic
thin
king
Publ
ic-s
pirit
edle
ader
ship
Stab
ility
Fairn
ess
Effic
ienc
y
Attr
act i
nves
tors
(esp
ecia
lly y
our
own
citiz
ens)
Ret
ain
tale
nt
Gai
n re
spec
t and
trus
t fr
om b
oth
outs
ider
san
d ci
tizen
s
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Bui
ldin
g N
ativ
e N
atio
n E
cono
mie
s
Juris
dict
ion
(Pra
ctic
al S
elf-
Rul
e)
Cap
able
and
app
ropr
iate
go
vern
ing
inst
itutio
nsSt
rate
gic
thin
king
Publ
ic-s
pirit
edle
ader
ship
Stab
ility
Fairn
ess
Effic
ienc
y
Attr
act i
nves
tors
(esp
ecia
lly y
our
own
citiz
ens)
Ret
ain
tale
nt
Gai
n re
spec
t and
trus
t fr
om b
oth
outs
ider
san
d ci
tizen
s
Cre
ate
ente
rpris
es (t
ribal
or p
rivat
e) th
at la
st
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Res
ults
of t
he
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g A
ppro
ach
�M
ore
effe
ctiv
e ac
cess
to a
nd u
se o
f re
sour
ces
�In
crea
sed
chan
ces o
f sus
tain
ed a
nd se
lf-de
term
ined
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
�A
mor
e ef
fect
ive
defe
nse
of so
vere
ignt
y
�C
omm
uniti
es–
not j
ust e
cono
mie
s –th
atw
ork
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Non
e of
the
char
acte
rist
ics o
f the
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g ap
proa
ch is
som
ethi
ng w
e us
ually
de
scri
be a
s “ec
onom
ic”
In th
e N
atio
n-B
uild
ing
appr
oach
eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent i
s firs
t and
fore
mos
t a
polit
ical
prob
lem
Onc
e th
e po
litic
al p
robl
em is
sol
ved,
th
enec
onom
ic a
sset
s be
gin
to p
ay o
ff
They
are
all
polit
ical
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
gis
aec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
and
wea
lth g
ener
atin
g st
rate
gy
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
KE
YS
TO
NA
TIO
N B
UIL
DIN
G IN
N
AT
IVE
AM
ER
ICA
Succ
essf
ul In
dige
nous
Nat
ions
Ass
ertt
he R
ight
to G
over
n Th
emse
lves
and
Exe
rcis
eTh
at R
ight
Eff
ectiv
ely
By
Bui
ldin
gC
apab
le G
over
ning
Inst
itutio
nsTh
at M
atch
Thei
r Cul
ture
s.
Lea
ders
hip
and
stra
tegi
c th
inki
ng a
re k
eys.
T
he ta
sk is
Nat
ion
Bui
ldin
g.
Nati
ve N
ati
on
s In
stit
ute
fo
r Le
ad
ers
hip
, M
an
ag
em
en
t, a
nd
Po
licy
Con
clus
ion:
Hol
d on
to w
hat i
s goo
d,E
ven
if it
is a
han
dful
of e
arth
Hol
d on
to w
hat y
ou b
elie
ve,
Eve
n if
it is
onl
y a
tree
by
itsel
f
Hol
d on
to w
hat y
ou m
ust d
o,E
ven
if it
is a
long
way
from
her
e
Hol
d on
to li
fe,
Eve
n if
it is
eas
ier
lett
ing
go
Hol
d on
to m
y ha
nd,
Eve
n w
hen
I hav
e go
ne a
way
from
you
Ans
elm
oV
alen
cia
Tor
iPa
scua
Yaq
ui F
oref
athe
r
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