NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2014 Reviews NJ CCCS in Biology: 5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3 Nutley High School - Biology 1 st QUARTER.

NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2014Reviews NJ CCCS in Biology:

5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3

Nutley High School - Biology1st QUARTER REVIEW

Question #1

1. Frank flips the switch to turn on the light in his bedroom and nothing happens. He notices that the other lights in his home work and the radio in his room also works. Frank thinks the light bulb must be burned out. He gets a new bulb and replaces the old one. When he does the light works.

A. What is Frank's hypothesis?B. How does Frank test his hypothesis?C. What is the conclusion about Frank's

hypothesis?

Observations:1. A new artificial sweetener,

Suprasweet, is used in some foods and drinks to reduce calories.

2. Some food additives are known to cause cancer.3. Scientists from a research institution report that

another kind of artificial sweetener has been linked to bladder cancer in rats.

Hypothesis: Suprasweet may increase the risk of

getting bladder cancer.

Scientific Method

Experiment:100 rats are used in a

controlled experiment with Suprasweet.Fifty rats are given

Suprasweet and fifty rats are given regular sugar.

At the end of the experiment all the rats are checked for bladder cancer.

Results of Experiment:One of the fifty rats who received regular

sugar developed bladder cancer.

Nine of the fifty rats who received Suprasweet developed bladder cancer.

Question #2

A. What is suprasweet?

B. What is the concern about suprasweet?

Conclusion:Suprasweet appears to cause bladder cancer

in rats. It may also cause cancer in man. Further studies will need to be conducted to determine if Suprasweet is an agent for causing cancer in man.

Question #33. An experimental setup is shown in the diagram below.

Which hypothesis would most likely be tested using this setup?

A. Green water plants release a gas in the presence of light.

B. Roots of water plants absorb minerals in the absence of light.

C. Green plants need light for cell division. D. Plants grow best in the absence of light.

Why?

Question #4 4. Which of these experimental setups would be the

first step in determining whether earthworms choose a wet environment or a dry environment?

A. B.

C. D.

Question #55. The graph shows the results of a restocking

program in which shrimp raised on a shrimp farm are released into the wild. If this trend continues, about how many metric tons of shrimp will be released in 1999?  

A. 12

B. 13

C. 14

D. 15

Why?

Question #6

6. The graph shows the growth of a Daphnia population in a 420

liter aquarium. According to these data, what was the approximate Daphnia population by the end of the

second day?

A. 40 B. 60 C. 80 D. 100

Why?

Question #7

7. According to these data, what is the average growth rate for this type of brown algae?

A. 6 cm/dayB. 7 cm/dayC. 8 cm/dayD. 9 cm/day

Why?

Question #8

8. Male collard lizards are larger than females. According to the pictures below, the difference in length between the male and the female collard lizard when measured from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail is approximately:

A.3 cmB. 8 cmC.12 cm D. 15 cm

Why?

A review of the basic chemistry of small molecules

On Earth, there are many different types of elements.

The four most abundant elements in living organisms are:Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Carbon (C)

Terms to knowAtom the smallest component of matter, consisting of

a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a charged cloud of electrons.

Element matter composed of atoms that all have the same atomic number.

Proton particle in the nucleus with a charge of +1. Neutron a non-charged particle in the nucleus of an

atom. Electron particle orbiting the nucleus with a charge of

-1, has an extremely small mass. Isotope atoms with the same number of protons and

electrons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Complete matching question #9

Polarity of Water

Water is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded

to the oxygen. Water is a "polar" molecule because the

electrons are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen.Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom

due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen bonds occur between the negatively charged oxygen of one water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen of another water molecule.

Many other unique properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds.

For example, ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules further apart in a solid than in a liquid.

Water has strong surface tension, high specific heat, and is considered the universal solvent.

Complete questions #10-11

Acids and Bases, Ionization of Water

Acids have more hydronium ions (H+)Bases have more hydroxide ions (OH-) The pH scale measures whether a solution is an

acid or a base and uses a numerical range of 0 – 14. at pH 7.0, a solution is neutral at lower pH (0 – 6), a solution is acidic

Examples: Lemon juice, Vinegar, Stomach acidat higher pH (8 – 14), a solution is basic

Examples: Dish detergent, Baking soda, Tums, Alka-seltzer

Complete question #12

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are better known to students as sugars and

starches. Monosaccharides are also known as simple sugars.

Examples: glucose and fructose (C6H12O6) Functions:

An energy source for cells during cellular respiration, Used to build cell structures and other organic molecules within the

cells.Disaccharides are also known as a double sugar and are

composed of two monosaccharides joined together. Examples: Sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides bond together. Examples:

Plants store glucose in the form of starch. Animals, like humans, store excess glucose in the form of glycogen

in the liver and muscles. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plants Chitin provides structure to fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Lipids

Function: Long-term energy storage. Lipids are also an important component of the cell

membrane.Structure:

Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids "tails". The fatty acid "tails" are long non-polar chains of carbon

and hydrogen . This means that lipids don't mix with (polar) water.

The fatty acid chains can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated lipids have a long carbon-hydrogen chain with no

double bonds. Unsaturated lipids have a long carbon-hydrogen chain with some

double bonds.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids2 types: DNA and RNA

FunctionDNA stores our genetic information. This information

is used as directions to make all molecules within the organism.

DNA’s genetic information is copied into RNA. RNA brings this information to the ribosome, where

proteins will be made from this information. Structure

The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides. There are four different nucleotides that make up DNA.

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. There are four different nucleotides that make up RNA.

adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.

ProteinsProteinsFunction:

Structural proteins such as collagen or elastin, provide support Enzymes control cell processesProteins are also a part of the immune system (antibodies), are used

for oxygen transport (hemoglobin), and movement (muscles) etc.Most proteins work best at a specific temperature and pH range.

Structure:The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.There are 20 different amino acids that combine to form proteins.

Complete the info chart for question #13

ENZYMES (a type of protein)Enzymes allow living organisms to maintain homeostasisEnzymes function as catalysts

A catalyst lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

This allows chemical reactions to occur much fasterEnzymes are not changed during the reaction and can

be used many timesEnzymes are specific for their substrate (reactant),

much like a “lock and key”Enzyme names typically end in –ase (helicase, DNA

polymerase, lactase) Complete question #14

Question #15Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules would be most beneficial to the lemurs’ journey?

A. Lipids B. Monosaccharides C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins

Question #16Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

A. Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.

B. Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions.

C. The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing.

D. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

Question #17Some insects can stand on the surface of the

water because:

A. water has a high specific heatB. water has a high boiling pointC. water is a good evaporative coolantD. water’s molecules are cohesive and

adhesive

Question #18According to this graph, during a chemical

reaction enzymes: A. decrease the required time B. raise the energy produced C. lower the required activation energy D. increase the initial-state energy

Question #19Proteins are formed from monomers

(subunits) called :A. amino acidsB. fatty acids C. nucleic acidsD. ribonucleic acids

Question #20Which statement summarizes the information in

the graph?A. the cells survive best under acidic conditions B. the cells survive best under basic conditionsC. these cells would survive better in distilled

waterD. the survival of these cells does not affect pH

Question #21The human body uses carbohydrates as a:A. source of energy B. material for muscle production C. carrier of oxygen D. coenzyme of metabolism

CompleteQuestion #22

Animal/Plant Cell Comparison

Complete the diagram for question #23

ORGANELLE In bacteria? In plant? In animal? STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Cell membrane(Plasma membrane)

Yes Yes Yes Boundary between intracellular & extracellular environments. Regulates entry/exit of substances.

Cell wall Yes, usually Yes No Rigid structure providing support for cell.

Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes Jelly-like substance filling intracellular space contains dissolved substances.

Cyto-skeleton No Yes Yes Network of fine tubes and threads. Provides internal structural support.

Centrioles Rarely No, but aster is similar. Yes Paired rods, which help organize microtubules during mitosis.

Nucleus No Yes Yes Membrane-bound structure containing cells' genetic information (DNA) and support molecules.

Nucleolus No Yes Yes Small structure within nucleus. Site of production of ribosomal RNA.

Nuclear Membrane No Yes Yes Boundary between nucleus and cytoplasm. Regulates passage of materials between the two.

Flagella, pili or cilia Sometimes flagella or pili

Rarely, but some specialized cells may.

Only present in some specialized cells.

Structures used to enable movement of cells or sometimes to propel substances across outer surface of the cell. Predominantly protein in composition.

Mitochondria No Yes Yes Membrane bound organelles. Folded membranes within contain enzymes for aerobic respiration. (A little DNA in here too.)

Chloroplasts No Only in photosynthetic cells

No Membrane bound organelles. Folded membranes within contain chlorophyll and enzymes for photosynthesis. (A little DNA in here too.)

Vacuole No Yes, often large Unusual, and small if present.

Membrane bound area filled with water and assorted solutes. Role in maintenance of water balance of the cell.

Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes Small organelles at which protein synthesis occurs. May be free floating or membrane-bound.

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) -smooth

No Yes Yes Network of flattened membranes forming tunnels. Enzymes assisting synthesis of some lipids and final processing of proteins found here.

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) -rough

No Yes Yes Similar to smooth ER, but with ribosomes embedded in membrane. Proteins to be exported from cell produced here.

Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi Body)

No Yes Yes Stacks of saucer shaped membranes where export proteins are modified and stored prior to entering secretory vesicles for exocytosis.

Lysosomes No Yes Yes Membrane bound structure-containing enzymes, which break down toxic or unwanted molecules.

Plastids No Yes No Membrane bound structures with varied functions. Leucoplasts - starch storage. Chromoplasts - colored pigments within (eg flower petals).

Question #24

Use the information in the chart on the previous slide.

Question #25Certain poisons are toxic to organisms because they interfere with the function of enzymes in mitochondria. This results directly in the inability of the cell to :

A. build proteinsB. store informationC. dispose of metabolic wastesD. release energy from nutrients

Components of Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Phospholipids Make up the majority of the cell

membrane Double layered structure, known

as a bilayer Hydrophilic “heads” orient

themselves towards the outside Hydrophobic “tails” orient

themselves towards the middle This basic structure makes the

membrane a semi-permeable barrier to hydrophilic molecules.

Proteins - Proteins of membranes are divided into two general classes: Integral proteins – span the

entire length of the membrane Peripheral proteins – associate

with one side of the memrane Membrane proteins play roles in

transporting materials through the membrane

Question #26The diagram below shows a cross section of a cell

membrane.

A. Describe the basic structure of the cell membrane.B. Describe two primary functions of the cell

membrane.

C. Explain how its structure relates to its function.

DIFFUSIONDiffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM

ONLY SMALL, NONPOLAR, UNCHARGED MOLECULES CAN DIFFUSE ACROSS A CELL MEMBRANE

Concentration Gradient - a difference between concentrations

OSMOSIS

Osmosis - the diffusion of water (across a membrane)

Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (a lower concentration of water).

EFFECT OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS

Animal cells   Plant cells

If the solution is isotonic relative to the cell, then the solute concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane and water moves equally in both directions

A hypertonic solution has increased solute, and a net movement of water outside causing the cell to shrink

A hypotonic solution has decreased solute concentration, and a net movement of water inside the cell, causing swelling or breakage.

ACTIVE TRANSPORTActive Transport - When cells must move materials towards an area of higher concentration- against the concentration gradient. This requires Energy (ATP).Proteins or Pumps are found in the cell membrane and transport molecules across the membrane.Active transport is used for: calcium, potassium, and sodium ions

BULK TRANSPORTEndocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing

themPhagocytosis - "cell eating" - extensions off cytoplasm

surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole and then the cell engulfs it. Ex. Amoebas use this process.

Pinocytosis - the process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment. Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off.

Exocytosis - cell gets rid of particles, opposite of endocytosis

Question #27

An animal cell surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes:

A. water to move into the cellB. solutes to move into the cell C. water to move out of the cellD. solutes to move out of the cell

Question #28Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Which statement describes what happens to restore the lettuce to its original condition?

A. water left the lettuce cells by diffusionB. osmosis caused salts to enter the

lettuce cellsC. salts in the leaf caused water to leave

the cellsD. water entered the cells of the lettuce

by osmosis

Question #29What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a 20.0% salt solution?

A. net movement of water out of the cell causes it to shrink

B. net movement of water into the cell causes it to burst C. there will not be any net movement of waterD. there will be a net movement of salt into the cell